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Lesson-2

The document discusses the components of language, specifically morphology and syntax, highlighting their interdependence in word formation and sentence structure. It details the branches of morphology, types of morphemes, and various methods of word formation such as affixation, blending, clipping, and compounding. Additionally, it outlines the basic lexical categories in syntax and the importance of sentence structure for effective communication.

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10 views

Lesson-2

The document discusses the components of language, specifically morphology and syntax, highlighting their interdependence in word formation and sentence structure. It details the branches of morphology, types of morphemes, and various methods of word formation such as affixation, blending, clipping, and compounding. Additionally, it outlines the basic lexical categories in syntax and the importance of sentence structure for effective communication.

Uploaded by

10wangxian22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ENGLISH WORDS and its FORMATION

Morphology and syntax are components of a language that are inseparable.


Syntax can only function when words are set and made up thorough morphology. These
components may vary from one language to another but language has rules and these
rules generally function to keep languages intelligible and easy to use for
communication.

1. Morphology and morphemes

Morphology is the study of words and its structures. A certain word can take up
different structures and forms depending on its function in a sentence.

Two Branches of morphology

1. Analytic morphology involves the use of separate words or independent


morphemes to express grammatical relationships and convey meaning.
 Word order – (ex. The cat is on the mat)
 Function words - (ex. I am going to the store.)
 Modal verbs – (ex. I should study for the exam.)
 Determiners – (Ex. The book is on the table)
2. Synthetic morphology involves reassembling words.

Two main subcategories:

a. Derivational Morphology (Lexical). __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________.

 Morpheme is the smallest unit in a language that makes meaningful words. A


word can have one or more morphemes

KINDS of MORPHEMES:

1. Bound Morphemes. These are morphemes that are independent on other


morphemes in order to have meaning.
Ex. –ly, dis-, -un -ity, -hood
2. Free Morphemes. These are morphemes that can stand alone and have
meanings.
Ex. Nation, person, king, manage

Types of WORD FORMATION (Derivations)

a. Affixation (Derivations) – This is attaching affixes, grammatical elements


linked to base word or free morpheme, to form a new word.
b. Blending.
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.

ROOT WORDS Blended WORDS


Medicine+care Medicare
Motor+hotel Motel
Work+alcoholic Workaholic
Situation+comedy Sitcom

c. Clipping. This is reducing parts of a word to shorten it but retaining its meaning.

ORIGINAL WORD Clipped Words


Fore-clippings
Telephone Phone
Airplane Plane
Alligator Gator
Omnibus Bus
Back-clippings
Examination Exam
Statistics Stat
Mathematics Math
Photograph Photo
Mid-clippings
Influenza Flu
Refridgerator Fridge
Pajamas Jammy

d. Compounding. This is forming a word from combining two or more morphemes


to give a new word.

ROOT WORDS Compound WORDS


Tooth + ache Toothache
Air + drop Airdrop
Sun + set Sunset
Blue + moon Blue moon
Tax + payer Taxpayer
Brother + in + law Brother-in-law
Black + board Blackboard
In + box Inbox
Out + door Outdoor
Off + limits Off limits
Day + dreaming Day dreaming

b. Inflectional Morphology (Grammar). This refers to morphemes that carry certain


function and undergo changes which do not change the word’s class or meaning.

Examples: Car to cars, bake to baked, baking, bakes, big to bigger, biggest
Questions: What is the difference between morphology and morphemes?

Morphology. ______________________________________________________________________________________

Morphemes. ______________________________________________________________________________________

SYNTAX: Sentence Structures

This is a component of a language that focuses on the order or sequencing of words in a


sentence. Syntax is “_____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________.

a. Lexical Categories. Since syntax is focused on understanding the use of words


and sentence structures, it is important to know the basic lexical categories.

BASIC Lexical Categories Essentials


NOUNS General types:
Proper noun
Common noun
Mass noun
Abstract noun
Collective noun
Compound noun
VERBS General concepts:
Physical verbs
Mental verbs
Linking verbs

Types
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Modal verbs
Auxiliary verbs

Voice
Passive
Active
PRONOUNS Types
Personal
Indefinite
Relative
Demonstrative
Possessive
Reflexive/intensive
Interrogative
ADJECTIVES Placements
Before a noun
After a stative(LV) verb
Comparative and Superlative
ADVERBS Types
Manner
Time
Frequency
Place
PREPOSITIONS Uses
For time
For place
For location
CONJUNCTIONS Types
Coordinating (FANBOYS, Joiners)
Correlative (in pairs)
As...as
Both...and
Not only...but also
Either...or
Neither...nor
Whether...or
Subordinating (as help)
INTERJECTIONS Function

b. Sentences

Sentences are basically what make a language intelligible and comprehensible in


communication. It is a basis for people to understand and unlock meanings whether
literally or connotatively. As defined by Vadja (https://bit.ly/2LZpcaF), a sentence is “a
group of words expressing a topic (old information) and some comment (new
information)”. Most dictionaries define it as a group of words which contains a subject,
predicate and gives a complete thought.

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