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Introduction

The document discusses the causes and impacts of landslides in the Sikkim Himalayas, highlighting the role of natural events and human activities in exacerbating this natural hazard. It emphasizes the importance of landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess vulnerable areas and mitigate risks. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these technologies in predicting landslide susceptibility in Sikkim's interior regions.

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2 views

Introduction

The document discusses the causes and impacts of landslides in the Sikkim Himalayas, highlighting the role of natural events and human activities in exacerbating this natural hazard. It emphasizes the importance of landslide susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess vulnerable areas and mitigate risks. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these technologies in predicting landslide susceptibility in Sikkim's interior regions.

Uploaded by

fahadsaeedpak70
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction

A landslide is classified as a natural hazard occurring in the hilly terrain. Rainfall, earthquakes, and other
natural events, as well as deforestation, complex geological and tectonic settings, farming, and other
human activities, all play a role in causing this dangerous event, which in turn destroys property,
infrastructure, and human life (Wu et al., 2016; Kumar et al., 2018; Basu and Pal, 2019). In recent times,
there have been a number of landslides that hit India’s mountainous regions, which are damaging
infrastructure, causing loss of lives, and various difficulties associated with transportation, ranging from
a very small inconvenience to a major economic and social disaster (Negi et al., 2013; Parkash, 2015).
The Sikkim Himalayas are one of the most vulnerable areas in North East Himalayan region, having
experienced landslides as a result of deforestation, heavy precipitation, infrastructure expansion and
climate change (Bhasin et al., 2002; Bhattacharya, 2013; Mandal and Maiti, 2013; Anbalagan et al., 2015;
Skilodimou and Bathrellos, 2018; Tripathi et al., 2022). In the Sikkim Himalaya, landslides claim the lives
of hundreds of people each and every year (Bhasin et al., 2002). In the year 1968, landslides were
responsible for the deaths of over 36,000 persons in Sikkim (Kaur et al., 2019). Therefore, the proper
assessment of landslide susceptibility mapping in this area is applied to minimize for the collapse of
infrastructure and loss of the human life. For this reason, the using of landslide susceptibility mapping is
seen as the first step in planning, assessment, and getting rid of landslides. Because of this, many
authors around the world have used this map (Binaghi et al., 1998; Dai et al., 2001; ErcanogluM et al.,
2004; Lee, 2005; Nefeslioglu et al., 2008; Nefeslioglu et al., 2010; Pradhan et al., 2010; Constantin et al.,
2011; Pourghasemi et al., 2012a, 2012b; Dou et al., 2015) to identify landslide susceptibility zonation
(LSZ). Landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) has been carried out widely to demarcate landslide
vulnerable areas using remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems. For the better analyses and
interpre tation of the surface landform features (Numerous interconnected nat ural activities including
tectonism, gradient failure, and volcanic, combined with a wide range of human events including
environmental destruction, growth of land use and settlement, road construction and hydropower
dams, haphazard tourist activities, and resource extraction, are gravely influencing and transforming the
landform terrain.), remote sensing works as a valuable tool due to its spatial and temporal and repeated
coverage (Mersha and Meten, 2020; Taloor et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c, 2022). In geographic
information systems (GIS), it en ables us to gather georeferenced data from remote sensing and other
resources for use in analysis, modelling, simulations, and visualization, and it assists us in making
knowledgeable results (Roy and Saha, 2019; Li et al., 2021; Kothyari et al., 2021, 2022). Now, Remote
sensing and GIS are used to create a landslide inventory map as well as thematic maps relating to
landslide occurrences in the study region. The study area is in the Himalayan region, where there are
many places that are not physically accessible and are prone to landslides. So remote sensing is the tool
by which susceptible mapping of landslide can be done easily (Yalcin et al., 2011; Anbalagan et al., 2015;
Zhao and Lu, 2018; Gupta et al., 2022). High-resolution spatial data sets, GIS, remote sensing, and
advanced computing are making it feasible to automate some aspects of landslide hazard and
susceptibility mapping, reducing the need for manual fieldwork in identifying vulnerable areas (Ilanloo,
2011; Kan naujiya et al., 2019; Velayudham et al., 2021). Landslides are usually causes by two
parameters: initiating parameters (due to human caused and geological process of the earth) and
conditioning parameters (sur face topographic or slope stability) (Sonker et al., 2021) and these pa
rameters are responsible for the occurrence of landslide events. These parameters contain different
factors such as geology, rainfall, geo morphology, soil, topographic roughness index, distance to roads,
dis tance to faults, earthquake magnitude, gravity anomaly, LULC, NDVI etc. These various factors
cannot all play the same role in determining landslides (Sujatha et al., 2012; Shahabi and Hashim, 2015).
As a result, main focus is on calculate the weight score of all criteria factors and all of these factors are
combined in Arc GIS software. Therefore, in this study, the FR method was applied to recognise the
landslide prone zone and different authors was used this method for landslide susceptibility mapping
(Lee at el, 2007, Falaschi at el, 2009; Yilmaz, 2009; Pradhan at el, 2010; Yalcin at el, 2011; Mohammady
at et, 2012; Demir at el, 2013; Ozdemir and Altural, 2013; Park at el, 2013; Solaimani at el, 2013; Regmi
at et, 2014; Saadatkhah at el, 2014; Anbalagan et al., 2015; Pham at el, 2015; Acharya at el, 2017; Oh et
al., 2017; Fayez et al., 2018; Erent, 2019; Javier & Kumar, 2019; Silalahi et al., 2019; Thapa and Bhandari,
2019). Throughout the state of Sikkim, there are a few dispersed case studies (Singh, 2014; Kaur et al.,
2019; Pal and Chowdhuri, 2019; Biswakarma et al., 2020). The objective of this study is to evaluate the
land slide susceptibility mapping generated using remotely sensed satellite images and the effectiveness
of a GIS-based modelling technique for predicting the possibility of landslide susceptibility in interior
regions of the state of Sikkim.

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