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NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

THE INFINITIVE

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page
1 Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb (revision)
2 Classification of Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
3 General Characteristics of Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
4 Summary of General Characteristics of Non-Finite Forms of the Verb
5 Grammatical Categories of Gerund
6 Grammatical Categories of Participle I
7 General Characteristic of the Infinitive
8 Double Nature of the Infinitive
9 Grammatical Categories of the Infinitive
10 Forms of Infinitive
11 The Infinitive as Subject
12 The Infinitive as Predicate
13 The Infinitive as Predicative
14 The Infinitive as Part of Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
15 The Infinitive as Part of Compound Verbal Aspect Predicate
16 The Infinitive as Object
17 The Infinitive as Attribute
18 The Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier
19 The Infinitive as Parenthesis
20 Objective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Object)
21 The For-to-Infinitive Infinitive Construction
22 Subjective with the Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)
23 Revision of the Infinitive
24 Appendix

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NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB

(VERBIDS, VERBALS)
The verb is a part of speech, which denotes a process or a state. All verbs have two forms: Finite
Forms and Non-Finite Forms (also called Verbals or Verbids).

CATEGORIES OF FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (REVISION)

No Categories Forms and examples
Person • The first, e.g. I’ll bring a cake and we’ll have tea together.
1 • The second, e.g. Do you take sugar in your tea?
• The third, e.g. She doesn’t enjoy yachting.
2 Number • Singular, e.g. Ted sings pretty well.
• Plural, e.g. His parents sing well, too.
3 Tense • Present, e.g. Dinosaurs don’t exist now.
• Past, e.g. They lived millions years ago.
• Future, e.g. I doubt if they will exist in future.
4 Aspect • Indefinite (Common / Simple), e.g. Helen does a lot of work at the
weekend.
• Continuous, e.g. Peter is doing his yoga exercises at the moment.
5 Correlation • Perfect, e.g. Have you seen “Gone with the Wind”?
• Non-Perfect, e.g. I saw it last year.
6 Mood • Indicative, e.g. Joan has been learning Spanish for three years.
• Imperative, e.g. Let’s do this work together, shall we?
• Subjunctive, e.g. If you had done this work yesterday, you wouldn’t be so
busy today.
7 Voice • Active, e.g. Marge cooks all the meals herself.
• Passive, e.g. All the meals in the family are cooked by their mother.

CLASSIFICATION OF NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

VERBALS

Gerund Infinitive Participle

Present Participle/ Participle I Past Participle / Participle II

• My friend doesn’t like either borrowing or lending money. (gerund)

• It wasn’t wise of Martha to agree to that job. (infinitive)
• Nobody saw the boy leaving the house. (participle I)
• Things seen are mightier than things heard. (participle II)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB
1. Non-finite forms of the verb usually denote a secondary action or a process related to the one
expressed by a finite verb.
• Bobby started skating on the frozen lake. (‘started’ – primary action;
‘skating’ – secondary action)
• Fiona decided to leave on Monday. (‘decided’ - primary action; ‘to leave’ - secondary action)
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2. The verbals have a double nature: nominal and verbal

participle I and II = verb + adjective
• I saw a smiling girl in the window.
• The book given to me by Peter was not very interesting.

gerund / infinitive = verb + noun

• Learning foreign languages is hard work.
• To learn a foreign language well, one must work hard.
3. The verbals do not express person, number or mood.
4. The verbals have the following distinctions /categories:
a) aspect (Indefinite (Common/ Simple) or Continuous),
b) correlation (Non-Perfect or Perfect)
c) voice (Active or Passive)
5. The verbals seldom function as predicates but are often used as part of predicates, e.g.
• You might have encouraged the kid before the exam. (compound verbal modal predicate with
infinitive)
• Jim was painting the bedroom when his wife came home from work. (simple verbal predicate
with participle I)
• After that heated discussion the girls looked angry and frustrated. (compound nominal predicate
with participle II)
• Kate kept on laughing and splashing water on Jake. (compound verbal aspect predicate with
gerund)

SUMMARY OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VERBALS

No Categories Forms and examples
1 Person None
2 Number None
3 Tense None
4 Aspect • Indefinite (Simple / Common), e.g. Helen may come tomorrow. John
appears to be pleased.
• Continuous, e.g. Peter must be doing his yoga exercises at the moment.
Lily seems to be playing quite happily.
5 Correlation • Non-Perfect, e.g. All the books must be returned to the library by
December 25. Tom seems to enjoy his new job.
• Perfect, e.g. Jack must have been learning English for a long time, as he
knows it so well. Adele is said to have finished her course.
6 Mood None
7 Voice • Active, e.g. Marge has to cook all the meals herself. Henry wants to take up
a new hobby.
• Passive, e.g. All the meals in the family have to be cooked by their mother.
Hob seems to be paid too much attention to.

VERBALS

ASPECT CORRELATION VOICE

Indefinite Continuous Perfect Non- Active Passive

PpPerfect

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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF GERUND

Correlation Voice
Active Passive
Non-Perfect I remember taking my sister to the I remember being taken to the theatre by my
(Common / theatre for the first time. = Я parents for the first time. = Я пам'ятаю, як
Simple) пам'ятаю, як уперше повів свою мене уперше повели в театр.
сестру в театр.
Ted entered without having The door opened without having been knocked
Perfect knocked at the door. = Тед on. = Двері відчинилися без стуку. (= без
увійшов, не постукавши у двері. того, щоб у неї постукали.)

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF PARTICIPLE I

Correlation Active Passive
/ Voice
• Adele spent a lot of time writing • Being written in pencil, the letter was
letters to her friends. difficult to read. = Через те, що лист
• Translating from English into був написаний олівцем, його було важко
Non-Perfect Russian, you should know both читати.
languages very well. • Being translated into many languages, this
novel is known in many countries of the
world. = Цей роман добре відомий у
багатьох країнах миру, тому що він
перекладений на багато мов.
• Having written the letter, Adel • Having been written in haste, Adel’s letter
dressed and went to the post office. had many mistakes. = Через те, що
Perfect = Написавши листа, Адель лист Адель був написаний поспіхом, він
одяглася й пішла на пошту. мав багато помилок.
• Having translated the novel into • Having been translated many years ago,
English, Jason took it to the editor. the novel is unlikely to be published in this
= Переклавши роман version. = Цей роман навряд чи буде
англійською, Джейсон відніс опублікований у цій версії, адже він був
його редактору. перекладений багато років тому.

TASK 1. Decide which of the following statements are true and which are false. Correct the false
ones.
1. There are four verbals in English.
2. Non-finite forms of the verb in Russian/Ukrainian fully coincide with those in English.
3. Non-finite forms of the verb do not show if the action refers to the present, past or future.
4. All the verbals can form predicative constructions.
5. Non-finite forms of the verb have the same categories as finite forms.
6. Non-finite forms of the verb have the category of mood.
7. Non-finite forms of the verb have the category of aspect.
8. Non-finite forms of the verb have the category of number.
9. Non-finite forms of the verb have the category of correlation.
10. Non-finite forms of the verb have the category of voice.
11. Gerund has the features of verb and adjective.

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12. The double nature of participle shows through its verbal and adjectival characteristics.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE INFINITIVE

double nature = verb features + noun features
1. The infinitive is the non-finite form of the verb which names a process in a most general way.
2. It is the initial form of the verb and its special marker is the particle “to”. This particle is usually
closely connected with the stem of the verb but sometimes an adverb or another particle can be used
between them to emphasize the meaning of the verb. In this case it is called a split infinitive, e.g.
• The secretary was asked to urgently type the report. – Секретаря попросили терміново
надрукувати звіт.
• It was to be necessarily done. – Це обов'язково потрібно було зробити.

3. There are cases when the infinitive is used without the particle “to” and then it is called “bare
infinitive”
e.g. The teacher saw one of the students cheat at the exam. – Учитель бачив, що один зі
студентів списував на іспиті.

4. Bare infinitive is used in the following cases:

a) after auxiliary verbs in some forms of simple verbal predicates,
• Lisa doesn’t like going to big parties.
• The tourists will go sightseeing if the weather gets better.
b) after modal verbs can, may, must, should, would, need, dare, shall, will, e.g.
• If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have.
• Shall I bring you a glass of water?
• How dare you speak with me in such a tone?
c) after some verbs in the infinitive construction ‘Complex Object’, e.g.
• Everyone who was in the house at that time heard Lady Gordon sing in the garden. – Усі,
хто був у домі в той час, чули, що Леді Гордон співала в саду.
• Don’t let the boy eat sweets before dinner.
• What made you change your mind? – Що змусило вас змінити своє рішення?
• I will not have you keep the dog in the house! – Я не дозволю вам тримати собаку
вдома.
d) after the question word ‘why’ in negative and negative-interrogative sentences, e.g.
• Why stay at home in such wonderful weather? – Навіщо сидіти вдома в таку чудову
погоду?
• Why not do it together, it’s hard work. – Чому б не зробити це разом, це нелегка
справа.
e) after the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but, e.g.
• You had better go to the garden and have some rest. – Ти б краще пішла в сад і трохи
відпочила.
• I would rather not meet him alone, he frightens me. – Мені краще не зустрічалася з ним
наодинці, він мене лякає.
• I would sooner remain a spinster than marry this disgusting man! – Я скоріше залишуся
старою дівою, ніж вийду заміж за цього огидногочоловіка!
• I cannot but smile every time I see this cute baby. – Щоразу, коли я бачу цього
кумедного малюка, я не можу не посміхнутися.
• There was nothing left for the family but watch their house burning down. – Родині нічого
не залишалося робити, як спостерігати, як догоряє їхній будинок.

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NOTE: Expressions had better and would rather are often contracted to ‘d’, which sometimes can be
confusing. Special care should be taken in questions and tags, e.g.
• I’d better keep silence, right ? = Мені б краще помовчати, так?
• Would you rather go to the beach or play tennis? = Ти б краще пішов на пляж або
пограв у теніс?

DOUBLE NATURE OF THE INFINITIVE

Verbal Features of the Infinitive
Verbal features of the infinitive can be divided into morphological and syntactical.

A: Morphological features
Morphological features of the infinitive are revealed through the following categories:
1. the category of voice, e.g.
• The evening is the time to praise the day. (active voice) – Вечір - кращий час, щоб похвалити
день.
• To be praised by this strict teacher was a reward in itself. (passive voice) – Почути похвалу
від цього суворого вчителя саме власне і було нагородою.
2. the category of correlation, e.g.
• I have no intention to keep you long. (non-perfect) – У мене немає наміру затримувати вас.
• I am so distressed to have kept you waiting. (perfect) – Мені шкода, що довелося змусити
вас чекати.
3. the category of aspect, e.g.
• She promised to read this book quickly. (indefinite/ common/ simple)
• She happens to be reading this book now. (continuous) – Справа в тому, що вона зараз
читає цю книгу.

B: Syntactical features
Syntactical features of the infinitive are revealed through its combinability:
1. The infinitive takes objects like a finite verb, e.g.
To tell (who? - indirect object) Peter (what? – direct object) the truth was out of the question. –
Про те, щоб сказати Пітеру правду, не було й мови.
2. The infinitive takes a predicative if it happens to be a link verb, e.g.
Mary didn’t want to look very happy, but she couldn’t help it. (‘to look’ is an object expressed by
an infinitive which is at the same time a link verb for the predicative ‘happy’) = Мері не
хотілося виглядати дуже щасливою, але вона нічого не могла із цим зробити.
3. It can be modified by adverbial modifiers like a finite verb, e.g.
To be heard I had to speak (how?) very loudly. (an adverbial modifier of manner) = Аби мене
почули, мені довелося говорити дуже голосно.

Nominal features of the Infinitive

The nominal features of the infinitive are only syntactical. Like a noun the infinitive can function in the
sentence as:
1. subject, e.g.
To forget and forgive his behaviour was impossible.
2. predicative, e.g.
Tom’s greatest wish was to finish with all that unpleasant business as soon as possible.
3. object, e.g.
That was all Tina wanted (what?) to find out.
4. attribute, e.g.

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I saw the chance (what kind of chance?) to escape into the garden.
5. adverbial modifier, e.g.
I merely came back (what for?) to water the roses. (adverbial modifier of purpose)

Other functions of the Infinitive

1. predicate, e.g. Why (not) go for a walk? The day is lovely!

2. part of a compound verbal modal predicate, e.g. We were to meet at seven, but he must have
forgotten about it.
3. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate, e.g. Molly began to feel rather hungry.
4. part of a Complex Object, e.g. I have never seen you speak like this before.
5. part of a Complex Subject, e.g. The girl was reported to have been found in the forest. =
Повідомили, що дівчинку знайшли в лісі.
6. parenthesis, e.g. To tell the truth, I disliked the man at once.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE INFINITIVE

The following abbreviations will be used in the tasks below to indicate the forms of the infinitive:
NPA – non-perfect active
NPP – non-perfect passive
NPCA – non-perfect continuous active
PA – perfect active
PP – perfect passive
PCA – perfect continuous active

FORMS OF INFINITIVE
CORRELATION ASPECT ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
INDEFINITE/ • Mary must do homework every • Homework must be done
COMMON day. every day.
(repeated action, • Dave likes to give advice to • Dave likes to be given advice.
habit or state) everyone. = Дейву подобається, коли
йому дають поради.
CONTINUOUS • Mary must be doing her
(an action homework now. = Мері,
simultaneous with мабуть, зараз робить своє
NON-PERFECT the one expressed домашнє завдання.
(SIMPLE) by the finite verb • At that moment they happened ------------------
but in progress) to be standing right outside her
house. = Виявилось, що в той
момент вони саме стояли
перед її будинком.
INDEFINITE/ • Mary must have done her • Mary’s homework must have
COMMON homework. already been done.
(an action prior to • Dave is sure to have given one • The letter seems to have been
the one denoted of his famous pieces of advice. sent. = Здається, лист вже
by the finite verb) = Дейв, напевне, дав одну зі надіслали.
своїх відомих порад.

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CONTINUOUS • Mary must have been doing

PERFECT (an action which her homework for 3 hours
lasted a certain already. = Мері, мабуть,
time before the робить своє домашнє -------------------
action of the finite завдання вже 3 години.
verb) • All their honeymoon they
seemed to have been living on
nothing but love. = Весь свій
медовий місяць вони,
здається, жили лише
коханням.

2. It is often difficult to translate English sentences with the infinitive into Russian or Ukrainian as there are
only two forms of the Infinitive in Slavic languages and 6 forms in English. Compare:
Ukrainian English
1. робити 1. to do
2. зробити 2. to be done
3. to be doing
4. to have done
5. to have been done
6. to have been doing

TASK 2. Find infinitives in the sentences below and define their forms. The first one is done for you.
Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
1. You must be careful with Dinny, otherwise you can find yourself in a trap. – NPA
2. "Come along, Imogen," said Winifred, "we must be getting back."
3. You must have noticed her there; she was the only one wearing a bright red dress.
4. She can’t have been that naïve! The whole thing must have been going on under her eyes!
5. She's like a beautiful exotic flower that must be sheltered from bitter winds.
6. This meeting, Edwina realized, must have been planned several hours ago.
7. ‘I want to know how long we are expected to wait’. – ‘Don’t make a fuss. We must have been
waiting for only a couple of minutes.’
8. Derek seemed to be weighing something in his mind.
9. You know how I hate to interfere in other people's business.
10. I considered myself to be standing much higher than all my fellow-workers.
11. Was the object attached to anything? No wires or anything? I mean, someone couldn't have been
having a joke or something?
12. He seemed to have taken his defeat quietly.
13. I rang the bell and the man answered with remarkable promptness; he seemed to have been waiting
for it to ring.
14. Martin had in the meantime made himself as comfortable as circumstances would permit.
15. I’d rather be told the truth than be lied to.
16. Jennifer was known to have had a quick temper.

TASK 3. Decide if the given forms of the infinitive are right or wrong. Correct the wrong ones. The
first one is done for you.
No Sentence Form of the infinitive right wrong
1 The terrorist holding the hostages is thought non-perfect active √-
to be heavily armed. NPP
2 The rate of inflation is expected to rise. non-perfect active
3 Mrs Western is thought to have died in a non-perfect active
plane crash.

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4 These houseboats seem to have been turned perfect active

into floating restaurants.
5 They seem to have been modernising this perfect passive
railway station for three years now.
6 Mary may be playing tennis at the moment. non-perfect continuous
active
7 The burglars seemed to have made the non-perfect passive
owner of the house tell them where the
money was.
8 I am glad to have met you. perfect active
9 Sue seems to have been given the wrong perfect active
address.
10 I think you ought to see the police about the non-perfect passive
people next door.
11 Tessa meant to have said good-bye but was • perfect continuous
too shy to interrupt the conversation. active
• non-perfect active

THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT

1. The infinitive as the subject can either:
a) precede the predicate, that is in the initial position, e.g. To hesitate means to lose.
b) or follow the predicate. If it follows the predicate, it is introduced by the introductory or dummy
subject “it”, e.g.
• It is useless to cry over the spilt milk.
• It’s kind of you to let me come.
• It’s nice to see you again.
NOTE: Some grammarians regard the infinitive in this function as an object.
2. The infinitive of any voice, correlation or aspect can be used as a subject. Translate the following
sentences into Ukrainian.
• To expect too much is a dangerous thing. (non-perfect active)
• Even to be talking to Gerald was a real pleasure for her. (non-perfect continuous active)
• To have seen Marge, so lively and beautiful, was even a more painful experience than he thought.
(perfect active)
• To have been spoken to in such a way was a real shock for Mr. Fitsgerald. (perfect passive)
• To have been working for the whole day and all in vain was really frustrating. (perfect continuous
active)
3. The use of the infinitive as the subject in the initial position is mainly found in literary English.

TASK 4. Paraphrase the statements using the introductory it and the words suggested. Follow the
example.
Examples. He didn't go to the concert yesterday. (stupid) - It was stupid of him not to have gone there.
1. Henry gave a talk on pop music at the last lesson. (clever)
2. Sheila didn't accept the offer for a job last week. (foolish)
3. I regret that I didn't join the trip to London. (stupid)
4. Susan offered me her ticket to the concert. (kind)
5. The school leavers visited their old school teacher. (nice)
6. They told her the sad news. (wrong)
7. Mary took some medicine with her on the trip. (wise)

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8. Teresa bought a pair of warm gloves for her mother-in-law. (good)

9. The Greens invited their old neighbour to their house-warming party. (thoughtful)
10. The housekeeper locked all the doors before going to bed. (clever)
11. The boy stole some money from the cloakroom. (stupid)
12. Paula gave up smoking at last. (wise)
13. George passed his driving test without any difficulty. (clever)

TASK 5. In the sentences given below the infinitive is used as the subject. Put the words in order and
read the sentences. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
1. is - cry - it - useless; never – helps - to.
2. to - it’s - good - knock - a – then – man - not - down - and - ask - lives - him – why- he - dirt - in -
the.
3. to – human - is, to – divine – err – forgive - is. (A proverb)
4. late - it - never - up - to - give - too - is - prejudice.
5. everything - to - know – know – is - nothing - to. (A proverb)
6. hard - not - it’s - to – decisions – you – make – when – your – what – values - know - are.
7. to - or - not – compromise - not - to - a - be – is - be – question - of - a.
8. be – than - it’s - to - occasionally – suspicious – better – cheated - perpetually.
9. wear - to – bought - not - all – these – have – nice – things - where – and – to – have – to - them -
shame – was - a.

TASK 6. Translate into English using different forms of infinitives as the subject of the sentence.

Part 1
1. Зробити таку пропозицію цій відомій людині було б для мене просто неможливо.
2. Те, що його запросили на прийом до мера, було абсолютно несподіваним.
3. З твого боку було б нерозумно сперечатися з батьками через такі дрібниці.
4. Чітко визначити мету означає зробити перший крок до успіху.
5. Провести цілий день у порожньому будинку виявилося не такою вже нудною справою.
6. Було б доцільно ще раз перевірити усе обладнання.
7. Купити найсучасніший комп'ютер і не вміти ним користуватися насправді прикро.
8. Продати будинок за таку низьку ціну було б смішно.
9. Провести вихідні з вудкою на березі річки було для нього звичайною справою.
10. Програти вибори всупереч усім зусиллям, що ми, власне, і зробили, було просто
жахливо.
11. Надіслати термінову телеграму було єдиним способом попередити його про небезпеку.
12. Те, що ти згадала ім'я містера Стайла в присутності господині цього будинку, було дуже
нетактовно з твого боку.
13. Заробляти гроші на старому містері Фоксі - це те саме, що грабувати дитину.
14. Доводити старших сестер до сліз було улюбленою розвагою Дені.
15. Критикувати кого-небудь за його спиною легко; спробуйте зробити це, дивлячись йому в
очі.

Part 2
1. Покладатися на містера Свіфта - марна трата сил і часу.
2. Вивчити всі теми напам’ять і все одно провалитися на іспиті - це було вже занадто.
3. Те, що з нею поводилися як зі справжньою леді, було повною несподіванкою для Елізи.
4. Не йдіть. Залишатися зараз одному - для мене справжня мука.
5. Забути минуле для неї зовсім неможливо, вона живе лише ним.
6. Побачити Лондон і померти - це все, про що мріяв герой одного з романів цього автора.
7. Сприймати його серйозно, а потім зрозуміти, що він увесь час жартував над вами, було
боляче й прикро.

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8. Усе зрозуміти - значить, усе простити. Але як може мати пробачити вбивцю своїх дітей?
9. Те, що його назвали талановитим студентом, було надзвичайно приємно.
10. Зробити таку блискучу кар'єру і зруйнувати її в один день таким невдалим шлюбом, це чи
не вершина дурості?
11. Палити шкідливо для здоров'я. Цей факт був давно доведений наукою. Дивно, що так
багато людей усе ще продовжують палити.
12. Справа здавалася цілком безнадійною. Знайти дитину в Чикаго було однаково, що шукати
голку в копиці сіна.
13. Дотримуватися дієти просто необхідно, це не модний каприз, а здоровий спосіб життя.
14. Забувати про своїх предків – значить, бути деревом без коріння.
15. Не знати мови країни, у якій ти перебуваєш, може бути небезпечним для життя.

INFINITIVE AS PREDICATE

1. In this function the infinitive is used in interrogative, negative-interrogative and exclamatory

sentences. Usually non-perfect active infinitive is used in this kind of sentences.
2. Interrogative sentences of this kind usually mean that there is no need to perform the action. Only
bare infinitive is used in this construction, e.g.
• Why waste your time on this good-for-nothing man? - Навіщо витрачати свій час на цю
нікчемну людину?
• Why go there now? We can do it tomorrow.
3. Negative-interrogative sentences usually mean that there is nothing to prevent someone from
performing the action, e.g.
• Why not cook dinner now when we still have time?
• Why not invite Steve to the party? He will entertain everybody.
4. Exclamatory sentences show that the person denoted by the subject of the sentence is unlikely to
perform the action expressed by the infinitive; the speaker rejects the very idea as impossible. Both
‘to infinitive’ and bare infinitive can be used, e.g.
• You of all people to do this! I can’t believe it! - Щоб ти, з усіх людей, що я знаю, зробив це! Я
не можу в це повірити!
• Me – cook dinner for the wedding reception! You are kidding! - Щоб я приготував весільний
обід! Ти жартуєш!

TASK 7. Revise the forms of predicates.

Step 1. Fill in the gaps in the scheme below with the forms of predicates given in the box.

compound nominal verbal aspect

PREDICATE
SIMPL 2.
E
1. nominal verba 4.
LLLL
modal l 3.

Step 2. Give your own example for each form of predicate.

TASK 8. Find and define the type of the predicate in the famous quotations given below. Translate
the sentences into your mother tongue.
1. Vessels large may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore. (Benjamin Franklin)

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2. Blessed is he who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed. – (Jonathan Swift)
3. In a mad world, only the mad are sane. (Akiro Kurosawa)
4. Necessity is the mother of invention. (Plato)
5. The course of true love never did run smooth. (William Shakespeare)
6. There is only one religion, though there are a hundred versions of it. (George Bernard Shaw)
7. Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were
born in it. (George Bernard Shaw)
8. If one is master of one thing and understands one thing well, one has at the same time, insight into
and understanding of many things. (Van Gogh)
9. One friend in a lifetime is much, two are many, three are hardly possible. Friendship needs a certain
parallelism of life, a community of thought, a rivalry of aim. (Henry Brooks Adams)
10. Everything popular is wrong. (Oscar Wilde)
11. If you pretend to be good, the world takes you very seriously. If you pretend to be bad, it doesn't.
12. Such is the astounding stupidity of optimism. (Oscar Wilde)
13. All my life, I always wanted to be somebody. Now I see that I should have been more specific.
(Jane Wagner)
14. Experience is that marvelous thing that enables you to recognize a mistake when you make it again.
(F. P. Jones)
15. Advice is what we ask for when we already know the answer but wish we didn't. (Erica Jong)
16. You cannot teach a man anything, you can only help him find it within himself. (Galileo)
17. Women are like tea bags. You never know how strong they are, until they are in hot water. (Eleanor
Roosevelt)
18. The road to wisdom is always under construction. (Anonymous)

TASK 9. Translate into English paying attention to the infinitive in the function of the predicate.

Part 1
1. Навіщо читати таку нудну книгу? Візьміть оцю, ви від неї не відірветеся.
2. Чому б не порахувати, скільки грошей у нас залишилося? Тоді в нас буде ясна картина
того, що ми можемо собі дозволити.
3. У нас ще є багато часу, чому б не випити чаю?
4. Навіщо вдягати дитину так тепло в таку спеку? Вона спітніє.
5. Навіщо засмучуватися через такі дрібниці? Заспокойтеся, все буде добре.
6. Чому б нам не подарувати хлопчикові на день народження справжнього поні? Мені
здається, він буде щасливий.
7. Навіщо відмовлятися від такої пропозиції зараз? Ми завжди можемо це зробити. Давай
спочатку все гарненько обміркуємо.
8. Чому б зараз не відпочити? Я впевнений, ми встигнемо все зробити до вечора.
9. Навіщо сваритися з такою впливовою людиною? Якщо ти зіпсуєш стосунки з нею зараз,
ти ніколи не зможеш звернутися до неї по допомогу.
10. Чому б не з'їздити на вихідні за місто? Ми давно не відпочивали разом.

Part 2
1. Щоб я сама першою запросила його на побачення? Ніколи!
2. Щоб я повірила в ці нісенітниці!? Напевне, ти забув, з ким маєш справу.
3. Чому б не приготувати щось смачненьке? Мене вже нудить від яєчні.
4. Щоб ти, з усіх моїх друзів, зрадив мене!? Як я міг так в тобі помилятися! Напевне, я був
сліпий.
5. Навіщо повертатися до питання, що вже обговорювалося десятки разів? Час вже
переходити до практичних дій.
6. Напевне, гаманець випав із сумки, коли ти збиралася до крамниці. Чому б нам разом не
пошукати його?
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7. Щоб я не зміг зробити цю роботу вчасно!? Навіть якби мені довелося провести декілька
безсонних ночей, я б тебе не розчарував.
8. Ти виглядаєш такою засмученою, начебто в світі не залишилося нічого гарного. Чому б не
розважитися? Відвідати цирк було б непоганою ідеєю.
9. Люба, навіщо готувати вечерю, якщо ми можемо відвідати моїх батьків? Матуся була б
щаслива зустріти нас смачним ірландським рагу – її фірмовою стравою.
10. Невже ти вагаєшся щодо цієї пропозиції? Щоб ти відмовився від такої блискучої кар’єри!?
Неймовірно. Ніколи б не подумала, що ти такий боягуз.

THE INFINITIVE AS PREDICATIVE

link verb + infinitive

1. In this function the infinitive is mostly used after the link verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to mean’, e.g.
• Steve’s intention was to solve this problem as soon as possible.
• To hesitate means to lose.
2. In this function the infinitive is often met after several special nouns used as the subject of the
sentence. Their number is limited. The most commonly used nouns are:
action custom happiness need reason thing
advice difficulty hope order risk wish
aim dream ideal object role
ambition duty idea plan rule
attempt experience instruction principle responsibility
business function job problem task
consequence habit method purpose target
• The best thing was not to argue. - Краще було не сперечатися.
• Their instruction was not to lose the old man out of sight.
• The problem was to be given further instructions in time. - Проблема полягала в тому, щоб
отримати подальші інструкції вчасно.
3. In the function of the predicative infinitive can often be preceded by the connectors how, when,
where and what, e.g.
• The question is what to do first. - Питання полягало в тому, що робити спочатку.
• The decision to make was where to start looking for the missing children. – Треба було
прийняти рішення, де почати пошуки зниклих дітей.
4. Not only special nouns but also some other parts of speech can be used as the subject, e.g.
a) a subject clause, e.g.
• The least you could do is (to) give me her phone number.
• All he wanted was to be left alone.
b) a gerundial phrase, e.g.
Living with Edward was to have a constant nightmare. - Життя з Едуардом означало
постійний кошмар.
Note: in this function the infinitive can be used without particle ‘to’.
5. Infinitive can also perform the function of part of a predicative when the other part is expressed by
an adjective. The sentences usually have a passive meaning. The adjectives that are usually used in
this function are as follows:
amusing comfortable easy hard impossible pleasant possible
• A true friend is difficult to find. It is the greatest of all blessings. - Вірного друга важко
знайти. Це найбільша удача.
• Our boss is not easy to persuade. - Нашого начальника важко переконати.

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• This armchair is comfortable to sit in. - У цьому кріслі зручно сидіти.

• The old lady was pleasant to look at. - На стару леді було приємно дивитися.

TASK 10. Write sentences with infinitives in the function of part of predicative using the given
words. Add some explanation and translate your sentences into your mother tongue. Follow
the example.
Example. film /interesting / to see - This film is interesting to see if you like travel films.
1. the book / not easy / to find / unless
2. historical novels / useful / to read
3. such complicated stories / not easy / to retell/ no plot
4. the story / not difficult / to read / original
5. the expedition / easy / to organize
6. the puppy / pleasant / to look at
7. our history teacher / hard / to please
8. the dean of our department / pleasant / to talk to
9. the room / not comfortable / to live in
10. the car/dangerous / to drive / too old
11. the cottage /easy / to build / large blocks
12. the essay/hard / to write / difficult topic
13. Peter/impossible / to talk to / impolite
14. the dictionary / possible / to find / on sale
15. the child / easy / to influence / gullible

TASK 11. Sort out the sentences below into the corresponding column of the table. One sentence
may contain infinitives in different functions. The first one is done for you.
Function Number of the sentence
Subject
Predicate
Predicative 1,
1. The greatest wealth is to live content with little, for there is never a want where the mind is
satisfied. (Lucretius)
2. Our duty is to be useful not according to our desires, but according to our powers.
3. A true businessman’s absolute fundamental aim is to make money out of satisfying customers.
4. It is impossible to catch the past.
5. Diplomacy is to do and say the nastiest things in the nicest way.
6. To be born in poverty is to be doomed to humiliation.
7. One's first step in wisdom is to question everything - and one's last is to come to terms with
everything.
8. It is unwise to be too sure of one's own wisdom. It is healthy to be reminded that the strongest might
weaken and the wisest might err. (Mahatma Gandhi)
9. A great secret of success is to go through life as a man who never gets used up. (Albert Schweitzer)
10. To follow, without halt, one aim: this is the secret of success. (Anna Pavlova)
11. Why be a man when you can be a success? (Bertolt Brecht)
12. It is possible to fail in many ways...while to succeed is possible only in one way. (Aristotle)
13. To love deeply in one direction makes us more loving in all others.
14. To fear love is to fear life, and those who fear life are already three parts dead. (Bertrand Russell)
15. To love and be loved is to feel the sun from both sides.
16. To be conscious that you are ignorant is a great step to knowledge. (Benjamin Disraeli)

Step 2. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue. Explain how you understand the quotations
given above and say whether you agree with them.

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TASK 12. Translate into English paying special attention to infinitives in the function of the
predicative.

Part 1
1. Мрією Марії завжди було отримати гарну освіту.
2. Наш план полягав у тому, щоб непомітно проникнути в будинок і знайти потрібні
документи.
3. Моя порада - не втручатися в цю справу, наслідки можуть бути найнесподіванішими.
4. Єдине, що дівчина могла зробити в цій ситуації, це сказати правду.
5. Найкраще, що ми можемо зараз зробити, нікому нічого не говорити про цю справу.
6. Обов'язок учителя - дати знання; обов'язок учня - ці знання взяти.
7. Усе, що Джон хотів зробити в той момент - бути якнайдалі від кабінету директора школи.
8. Його наміром було якомога швидше позбутися коня й сховатися у великому місті так, щоб
його ніхто не знайшов.
9. Найменше, що ми могли для нього зробити - це дати йому ще один шанс.
10. Правилом у тій школі, де Пітеру довелося вчитися, було ніколи не задавати вчителям
питань, навіть якщо учень зовсім не розумів пояснення вчителя.
11. Я б не радив вам розповідати Джейсону, як усе сталося. Сказати йому правду - значить
зробити його своїм ворогом.
12. Що дійсно було важко зробити - це змусити обвинувачуваного визнати свою провину. Він
усе заперечував, незважаючи на велику кількість доказів.
13. Найбільша проблема мешканців пустелі в найжаркіші місяці - знайти воду.
14. На цю жінку завжди приємно дивитися; вона елегантно одягається, і в неї завжди гарна
зачіска.
15. Чиї вірші тобі легше вчити напам'ять: Тараса Шевченка або Івана Франка?

Part 2

1. Мій принцип – ставиться до оточуючих так, як ти хочеш, щоб ставилися до тебе. Бути
порядною людиною набагато складніше, ніж можна собі уявити.
2. Його метод полягає в тому, щоб активізувати приховані здібності дитини. Вчасно
роздивитися схильності дитини – забезпечити її всебічний розвиток.
3. Мета даного дослідження полягає у встановленні закономірностей коливання курсу
національної валюти в умовах кризи. – Чому б не порівняти фінансову ситуацію у
декількох країнах?
4. Цієї домовленості легко досягти, але набагато складніше виконати. На твоєму місці я б
пошукав інші шляхи вирішення проблеми.
5. Ризик подібної експедиції – потрапити у несприятливі погодні умови, наприклад, у
хуртовину. Що ми можемо зробити у зв’язку з цим – це забезпечити відповідне
спорядження.
6. Якби не аварія, ми б дісталися аеропорту вчасно. Тепер нам залишається лише
сподіватися, що ми зможемо обміняти квитки. – Шкода, що ви запізнилися на літак, але це
просто щастя, що ніхто не постраждав.
7. Бути начальником означає не тільки отримувати більшу зарплату, але й нести більшу
відповідальність. Якби тільки усі це розуміли!
8. В мої обов’язки входить вести кореспонденцію та приймати телефонні дзвінки. Ніколи б
не подумала, що буду займатися цим після закінчення університету.
9. Не дати їй можливість брати участь у конкурсі краси означає розбити всі її мрії; а
дозволити це означає розбити мрії її батьків, які хочуть бачити свою доньку хірургом, а не
моделлю.

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10. Слухати цього професора – справжнє задоволення. Його лекції легко зрозуміти навіть
першокурсникам, хоча він розповідає про дуже складні явища.

THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE

modal verb + infinitive
Any form of infinitive can be used after modal verbs, e.g.
• Look upstairs. She may be reading in her room now. (NPCA)
• You shouldn’t have left the child alone in the dark. (PA)
• I can’t do anything about this matter right now. We have to wait. (NPA)
• I’m dead tired. I must have been typing since morning. (PCA)

TASK 13. Define the form of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
1. You must have been dreaming of it long.
2. Sue ought to have told me the truth long ago.
3. Miss Davis should have been given this file in the morning.
4. Where is Ted? – No idea. Try the attic, he may be reading there as usual.
5. You needn’t have spent so much money on me. But thank you anyway.
6. Shall I tell you how it all happened?
7. Sheila knew that she didn’t have to be present at the meeting.
8. I can’t believe it. She can’t have been so foolish.
9. Tom must have forgotten to tell them about the delay and they may be packing now.
10. It can be done and will be done if only you will help me.
11. The company ought to be making changes in its marketing strategy.
12. You needn't have spent all that money.
13. They should be able to offer you the support you need at an academic and personal level.

TASK 14. Translate into English paying special attention to the forms of the infinitives in compound
verbal modal predicates.
Part 1
1. Вам варто було б взяти до уваги всі деталі цієї справи, коли питання обговорювалося
вперше.
2. Все життя хлопчика може бути зіпсоване, якщо ви його зараз же звідси не відвезете.
3. Якби містер Грей не втрутився, молоді люди, можливо, посварилися б назавжди.
4. Ви, певно, багато чого побачили в житті, хоча ви порівняно молоді.
5. Ти могла б подзвонити й сказати, що затримуєшся. Ми так хвилювалися!
6. Це мало трапитися. Цьому нещастю ніхто не міг запобігти.
7. Піди і приведи Марту. Вона, мабуть, працює в саду з ранку й дуже втомилася.
8. Ти бачив Пилипа? - Ні. Він, мабуть, миє свою машину на задньому дворі.
9. Де ти був? Всі гості вже зібралися. Ми тебе чекаємо вже, мабуть, чверть години. Що-
небудь трапилося?
10. Мабуть, Стівенсони говорили про мене щось неприємне. Коли я підійшла, вони обоє
зніяковіло посміхнулися й відразу ж заговорили про погоду.
11. Джордж Вашингтон не любив людей, які спізнювалися. Одного разу його секретар
прийшов, коли президент уже працював у своєму кабінеті. Секретар дуже зніяковів і
сказав, що його підвів годинник. Президент суворо подивився на свого помічника й
відповів: «Ви повинні або купити іншого годинника, або шукати іншу роботу».

Part 2
1. Квіти не зв’яли б, як би ти їх вчасно полив. Треба було зробити це ще два дні тому. Ти міг
би бути більш уважним! Невже ти не бачив, що земля зовсім суха?

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2. У місті була епідемія грипу, тож він мав просидіти у поліклініці декілька годин.
3. У кімнаті було душно, але як Джим не намагався, вікно не відчинялося. Напевно, ніхто не
торкався його декілька років.
4. Хоча вона ледь зводить кінці з кінцями, Ганна не насмілюється попросити підвищення
зарплати.
5. Якби ти дотримувався інструкції, фен, можливо, на зламався б так швидко. – Та я його
навіть не торкався! Навіщо обвинувачувати мене без усякої причини?
6. Вони мають вирушити в круїз за тиждень. Можливо, я теж приєднаюся до них, якщо
зможу отримати двотижневу відпустку.
7. Очевидно, вона так гарно виглядає, тому що змогла обрати правильний режим харчування
та фізичних навантажень. – Тобі теж потрібно краще дбати про своє здоров’я.
8. Яка ти неуважна! Цю вправу не треба було робити письмово, її треба було просто
продивитись. Невже ти не чула, що казав вчитель?
9. Якби не зливи у липні, врожай зернових міг би бути набагато кращим. Сподіваюсь, нам не
доведеться купувати пшеницю за кордоном.
10. Мейбел мала зробити доповідь ще вчора, але захворіла і не прийшла на семінар. –
Напевно, знову з’їла п’ять порцій морозива. Це так на неї схоже!
11. Ти будеш звільнений, якщо насмілишся ще раз не вийти на роботу. Скільки можна терпіти
твою безвідповідальність?
12. Як ти могла купить такий кумедний капелюшок? Треба було з кимось порадитись. Тепер
ти станеш посміховиськом всієї школи!
13. Він знову і знову приходив до театру, щоб насолодитися виступом своїх улюблених
акторів. Скільки ж грошей він, напевно, витратив на квитки!
14. Ти ж знав, що він хворий. Ти міг би хоча б зателефонувати йому, якщо не мав часу, щоб
відвідати його.
15. Не може бути, що вона не принесла підручник! Вона мала прийти ще о дев’ятій. Як я
могла повірити їй!? Напевно, я стала занадто довірливою!

THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE

notional aspect verb + infinitive
1. The notional verb in this type of predicate should denote various stages (aspects) of an action
a) beginning: to begin; to start; to come to (= to begin); to commence e.g.
• I began to realize what was happening.
• Now she came to realize what was happening.
• Their work is beginning to have results.
• Jane put her fists on her hips and commenced to skip on bare feet.
b) continuation: to continue; to proceed , e.g.
• Though the teacher was in the classroom, the children continued to whisper.
• Sammy took off his coat and proceeded to undo his boots.
c) repetition: in this function infinitive is often used in the expressions used to + infinitive and
would + bare infinitive e.g.
• Paris once used to be the bell-weather of the fashion industry.
• Dick was so lazy that he would stay in bed till midday.
d) end: to cease e.g.
• The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me.
NOTE: Only non-perfect active infinitive with particle ‘to’ is used in this kind of predicative, with the
exception of the structure ‘would + bare infinitive’, e.g.
• Bertha continued to mark her students’ papers.
• You never cease to amaze me.

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• When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.

Not all these verbs have the same combinability:

1. The verbs to begin, to start, to continue, to cease, to commence can be followed by either infinitive
or gerund with no change in meaning, e.g.
• The team continued to discuss/ discussing their plans for the next month.
• The team started to discuss/ discussing their plans for the next month.
2. But it is not recommended to use two -ing forms together, e.g.
• It is starting getting cold – WRONG!
• It is starting to get cold – RIGHT!
3. The verbs used to and would are followed only by infinitive, e.g.
• When she was younger, Brenda used to bake her own bread.
• She would wake up as early as 4 o’clock in the morning and set up making batter.
4. The verb to go on in the function of part of a compound verbal aspect predicate can be followed
either by infinitive or gerund with a significant change of meaning,

to go on

gerund infinitive
continuation of one and the same activity change of activity
Old Mrs. Todd went on talking about her health Sue told me about her relationships with her
for hours. - Стара місіс Тодд продовжувала colleagues and then went on to talk about her
говорити про своє здоров'я годинами. other problems. - Сью розповіла мені про свої
стосунки з колегами й перейшла до розповіді
про інші свої проблеми.

5. The verb to stop in the function of part of a compound verbal aspect predicate is followed only by
gerund! e.g.
• Mr. Dursley stopped staring at the cat and started to think about his work.
• Aunt Petunia stopped gossiping about her neighbours as she saw that her husband was not
listening to her.
6. The verb to stop when followed by an infinitive performs the function of adverbial modifier of
purpose, e.g.
to stop

gerund infinitive
part of compound verbal aspect predicate shows adverbial modifier of purpose shows the reason
that the activity itself stops for stopping the activity for some time
Stuart stopped (doing what?) smoking though it Ben stopped (why?) to smoke and to have a short
wasn’t easy for him. - Стюарт перестав rest. - Бен зупинився, аби закурити й
(кинув) палити, хоча це було йому нелегко. перепочити.

TASK 15. Use either the infinitive or the gerund or both in the sentences below.
1. When did you begin (to study) English?
2. We had better start (to get) ready to the airport.
3. Peter continued (to read) long after his friends had gone to bed.
4. Lesley went on (to work) even though it was late.
5. After the presentation of the new financial document the Prime Minister went on (to
praise) the Chancellor.

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6. The Prime Minister went on (to praise) the Chancellor for more than an hour.
7. Jane stopped (to check) the oil level in the engine.
8. We are so happy! The baby has stopped (to wake) up during the night now.
9. Do you want to go on (to learn) another language after you have passed your
German final test?
10. We’ll have to stop (to get) petrol, the tank is practically empty.
11. My grandpa stopped (to work) when he was 65.
12. Sorry, I am late. I had to stop (to pick) up the children from school.
13. Margaret Thatcher was said to be slow at school but she went on (to be) the Prime
Minister.
14. Jane went on (to sleep) for another two hours.
15. The newcomer told us his name and went on (to introduce) us to his wife.
16. The meeting was so boring! The managing director went on (to talk) for hours.
17. After discussing the economy, the minister went on (to talk) about foreign policy.
18. As long as you see the doughnut, you are an optimist. As soon as you start (to see) the
hole, you cease (to be) an optimist, you are a pessimist.

TASK 16. Translate into English paying special attention to the use of the verbal in the function of
part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.

Part 1
1. Берта зупинилася, щоб прислухатися до подиху дитини, що спала. Та дихала спокійно й
рівномірно, і жінка продовжила свій шлях.
2. Молодий автор відрекомендувався й перейшов до розповіді про свою першу книгу.
3. Особистий помічник президента продовжував відповідати на телефонні дзвінки до півночі.
4. Мама перестала пити каву, тому що в неї почалося безсоння.
5. Водій зупинився, щоб долити в радіатор води, і потім ми продовжили свій шлях.
6. Дівчинка перестала дивитися фільми жахів, тому що вночі їй почали снитися страхіття.
7. Ми зупинилися купити м'ясних консервів і хліба перш, ніж продовжити нашу подорож.
8. Тепер я починаю розуміти, що ви маєте на увазі, говорячи, що містер Тодд не підходить на
посаду начальника відділу.
9. Коли черговий вихователь вимкнув світло й наказав усім негайно спати, дівчата
продовжували пошепки розповідати одна одній свої секрети.
10. Ти побачиш Стіва ввечері? - Ні, ми перестали зустрічатися.
11. Раптово увагу Клайда привернуло щось блискуче на узбіччі дороги. Він зупинився
подивитися, що це було.

Part 2
1. Рейчел чула, що хтось тихесенько увійшов до кімнати, але продовжувала робити вигляд, що
не помічає нічого навкруги.
2. Якщо ти негайно не припиниш поводитися таким чином, тебе, безсумнівно, виключать зі
школи. Час тобі вже дорослішати!
3. Закінчивши справи по господарству, Глорія почала готуватися до співбесіди у фірмі, де вона
давно сподівалася отримати роботу.
4. Якби ти не припинила сидіти на дієті, ти б вже скинула кілограмів п’ять. Бажано, щоб дієта
поєднувалася з фізичними вправами. – Якщо б ти їла тільки моркву, ти б теж швидко почала
її ненавидіти.
5. Як завжди, вчитель перевірив присутніх і перейшов до перевірки домашнього завдання.
6. Раніше я витрачала набагато більше часу на виконання домашнього завдання з граматики.
Зараз в мене в двічі більше проблем з теорією та практикою перекладу, оскільки ми тільки
нещодавно почали вивчати цей предмет.

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7. Що примусило тебе розпочати стежити за твоїм чоловіком? – Я помітила, що він припиняє

розмовляти по телефону, як тільки я входжу в його кімнату. Невже це не підозріло?
8. Продовжуйте працювати, не звертайте на мене увагу. Повідомте мене, щойно закінчите
репетицію.

THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT

1. The infinitive as the object usually answers the question ‘to do what?’ and is mainly used after the
following notional verbs:
to agree to consent to fear to learn to neglect to regret
to afford to decide to forget to long to omit to remember
to arrange to deserve to hesitate to love to plan to swear
to attempt to determine to hope to like to prefer
to care to expect to intend to manage to pretend
to claim to fail to lend to mean to refuse

(for more verbs and their combinability with the verbals see the APPENDIX)

2. Mostly non-perfect forms of the infinitive are used after these notional verbs, e.g.
• We agreed to meet at ten o’clock.
• Martha planned to come on Tuesday.
• Jake hesitated to say something in return.
• How can she afford to eat out every night?
3. Some of the above mentioned notional verbs can be followed by perfect forms of the infinitive to
express priority. These verbs are:
to claim to fail to hate to like to omit to swear
• Bertha claimed to have seen the burglar with her own eyes. - Берта заявила, що бачила
грабіжника на власні очі.
• Paul omitted to have written to the newspaper. - Пол не згадав, що він написав у газету.
• Sonya swore not to have met the man at the Browns’. - Соня присяглася, що не зустрічала цієї
людини у Браунів.
4. Some notional verbs have a modal colouring that shows that the action expressed by the perfect
infinitive was NOT fulfilled. These verbs are:
to attempt to expect to hope to intend
to plan to try to mean
• Solomon hoped to have found Diana at home. - Соломон сподівався застати Діану вдома.
(але не застав)
• The sailors intended to have reached the coast long before. - Моряки давно вже сподівалися
досягти берега. (але на то час ще не досягли)
5. The object can be expressed by a conjunctive infinitive phrase after the verbs like:
to advise to explain to know to show to want
to ask to find out to learn to teach to wonder
to decide to forget to remember to tell to understand
The conjunctions that are most frequently used are as follows:
what where who how much how many how whether
• Please show me (what?) how to operate this machine. - Будь ласка, покажи мені, як
користуватися цією машиною.
• We had lost our way and didn’t know (what?) where to go. - Ми заблукали й не знали, куди
йти.
• When I came in, my parents were discussing (what?) how long to stay in the country. - Коли я
увійшов, мої батьки обговорювали, як довго нам залишатися за містом.

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6. When the infinitive is used after the verbs to find, to consider, to believe, to think, it may be
preceded by the formal introductory object ‘it’, e.g.
• I find it hard to believe you.
• Do you think it necessary to inform the boss about the incident?
7. After some verbs both infinitive and gerund can be used but with some difference in meaning:

to remember, to forget, to regret,

gerund infinitive
about things that were/weren’t done in the past about intentions
• I remember playing with Ted in my childhood. • Remember to switch off the light before you
(I did it in the past but I remember about it leave. (Be sure to do it!)
now; I didn’t forget it.) • I remembered to lock the door but I forgot to
• I will never forget meeting him. = Я никогда shut the windows.
не забуду, как встретил его. / Я ніколи не • Sorry, I forgot to buy bread.
забуду, як зустрів його. • I regret to mention this again. (I’m going to do
• Tine regretted marrying so young. (Tina it again.) - Я шкодую, що мені доведеться
married young and she is sorry about it.) згадати про це знову.
• I regret mentioning this again. (I am not going
to do it again.)

to mean
gerund infinitive
to involve smh to intend to do smth
Being a pilot means travelling a lot. - Бути Barbara means to open her own shop. - Барбара
льотчиком – значить багато подорожувати. має намір відкрити свій магазин.

to prefer
gerund infinitive
general preference future preference
Stewart prefers spending his holidays at home. This year Stewart prefers to go to the sea.

to like
gerund infinitive
to enjoy smth – general preference to think that smth is good or right to do
Martha likes swimming. She enjoys doing it. I like to exercise every day because I know that it
is good for my health.

to try
gerund infinitive
to do smth as an experiment; the action is to attempt to do one’s best; the action may not be
possible so see if it succeeds possible but see if you still can do it
Try exercising, you may lose weight. - Спробуй David tried to win the race, but failed. - Давид
робити зарядку, ти можеш схуднути. намагався виграти забіг, але програв.
Try remembering telephone numbers. It may help Try to remember his telephone number. Please, do
you to improve your memory! Спробуй it; it’s important! - Постарайся запам'ятати
запам'ятовувати номера телефонів. Це може його номер телефону; це дуже важливо.
допомогти тобі поліпшити пам'ять.

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to afford
gerund infinitive
in general in a particular situation
In fact, Isabella could afford buying expensive This month Tim could afford to buy more books
things but she didn’t feel like it.- Взагалі, than usual and he was very happy about that. - У
Ізабелла могла дозволити собі купувати дорогі цьому місяці Тім міг дозволити собі купити
речі, але в неї не було особливого бажання. більше книг, ніж звичайно, і він був дуже
радий цьому.

to consider
gerund infinitive
to think about doing something to express an opinion about something – used
only in complex object and complex subject with
the verb ‘to be’
He considers leaving his home town for ever. - We consider her to be the best pianist of our time.
Він розмірковує над тим, аби виїхати з - Ми вважаємо її кращою піаністкою нашого
рідного міста назавжди. часу.
Have you considered working as a journalist? The whale is considered to be the largest mammal
in the world.

8. The infinitive is often used in the following structure:

notional verb + indirect object + infinitive

The most frequent notional verbs used in this structure are:

to advise to compel to forbid to implore to recommend
to ask to command to invite to leave to request
to allow to direct to instruct to order to require
to beg to encourage to induce to permit to tell
to cause to force to impel to persuade to urge
(For more verbs see the APPENDIX)
• Before Derek left, he asked me to keep an eye on his luggage.
• Derek left me to keep an eye on his luggage.
• The law compels divorced fathers to make regular payments for their children.
• Nothing can induce me to take the job I hate.
• Her parents encouraged her to cook and even paid her to make dinner twice a week.

9. The infinitive is often used in the structure link verb + adjective + infinitive
Both perfect and non-perfect infinitives can be used in this structure. The most frequently used
adjectives are:
anxious bound distressed glad keen ready thankful
afraid careful eager happy moved reluctant touched
ashamed curious easy horrified prepared sorry
amused determined free impatient pleased scared
annoyed delighted furious inclined proud surprised
astonished difficult grateful interested quick slow

• Mrs. Stockbound was proud (of what?) to have grown such a dutiful son. - Містер Стокбаунд був
гордий, що виховав такого слухняного сина.
• The children were impatient (to do what?) to see what was in the parcel. - Дітям не терпілося
подивитися, що було у згортку.

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• Jerry felt he was powerless (to do what?) to do anything in that situation.

• Della was quite pleased (to do what?) to find that she knew all the answers to the exam questions.

Note: Do not confuse the infinitive after adjectives in the function of part of a predicative and the
function of an object. Compare:
Infinitive as part of a predicative Infinitive as an object
(usually has a passive meaning) (usually has an active meaning)
Linen is very comfortable to wear. - Одяг з льону We were astonished to find the temple still in its
дуже приємно носити. original condition. - Ми були здивовані, коли
As a team they are hard to beat. - Коли ми побачили, що храм усе ще перебуває у своєму
команда – нас важко перемогти. первозданному вигляді.
The children were pleasant to look at; they were Arthur has some strange ideas, but on this
really neat and tidy. – На дітей було приємно occasion I'm inclined to agree with him. - В
дивитися………… Артура бувають якісь дивні ідеї, але в цьому
випадку я схильний погодитися з ним.

10. Some of the above mentioned structures may also be followed by gerund. Note the difference in
meaning,
to be sorry
gerund + for infinitive
to apologize for an earlier action to apologize for a present or future action
I am sorry for shouting at you this morning. Sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a question?
I’m sorry for phoning you so late yesterday, but it I’m sorry to be phoning you so late, but it’s
was urgent. urgent. - Вибачте, що дзвоню вам так пізно,
але це терміново.

to be afraid
gerund + of infinitive
apprehension that smth bad may happen = unwillingness to do smth in a certain situation
phobia
Sue doesn’t want to ride. She is afraid of falling Henry is afraid to take tomorrow’s English exam.
and hurting herself. He is sure he will fail.

11. After the expression ‘cannot help’ that is used to say that ‘it is impossible to avoid or prevent
something’ both bare infinitive and gerund are used but in different functions, e.g.
cannot help
cannot help + gerund cannot help but + bare infinitive
object adverbial modifier of exception
I can’t help thinking he knows more than he has She couldn’t help but wonder what he was
told. - Я не можу не думати, що він знає більш thinking. - Її не могло не цікавити, що він
того, що сказав. думає.
I can't help being so clever. - Ну що ж мені The child couldn’t help but eat the hateful
робити, якщо я такий розумний. porridge. - Як дитина не хотіла, але їй
довелося з'їсти ненависну кашу.
Note: In Modern English instead of the structure cannot help but + bare infinitive, which is rather
old-fashioned, the expression cannot but + bare infinitive is used, e.g.
• Nancy couldn’t but feel sorry for the boy. - Нэнси не могла не співчувати хлопчикові.
• Lee could not help but agree with her. - Лі не міг не погодитися з нею.
• I can't help feeling that there has been a mistake. - Я не можу не відчувати, що тут є помилка.

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• I couldn't help him being so rude. - При чому тут я, якщо він такий грубіян?

TASK 17. Fill in the gaps with either infinitive or gerund using the verbs in brackets
1. I'll never forget (to sail) down the Danube on that warm spring night last year.
2. Please don't forget (to pay) the bill.
3. John says he remembers (to buy) the newspaper, but now he can't find it.
4. Did you remember (to post) my letters today?
5. Gloria regrets _ (to laugh) at her sister.
6. I regret (to inform) you that we cannot give you your money back.
7. The students went on (to write) for another hour.
8. After cleaning the windows, he went on (to wash) the car.
9. We are sorry _ (to announce) that the 7:15 train to Liverpool has been cancelled.
10. I'm sorry for (to miss) your birthday party; I'll make it up to you.
11. She stopped (to go) to the gym after she had got back into shape.
12. They stopped _ (to have) a rest before they continued their journey.
13. They tried (to open) the door, but it was stuck.
14. You should try (to make) your own clothes. It's much cheaper.
15. I'm sorry. I didn't mean (to break) your vase.
16. Being a teacher means _ (to mark) a lot of homework.
17. I like (to tidy) my room at weekends because I don't have time during the week.
18. They like (to play) in the sea on hot days.
19. Steve could remember (to drive) along the road just before the accident happened, but
he couldn’t remember the accident itself.
20. I now regret _ (to say) what I said. I shouldn’t have said it.
21. We regret (to inform) you that we are unable to offer you the job.
22. Do you remember (to go) to the post office last Wednesday?
23. Some people find images easier (to remember) than words.
24. I must remember (to try) and phone Phil this evening. I've got a message for him.
25. The mother couldn’t help (to notice) how unhappy her daughter looked.

TASK 18. Paraphrase the sentences following the given model. Translate them into your mother
tongue.
Model. We simply must accept her invitation to the party. = We can't help but accept her invitation to
the party. = We can’t help accepting her invitation to the party.
1. We just must agree to their terms if we want this contract.
2. We really admired that young actress’s brilliant performance.
3. It was difficult for me not to smile when I saw her trying to look much older.
4. She just had to give the poor children a piece of bread.
5. It was impossible for the boy not to tell his mother the truth.
6. I had to drive the guests to the station though I didn’t want that very much.
7. I really feel sorry for John’s failure at the English exam; he worked so much during the term.
8. David just had to tell his aunt about what had happened in the park.
9. Helen just has to take part in that international contest.
10. It was impossible for the guests not to hear the quarrel between the hosts.
11. The old man simply had to accept the young couple’s help as he was not able to live alone.

TASK 19. Translate into English using the structures ‘cannot help + gerund’, ‘cannot help but +
bare infinitive’ and ‘cannot but + bare infinitive’.
1. Лінда не могла не погодитися зі своєю матір'ю.
2. Ненсі не могла не відчувати, що Сем думає про неї.
3. Ми повинні перевірити обчислення знову. Ну, що я можу зробити, якщо я знаю, що ми
допустили десь помилку.

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4. Як їм не хотілося, але їм довелося сповістити мене про те, коли вони їдуть.
5. Що б ви не говорили, я не можу не робити того, що я вважаю потрібним.
6. Вибачите, я не міг не чути вашу розмову з містером Драмондом. І я думаю, що ви праві.
7. Я вислухав ваші пояснення дуже уважно, але я не можу не погодитися з вами.
8. Джері не міг не простити Ліз; він її дуже любив.
9. Ви не зможете не полюбити щеняти, воно таке славне!
10. Я не можу не згадувати знову й знову ті щасливі дні, які ми провели в Італії.
11. Я не міг не думати про минуле, оскільки його вплив на теперішній час був дійсно дуже
істотним.
12. Маленька Мері не могла не бути допитливою; це було в її натурі.

TASK 20. Change the sentences given below using the necessary form of the infinitive. Follow the
example.
Examples. I was glad I had been invited to the party. – I was glad to have been invited to the party.
I was surprised they recognized me in my disguise. – I was surprised to be recognized in my
disguise.
1. It was lucky that Peter had been chosen for the job.
2. Susan was glad she was not late for the show.
3. The team was happy that they had won the match.
4. Ted was astonished that he was the only one in the hall.
5. The managers were surprised they had not been invited to the meeting.
6. Paul was sorry that they hadn’t offered him that job.
7. Helen was sorry that she had lost a chance to go to Kent.
8. Stuart was surprised that he was given the chance to express his point of view.
9. Lucy was lucky that she had been admitted to college.
10. The boys were sorry that they were not let to go to the forest.
11. Mary was happy that she was able to win the beauty contest.
12. Angela is delighted that she went to Italy in the summer.
13. Doris is upset that she has lost her wallet.
14. Dan is angry that he is forgotten by everybody.
15. Iris was flattered that she was invited to the reception.

TASK 21. Translate into English paying special attention to the use of infinitives and gerunds in the
function of objects.
Part 1
1. Хлопчик прикинувся, що не чув старого, хоча той говорив досить голосно.
2. Ми не боялися потрапити під дощ, тому що прогноз погоди був дуже сприятливим.
3. Я спробую запам'ятати, як добратися до старого млина більш короткою дорогою, але якщо
я не прийду до того, як стемніє, вважайте, що я заблукав, і починайте мене шукати.
4. Ми з жалем повідомляємо вам, що ваша заява про прийом на роботу не прийнята до
розгляду.
5. Тодд запропонував розмістити всіх дітей у спальні нагорі, а дорослих у їдальні й вітальні.
6. Пет пам'ятала, що поклала ключі в кишеню пальто вранці, коли йшла з дому, але ніяк не
могла пригадати, чи виймала вона їх звідти, коли була на роботі.
7. Після того, як провалила іспит, Люсі пошкодувала, що так мало займалася своїми
основними предметами в семестрі.
8. Торік я надав перевагу взяти відпустку взимку й провести її на лижній базі в Карпатах.
9. Марії було прикро, що вона забула подякувати турботливій медсестрі за все, що та для неї
зробила.
10. Бути вчителем - значить добре знати не тільки свій предмет, але й психологію та
педагогіку.
11. Поліна була так зайнята вранці, що забула виключити праску перед виходом з дому.

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12. Мати сподівалась знайти дочку в саду на її улюбленому місці, але її там не було.
13. Не забудь закрити вхідні двері, коли будеш іти на заняття.
14. Мені треба не забути сказати всім іншим, що лекція з історії мови переноситься на
наступну середу.
15. Стівен не міг не обернутися, почувши якийсь дивний шум за спиною. Виявилося, що за
ним йшла старенька бабуся в дерев'яних черевиках. Стів не пам'ятав, щоб він коли-небудь
бачив її у своєму районі.
Part 2
1. Невже ти забув, як ми разом купували цю чудову вазу? Ми ще потім шкодували, що не
купили таку ж саму в подарунок на весілля Ненсі та Теда.
2. Вибачте, що втручаюся у вашу розмову, але я терпіти не можу, коли ображають людей,
які не беруть участь в розмові і не можуть вам протистояти.
3. Ти не забула зареєструватися для проходження співбесіди? Багато людей прагнуть
отримати цей грант. Ти просто не можеш дозволити собі втратити таку нагоду. – А я і не
збираюся її втрачати. Я просто визнаю за краще тримати свої плани при собі.
4. Ліні так поталанило, що її оглянув досвідчений лікар. Якби її негайно не прооперували,
вона могла б вмерти.
5. Староста стверджує, що попередила усіх про зміни в розкладі. Я знаю напевно, що вона
бреше, але не знаю, як це довести. – Чому б не спробувати ще раз поговорити з нею?
6. Зараз я шкодую, що в школі приділяв так мало уваги біології та математиці. Зараз мені
нічого не залишається, як брати додаткові уроки, якщо я налаштований поступати на
факультет психології.
7. Мати знову благала сина не прогулювати заняття і поводитися пристойно. Він знову
присягався, що нічого не накоїв і не отримав жодної незадовільної оцінки. Батько сумно
дивився на них і сподівався, що вони припинять сперечатися до того, як розпочнеться
футбольний матч, на який він чекав цілий тиждень.
8. Вона розлючена, що згаяла стільки часу у крамниці. Не треба їй було намагатися довести
продавчині, що сосиски були не свіжі, а пиріжки зачерствілі. Ніхто не звертав на неї
уваги. З таким же успіхом вона могла б розмовляти зі стінкою.

THE INFINITIVE AS ATTRIBUTE

In the function of the attribute the infinitive is used in English more often than in Russian or
Ukrainian. Different forms of the infinitive can be used in this function, though the most common is
non-perfect active. The infinitive can modify different parts of speech:
1. It can modify nouns, e.g.
• The best thing (what kind of thing?) to do would be to go back.
• The “Watchman” was the only paper (what kind of paper?) ever to have published his poems.
• It isn’t an idea (what kind of idea?) to be proud of.
• She had no wish (what kind of wish?) to be seen there again.
2. It can modify pronouns, especially negative, indefinite and universal, e.g.
• Fred had everything (what kind of everything?) to make his life happy.
• There was nothing (what kind of nothing?) to be done. - Нічого не можна було зробити.
• Mary’s sisters had already cleaned the house by the time she came from school, so there was
nothing for her to do.
• Tom had done nothing (what kind of nothing?) to be ashamed of.
• Derek was not the one (what kind of one?) to run about and discuss his affairs with everybody. -
Дерек був не з тих, хто бігає й обговорює свої справи з іншими.
• There was no one at hand (what kind of no one?) to discuss this question with. - Не було нікого
під рукою, щоб обговорити це питання.

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Note: The function of the infinitive in the sentences like, ‘Mr. Piecraft was nowhere to be seen. is also
regarded as an attribute.
3. It can modify numerals, e.g.
The Browns were the first (what kind?) to come.
4. It can modify adjectives and quantifying expressions like :
much so much little a lot no more no less
enough a little more a good deal a great deal more
• I have a lot to add.
• A man in your position has so much to lose.
• This teacher’s lectures leave much to be desired.
5. The infinitive can be introduced by a conjunction or preposition. In this function the attribute can be
expressed by a conjunctive infinitive phrase with the following conjunctions:
who what where how when whether
• I had no idea who (what kind of idea?) to rely on in that situation.
• Phil had no idea (what kind of idea?) how to solve that problem.
• Susan had no clear idea (what kind of idea?) what to do and how to do it.
• Philip had no information (what kind of information?) about when to start the project.

Translate the following sentences with the infinitive in the function of attribute into Ukrainian:
• He had a good friend to rely on.
• Don’t disturb me. I have a paper to write.
• It’s time to have dinner.
• Mr. Ferdinand is not a man to be trusted.
• The best thing to do was to leave at once.
• We had nothing to lose.
• Our French teacher is someone to admire.
• I had little more to add to her words.

Do not confuse infinitives in the function of attributes and objects. Compare:

Infinitive as Object Infinitive as Attribute
Follows verbs and answers the question Follows nouns, pronouns, numerals and
WHAT? quantifying expressions and answers the
question WHAT KIND?
• The boy didn’t know (what?) how to hide his • The boy’s elder brother gave him an idea
secret from his elder brothers. (what kind of the idea?) how to hide the secret.
• I didn’t know (what?) who to turn for help to. • I have no idea (what kind of the idea?) who to
turn to for help.

TASK 22. Sort out the sentences given below into the corresponding column according to the
function of the infinitive. The first one is done for you. Translate the sentences into your
mother tongue.
Infinitive as an Object Infinitive as an Attribute
1,
1. The desire to write was stirring inside Martin.
2. Steven promised to see us to the station.
3. Derek had avoided the house the whole day and had brought food to eat by the lake.
4. Miss Marple had a good deal to say about that case.
5. Fiona meant to speak to her producer as soon as possible.
6. The relief from that long waiting, the feeling of nothing to worry about, was so delicious!
7. Mrs Philips tried to take an interest in her husband’s work, but it was too difficult for her brains.
8. You will be the first to come to the interview.

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9. Jane offered to help us but we refused.

10. Don’t be afraid, I will remember to buy flowers for Mum on my way home.
11. Marsha looked with apprehension at the piles of files to be read through and sighed.
12. The father never forgot to take his sons for a drive at the weekend.
13. Diana’s offer to help the old lady surprised everybody.
14. You have nothing to be afraid of, speak boldly.
15. I regret to disappoint you, but I am sure you have all the right to know the truth.
16. Do you know how to find the answer?
17. I didn’t know he had a good plan what to do in that situation.

TASK 23. Paraphrase the sentences below using infinitive in the function of an attribute. Follow the
examples.
Examples:
• A lot of things should be done before we leave. — There are a lot of things to do/to be done
before we leave.
• They didn’t want to attend that boring lecture. (wish) – They had no wish to attend that boring
lecture.
• We must do several things today. - There are / We have several things to do today.
• New Zealand was the first country which gave women the right the vote. - New Zealand was the
first to give women the right the vote.
1. A lot of papers should be typed before the boss comes.
2. Some problems should be solved before we sign an agreement.
3. A couple of chairs should be fetched so that everyone had a seat.
4. A lot of things should be packed before the movers arrive.
5. The teacher told us that three tapes should be listened to at home before the listening test.
6. Lots of rules should be revised before we have the final test.
7. Five children should be examined by a doctor.
8. A lot of pictures should be looked through before we find the one we need.
9. If we want to have a quorum, two more people should be invited.
10. The group was allowed to visit the Parliament. (permission)
11. The manager's requirement was that we should check the results immediately and we had to obey.
(requirement)
12. She desired to adopt the child and nothing could make her refuse to do it. (desire)
13. The guests arrived one after another. Mrs. Andrew was the first one. (the first)
14. The matter was that he didn't know what to start with. (idea)
15. You can't argue with Dick. You should just obey him without question. (person)
16. There are so many other things I should do before my wife comes back. (things)
17. The child was told to recite a very long and dull poem and he refused to do it. (wish)
18. We were short of time and couldn't go to see them off. (time)
19. Ted has a lot of problems which he must solve as soon as possible.
20. Jane hasn't got anybody who she could turn to.
21. There was a gentleman who I could give the letter to.
22. The situation seemed desperate but fortunately I had some friends who I could rely on.
23. I’m sick and tired of John; he is always complaining of something.
24. Who was the last person who saw the young man alive? And who was the first person who found
him?
25. The first ambulance which arrived at the scene of accident was that one.
26. Mel Gibson is the most famous actor who took part in the performance.
27. Jake Foster was the most famous goalkeeper who played in our team.
28. They were the first people who arrived at the scene of the crime.
29. They offered their help. No one else did.
30. The captain left the ship after everyone else had.
31. Mrs. Thatcher was the Prime Minister. No other woman in Great Britain had been Prime Minister
before.

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32. First I took the examination and then Paul did.

33. No newspaper appeared that day, only ‘The Times’.
34. I had several people who I wanted to visit before I left London.
35. There was only one man Fred could ask for help.
36. We must read two books by Jane Austin before the exam.
37. We have no money with which we can start business.

TASK 24. Translate into English using infinitive in the function of an attribute.
1. Пітер зрозумів, що Джесіка була тією самою жінкою, з якою він повинен одружитися.
2. Лаура була першою, хто прийшов на вечірку, хоча її ніхто не запрошував.
3. У мене немає ні найменшого бажання підтримувати містера Дженкінса; по-моєму, він не
та людина, якій можна довіряти.
4. Якщо ви не маєте часу вигуляти свого собаку, знайдіть кого-небудь, хто може це робити
регулярно.
5. Брайан не та людина, що зможе виконати це доручення швидко, але він зробить це якісно.
6. Почекай на мене після занять. Мені тобі потрібно так багато розповісти!
7. Давай поговоримо про це пізніше, добре? Це не те питання, яке треба зараз обговорювати.
8. Ти мені можеш допомогти? Сьогодні нема кому забрати дітей зі школи. Ти б міг зробити
це для мене, будь ласка?
9. Ніхто із присутніх не хотів заговорити першим і здатися нечемним.
10. На жаль, вони мало-що можуть дати цій дитині. Постарайтеся знайти іншу прийомну
родину для неї.
11. Давай звернемося по допомогу до Боба. Він той, на кого можна покластися.
12. Наступне, що треба зробити – це розподілити обов'язки між усіма членами команди.
13. Всю ніч Генрі думав про те, що сказати у своє виправдання.
14. Ти не міг би дати мені книгу, яку можна почитати в поїзді.
15. Я сподіваюся, я не сказав нічого такого, що могло б скривдити вас.
16. У мене не було наміру відволікати вас від роботи. Вибачте, що звертаюся до вас.

TASK 25. In the quotations below, find attributes and objects expressed by infinitives. Explain how
you understand the proverbs and sayings. Translate them into your mother tongue.
1. It’s a poor mind indeed which can’t think of at least two ways to solve a problem.
2. One who knows how to show and accept kindness will be a better friend than any possession.
3. In attempts to improve your character, know what is in your power and what is beyond it. (Francis
Thompson)
4. Nothing is often a good thing to say and always a clever thing to say.
5. What is the use of a house if you haven’t got a tolerable planet to put it in?
6. Happiness is not the absence of problems but the ability to deal with them.
7. A recession is a period to tighten your belts because in a depression, you have no belt to tighten and
in a panic, you have no pants to hold up.
8. The only thing to get the best of an argument is to avoid it. (Dale Carnegie)
9. Everything comes to him who knows how to wait. (A proverb)
10. He who has a thousand friends has not a friend to spare;
And he who has one enemy will meet him everywhere. (Ali ibn-Abi-Talib)
11. The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the
world to himself. Therefore, all progress depends on the unreasonable man. (George Bernard Shaw)
12. There is much pleasure to be gained from useless knowledge. (Bertrand Russell)

TASK 26. Translate into English paying special attention to the use of the infinitives as attributes.
1. Чи є у вашому домі що-небудь, що можна було б використати замість письмового стола?
2. Стелла - дуже життєрадісна людина, вона завжди знайде що-небудь, над чим посміятися.
3. Дівчинка знала, що ні в чому не винна, їй нічого було боятися.
4. Містер Браун саме та людина, що допоможе нам вирішити цю проблему.

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5. Хлопчики пропустили урок без поважної причини, і їм нічого було сказати у своє
виправдання.
6. Скажи мені скоріше, хто прийшов до фінішу першим? - Не знаю, я прийшов останнім.
7. Ходімо зі мною в лабораторію, мені є, що тобі показати.
8. Я розумію, що це неприємно, але повинен бути хтось, хто скаже їй про цей дивний збіг
обставин.
9. Містер Вест повинен бути дуже обережним під час перемовин. Людині в його стані є що
втрачати.
10. Чому ви посміхаєтеся? Це не той вчинок, яким можна пишатися.
11. Стів - не та людина, що може вас підвести. Скоріше за все, з ним щось трапилося.
12. Візьміть себе в руки. Ви не зробили нічого такого, чого варто було б соромитися.
13. Учора начальник мого батька сказав своїм підлеглим: «У вас є тільки два виходи:
підтримати мою пропозицію або накоїти дурниць».
14. Це найкращий кухонний комбайн, що можна купити за таку ціну. На вашому місці, я б не
вагалася ані хвилини.
15. Ніколи не могла зрозуміти його бажання емігрувати. Усі мої спроби поспілкуватися на цю
тему були марними. Він навіть слухати нікого не бажає, тільки повторює, що тут йому
нічого втрачати.

THE INFINITIVE AS AN ADVERBIAL MODIFIER

The infinitive can be used as different adverbial modifiers:
1. an adverbial modifier of purpose / 4. an adverbial modifier of subsequent
manner events
2. an adverbial modifier of result or 5. an adverbial modifier of exception
consequence 6. an adverbial modifier of condition
3. an adverbial modifier of comparison / 7. an adverbial modifier of attendant
manner circumstances
8. an adverbial modifier of time

Study the tables below to find information about the use of the infinitive in this function.

1. Adverbial Modifier of Purpose (Manner)

Characteristic Features Questions Conjunctions
Sometimes has an additional meaning of an • What for? • so as
adverbial modifier of manner. • For what purpose? • in order to
• How? • as if
• In what way? • as though
• By what means?

Note 1: Sometimes the infinitive in this function has an additional meaning of manner.

• My friend thinks he will go to Britain (for what purpose?) to improve his English.
• To occupy her mind (what for?), she took the job offered to her. - Аби зайняти свої думки, вона
узялася за роботу, що їй запропонували.
• A lot of girls like to keep diaries (what for?) in order to share their secrets with some anonymous
reader.
• Mary turned away (what for)? so as to hide her tears.
• Then she turned down (what for?/ in what manner?) as if to look at the flowers.
• The mother’s lips moved as if to warn her son about something. – Губи матері поворушилися,
начебто вона хотіла попередити свого сина про щось.

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• The professor shook his head as though to show that he was dissatisfied.

Note 2: Don’t confuse the infinitive in the function of purpose with the infinitive in the function of the
subject.
Compare
Subject Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
(What?) To occupy your mind while you are ill is She did some mental calculations (what for?) to
very important. occupy her mind.
(What for?) To occupy her mind she did some
mental calculations.

2. Adverbial Modifier of Result or Consequence

Characteristic Features Questions Used with:
Adverbs of degree:
It is used to denote an action which No identifying questions. • too
becomes possible or impossible due to • enough
some action or state expressed by the • such as
words it refers to Conjunctions:
“not so … as”
• The apples are not ripe enough to eat. (The apples are not ripe yet; as a result you can’t eat them.)
• We are too clever to believe him. (We are clever; as a result we do not believe him.
• Mary was too busy to see anyone. ( = Mary was busy; as a result she did not see anyone.)
• The book was too primitive for me to read it even on holiday.
• His manner was such as to offend nearly everyone he met. - Його поведінка була такою, що він
кривдив усіх, з ким зустрічався.
• My new boss was so kind as to help me. – Мій новий бос був настільки лагідним, що допоміг мені
• This judge is not such a fool as to believe that you are innocent. – Цей суддя не настільки дурний,
аби повірити, що ви невинні.
• I am not so stupid as to believe that. (very formal) - Я не настільки дурний, аби повірити цьому.

Note the absence of a pronoun in the second part of the sentence in the first example; it differs from
Russian or Ukrainian sentences. So it will be wrong to say ‘The apples are not ripe enough to eat
them.’- Яблука недостатньо спілі, щоб їх їсти.

3. Adverbial Modifier of Comparison

Characteristic Features Conjunction
No identifying questions than
• George knew his uncle better than to ask him questions. - Джордж знав свого дядька занадто
добре, аби задавати йому питання.
• Georgina knew better than to trust Val. - Джорджина була не настільки дурна, аби довіряти Вел.
• To give is more blessed than to receive. (Gerund is also possible in this case, e.g. Giving is more
blessed than receiving.) - Благословенний той, хто дає, а не той, хто одержує.

4. Adverbial Modifier of Subsequent Events

Characteristic Features Combinability Particles
• The infinitive denotes an action 1. The infinitive in this function is often • only
that actually takes place after found after the following notional verbs: • just
the action denoted by the • to come (back); to return • simply
predicate) • to run; to rush • merely
• No identifying questions. • to leave; to drive away
• to get to (some place)

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• to arrive in/at
2. The infinitive itself is usually expressed by
the following verbs:
• to find; to discover
• to see; to hear; to feel
• to appear/to disappear
• to emerge/to sink
• to understand/to realize
• to die
• Jane was driven away, never to come back. (She was driven away and never came back.) - Джейн
відвезли, і вона більше не повернулася.
• I am sorry to have raised your expectations only to disappoint you. (= I raised your expectations and
by doing that only disappointed you.) - Мені шкода, що я дала вам надію і знову розчарувала вас.
• Soames arrived at three o’clock to hear that Fleur had gone out with the car at ten. (He arrived and
heard.) - Сомс приїхав і довідався, що Флер виїхала на машині о десятій.
• Ted came down one morning to find his wife very tired. (He came down and found.) - Одного ранку
Том спустився вниз і знайшов свою дружину дуже стомленою.
• He came home only to find it empty. (He came and found.) - Він прийшов додому і побачив, що
там нікого немає.

5. Adverbial Modifier of Exception

Characteristic Features Questions Prepositions
• Is generally used in negative and interrogative sentences to Except what? • but
show that the action is the only possible one in the given • except
situation.
• Only bare infinitive!
• Rather old-fashion and bookish.
• I had nothing to do (except what?) but wait.
• What could he do (except what?) but submit? - Що він ще міг зробити крім того, як підкоритися.
• There was nothing to do (except what?) except turn back home.
• What could he do (except what?) but forgive her?
• The girl couldn’t (except what?) but smile in return. - Дівчина не могла не посміхнутися у
відповідь. (Їй нічого не залишалося робити крім того, як посміхнутися у відповідь.)

6. Adverbial Modifier of Condition

Characteristic Features Questions
• Does not follow any conjunctions or prepositions. • In what case?
• Is used very seldom. • On what condition?
• To look at Montmorency, you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon earth. (= If you looked
at Montmorency, you would imagine that he was an angel sent upon earth. - On what condition
would you imagine? If you looked at him.) – Якщо подивитися на Монморанси, то можна було
уявити, що він ангел, посланий на землю.
• She would be unhappy to marry for money. (= She would be unhappy if she had married for money) -
Вона була б нещаслива, якби вийшла заміж через гроші.
• He would have done better to jump off the tower. (= He would have done if he had jumped off the
tower.) - Було б краще, якби він зстрибнув з вежі.

7. Adverbial Modifier of Time

Characteristic Features Questions
• Does not follow any conjunctions or prepositions. When?

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• Is used very seldom. How often?

How long?
• Her father lived (How long?) to be ninety. - Її батько дожив до 90.
• Go away! I shudder (When?) to see you here? - Іди! Я здригаюсь, коли бачу тебе тут.
• She was upset to hear her father was ill. (= She was upset when she heard that her father was ill.) -
Вона розхвилювалася, коли почула, що її батько хворий.

8. Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances

Characteristic Features
• Shows that other actions take place at the same time.
• Has no identifying questions.
• Does not follow any conjunctions or prepositions.
• Is used very seldom.
• The next morning Sofia woke up to see that the day was beautiful, the sun was shining and her last
night fears had disappeared. (She woke up and saw…) – Наступного ранку Софія прокинулася й
побачила, що день буде чудовим, світило сонце, і її вчорашні страхи зникли.

TASK 27. Sort out the sentences given below according to the type of the adverbial modifier they
have. Underline an adverbial modifier in each sentence.
No Adverbial modifier Number of the sentence
1 Of purpose (of manner)
2 Of subsequent events
3 Of attendant circumstances
4 Of comparison
5 Of result 1,
6 Of condition
7 Of exception
8 Of time
1. Tessa was too astonished at the first moment to answer Peter at once.
2. Joe, you must hurry not to be late for your class.
3. The child is old enough to understand this fairy-tale.
4. To hear the president of our class speak about himself, one would think that he is the cleverest boy at
school.
5. My granny seldom goes out except visit her old friends.
6. To avoid his mother’s questions, Peter went up directly to his room.
7. You have only to look around to see how beautiful the world is.
8. I have more important things to do than argue with you on this point.
9. They cared for each other and there was nothing to be done about it except tell the truth.
10. On Christmas Eve the boy was too excited to eat or to sleep.
11. To occupy her hands, Melissa took up her knitting.
12. Old Mrs Simon put her arms around me as if to protect me from all the evils of the world.
13. Many language learners say that to learn Russian is more difficult than to learn English.
14. Della looked at Boris to see what he meant.
15. We had nothing to do but wait.
16. After that she folded her arms as though to protect herself.
17. I had only to look at Mother to know the answer.

TASK 28. In the quotations below, find adverbial modifiers expressed by infinitives and define them.
Explain how you understand them. Translate them into your mother tongue.
1. To be the gainer you are to lose yourself; to be happy you are to forget yourself.
2. Forty is a ridiculous age to be. You are too young to be called old and too old to be called young.

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3. The evils we bring on ourselves are hardest to bear. (Proverb)

4. Modern art is when you buy a picture to cover the hole in the wall – and decide that the hole looks
better.
5. There is a time in the life of every problem when it is big enough to see, yet too small to solve.
6. Life is too important to be taken seriously. (O.Wilde)
7. He that is slow to anger is better that mighty. (Proverb)
8. Try not to become a man of success but rather become a man of value. (Albert Einstein)
9. It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well.

TASK 29. Paraphrase the sentences using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as adverbial modifier
of purpose. Follow the example.
Example: Elizabeth needed somehow to make a living, so she started giving private music lessons. - To
make a living Elizabeth started giving private lessons.
1. Monica wanted to cook mushroom soup, so she bought some mushrooms, carrots and onions at the
greengrocer's.
2. Mrs. Boid’s memory is getting worse, so she has to write things down and stick them to the fridge
with magnets, or she may forget something important.
3. Henry’s desire was to justify himself, so he persuaded Laura to give evidence.
4. If you do not want to lag behind the group, you'll have to take all the exams before the academic
year is over.
5. Mr. Davis had to follow his financial advisers’ instructions as it could prevent his going bankrupt.
6. You will make your idea clear if you illustrate each point with good examples.
7. Mr. Bronson decided that it was better to accept the rival company’s proposal if he wanted to
increase his income.
8. Try to show your good manners and don't be rude, otherwise you will not impress your potential
foster family favourably.
9. Stephanie wanted to stay in good shape, so she joined a sports club and took up calisthenics.
10. Oh, I didn’t realize it was that late! We should hurry up, or we'll miss the 5.00 train.
11. Your granny is definitely getting worse. You have to take her to hospital; she needs to be examined
by a specialist.
12. Lesley saved as money as he could because he wanted to set up his own business.
13. If you want to imitate Cockney speech, you should have an outstanding ability to mimic other
people.
14. The spectators wanted to pay tribute to the famous pianist’s outstanding performance, so they rose to
their feet and gave him a standing ovation.
15. In the northern areas of this country, people need hot houses so that they could grow fresh
vegetables.
16. She smiled at me as if she wanted to show that I was a welcome guest.
17. Angela stopped writing in order that she could have some tea.
18. I have to talk to you promptly because I want to warn you of the danger.

TASK 30. Paraphrase the sentences using an infinitive or an infinitive phrase as adverbial modifier
of result/consequence. Follow the examples.
Examples: He is clever. He can solve any problem. - He is clever enough to solve any problem.
Jerry is a very proud boy; he won’t accept our help. - Jerry is too proud to accept our help.
1. The boys were silly. They played with matches in the dry forest.
2. Lucy is very rude. She can offend anybody who somehow displeases her.
3. Brenda’s friends are warm-hearted. They will help her willingly.
4. This flat is really very expensive. We can't afford it.
5. Despite her young age, Julia is very clever. She knows her own mind.
6. The lecture was so dull. I didn't take any notes.
7. My granddad is really unwell. He can't even move.

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8. The old lady couldn’t walk very fast. She was not able to catch her bus.
9. I’m sure Mr. Brandwell will never agree to do the terms of this contract. He is a very experienced
negotiator.
10. Kate is very attractive. It's easy to fall in love with her.
11. Philip is a reliable man. You can trust him.
12. Don't keep your children indoors in this wonderful weather. Let them go for a walk.
13. The members of the jury are not gullible. They will never find Mr. Boil innocent.
14. The rain was really very heavy. We had to cancel the picnic.
15. The queue was very long. We decided not to go to the cinema that evening.
16. Sheila was unwell that day and refused to meet us.
17. He is really light-minded; he may ruin his reputation with the actions like this.
18. The road was slippery; we couldn’t feel safe.

TASK 31. Translate the following sentences into your mother tongue.
1. At the age of 45, Jeremy Pitt resigned never to return to public life.
2. After the anonymous call, Belinda rushed home to find a thief exploring her house.
3. After the war was over, Derek returned from Europe to find his house ruined and his family gone.
4. The children woke up to find a cold stove and no food in the house.
5. Mr. Blackthorpe turned to Andrew only to discover that the young man was no longer there.
6. Edward thought that Mrs. Nelson was displeased with him but he looked up to find her smiling.
7. Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson came in time to hear Hugh fire the revolver.
8. Dorothy turned to see a stranger approaching her.
9. After his life of travellings and adventures he went home to die of a heart attack in his own bed.
10. Finally the company managed to produce the first artificial heart only to find that no one really
needed it.
11. Susan stopped at the corner only to understand that she still had a long way to go on.
12. The mother tried to persuade her son not to drop out of school only to realize that she failed.
13. Pat opened her purse only to find that it was almost empty.

TASK 32. Paraphrase the sentences below using adverbial modifiers of subsequent events. Follow
the examples.
Example: Lotta tried to persuade Todd that he was wrong. Soon she realized that he was too stubborn
to follow anyone’s advice. - Lotta tried to persuade Todd that he was wrong only to realize
that he was too stubborn to follow anyone’s advice.
1. Mrs. Blackhurst made Laura call the police. She felt it was too late.
2. The teacher asked Helen's parents to come. She found out they had gone abroad on business.
3. Sally started to complain of severe pains in her back. Her husband wasn't sorry for her.
4. The child woke up. He saw that he was alone.
5. The burglar threatened the woman. He found she wasn't scared.
6. The young lawyer acted according to his moral principles. He realized that nobody cared for his
opinion.
7. Jim approached the village. He heard a strange sound coming from the forest.
8. Peter joined the company of his new friends. He saw that he was unwelcome.
9. Iris left the house. She never returned there.
10. The old lady looked at Fanny’s face attentively. She saw that the girl resembled her mother.
11. George married Susan after all. He soon realized that they couldn't get along with each other.
12. The phone rang and Duncan entered the room. He found his wife talking with Eliza.
13. The police arrived almost immediately. They discovered that the criminal had disappeared.

TASK 33. Complete the sentences with your own ideas using adverbial modifiers of exception. Let
your group mates translate them into your mother tongue.
1. They do nothing but … 2. What can I do but …?

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3. There's nothing to do except … 10. There's nothing to do except …

4. What can we do but …? 11. Gossips do nothing but …
5. My sister does nothing but … 12. My friend is a lazy-bones, she does nothing
6. There was nothing to do except … but …
7. What could I do in that situation but …? 13. This group mate of mine is an awful bore.
8. My parents did nothing but .. He does nothing but …
9. This pop star does nothing but …

TASK 34. Paraphrase the sentences below using an adverbial modifier of comparison / purpose /
manner. Follow the example.
Example: He looked at me in such a way that I felt he wanted to shock me. - He looked at me as if to
shock me.
1. The young man whistled. It seemed he wanted to attract my attention.
2. The strangers exchanged meaningful glances. The impression was they wanted to show us they were
together.
3. When criticized Tom usually shrugged his shoulders. Probably he wanted to say that the criticism
had nothing to do with him.
4. The hostess of the house came up to me and gave me a strange look. Maybe she wanted to say that I
was inappropriately dressed.
5. The man spoke very slowly. He probably wanted to show that he was a foreigner and couldn't master
the local dialect.
6. The girl exclaimed that she had not done that that horrible thing and burst into tears which might
prove that she had told the truth.
7. Simon wanted to surprise everybody and appeared quite unexpectedly.
8. Patricia gasped and thus showed that she heard it for the first time in her life.
9. The mother looked at the child. She probably wanted to comfort him.
10. My sister giggled, and it proved that she didn't take Barton’s proposal of marriage seriously.
11. The girl kept weeping and thus showed that she was really depressed and miserable.
12. Susan didn't phone Josh for a long time which might prove that she didn't need him.
13. Tom made an angry gesture with his fist and showed Heck that he wasn't going to forgive him.

TASK 35. Complete the sentences using an adverbial modifier of comparison.

1. I know this teacher better … 7. To express your own opinion in that
2. To give him some money is … situation was …
3. To get to Kiev by express train … 8. To be laughed at is …
4. Not to mention this person’s name in her 9. To betray friends is …
presence will be … 10. To have little money is …
5. To arrange things beforehand is … 11. To keep your word is …
6. To bother other people is …

TASK 36. Translate into English paying special attention to the use of the infinitive in the function of
different adverbial modifiers.
1. Стелла була не настільки наївна, щоб не розуміти, що її намагаються обдурити.
2. На мій погляд, ці діти недостатньо розумні й уважні, щоб контролювати свою поведінку.
3. Містер Скотт був настільки добрим, що дав старій місіс Бонд грошей у борг, щоб вона змогла
заплатити за оренду будинку.
4. Не переймайся. Тім занадто впертий, щоб діяти за твоєю порадою.
5. Мені досить твого слова честі, щоб повірити, що Пітер не винуватий у цьому.
6. У залі було занадто галасливо, аби розчути слова мого співрозмовника.
7. Повітряна кулька була досить близько, щоб піймати її, але хлопчик був занадто незграбний,
щоб зробити це.
8. Умови контракту були занадто жорсткими, щоб ми могли їх прийняти.

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9. Тед був занадто осліплений коханням, щоб усвідомлювати, що Белла просто маніпулювала
ним.
10. Ваша сварка була занадто гучною, аби не привернути уваги перехожих.
11. Онук відвідав дідуся кілька років тому і більше після цього ніколи до нього не приїжджав.
12. Уранці Джек прокинувся і побачив, що кімната була порожня й весь його одяг і гроші
пропали разом із його сусідом.
13. Пилип тільки один раз признався їй у коханні й більше ніколи не вимовляв цих слів.
14. Батько пояснив синові, чому так не можна робити, але лише переконався, що син не має
наміру прислухатися до його поради.
15. Пітер здивовано подивився на Берту й зрозумів, що все, що він сказав, не викликало в неї
ніяких емоцій.
16. Піаніст закінчив грати, обернувся і побачив, що в залі залишилося сидіти тільки декілька
людей.

TASK 37. Define the function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
1. Mr Gordon began to breathe heavily.
2. Mr. Farrell likes to tell jokes to cheer up his guests.
3. When they came for her she must have been combing her hair.
4. I haven't meant to scold and don't expect to be scolded.
5. The father demanded to be taken upstairs to see the baby.
6. Is he such a fool as to think that his idle chatter can influence other people?
7. Could you ask Jim to come as soon as he can?
8. To hear him talk is an education in itself.
9. There's nothing to be done with her.
10. Well, I think we ought to be starting.
11. I cannot imagine why you should ever have been prevented from seeing the old lady.
12. Jimmie tells me he is prepared to sign the statement.
13. They must be intending to go for a swim.
14. My cherished dream is to have a good command of English.
15. Many of these little companies have now ceased to exist.

TASK 38. Translate into English paying special attention to the use of the infinitive in different
functions.
1. Наш сусід прийшов подивитися, чи зможе він нам чим-небудь допомогти. Але йому нічого не
залишилося робити, як тільки поспівчувати нам про зруйнований будинок.
2. Лікар сказав, що хлопчик досить здоровий, щоб кататися на ковзанах. Єдине, що він повинен
робити - це замотати шию вовняним шарфом, щоб знову не застудитися.
3. Ми занадто добре знали нашого начальника, щоб просити його відпустити нас з роботи на
годину раніше.
4. Художник відступив на крок назад, щоб побачити всю картину. Він засмутився, коли побачив,
що це не те, що він бачив у своїй уяві.
5. Ви виглядаєте зовсім хворим. Тут є хто-небудь, хто може приглянути за вами, доки ви не
одужаєте?
6. Я прийшов довідатися, чи не можу я вам чим-небудь допомогти. - Так, спасибі. Ви перший,
хто запропонував мені свою допомогу.
7. Продавець прикинувся, що не помітив зніяковілості дівчини, і продовжував розхвалювати
дорогий костюм.
8. Думаю, ця книга не досить складна, щоб рекомендувати її студентам 3 курсу. Чому б вам не
пошукати іншу книгу?
9. Батьки Моніки були першими, хто поздоровив її з перемогою на конкурсі молодих піаністів.
10. Секретарка директора була занадто зайнята розмовою по телефону, щоб звернути увагу на
молодого співробітника, і йому вдалося вийти з офісу непомітно.
11. Попередити захворювання набагато краще, ніж лікуватися від нього. Треба змалечку
загартовуватися аби не витрачати купу грошей на ліки.
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12. Послухати її, так вона безвинна жертва чиїхось інтриг. Придивитися краще, то вона має
унікальні здібності спочатку заварити кашу, а потім вийти сухою з води.
13. Філіп відкрив дверцята холодильнику і переконався, що він майже порожній.
14. Містер Лок не злякався, коли помітив, що за ним слідкують. Він нахилився, начебто щоб
зав’язати шнурок, і уважно придивився до чоловіка, який різко зупинився біля тютюнового
кіоску.

THE INFINITIVE AS PARENTHESIS

In this function, the infinitive is used in a number of set expressions which we recommend learning by
heart.

TASK 39. Match the English infinitive parentheses with their Russian/Ukrainian equivalents.
Part 1
№ English № Russian/Ukrainian
1 to tell the truth a во-первых; прежде всего; начнем с того, что / по-перше;
насамперед; почнемо з того, що
2 to put it another way b так сказать; если можно так выразиться / так сказати; якщо
можна так виразитися
3 to crown it all c точнее сказать / точніше сказати
4 needless to say d честно говоря; откровенно говоря / чесно кажучи; відверто
кажучи
5 to cut a long story short e наверняка; конечно / напевно; звичайно
6 to begin with f по правде говоря / по правді кажучи
7 so to speak / so to say g в довершение всего; в довершение всех неприятностей / на
довершення всього; на довершення всіх неприємностей
8 to be sure h более того; что еще хуже / більше того; що ще гірше
9 to make matters worse i короче говоря / коротше кажучи
10 to be (quite; perfectly) j не говоря уже о; излишне говорить; само собой разумеется
frank / to be honest / не кажучи вже про; зайве казати; само собою розуміється /
зрозуміло
11 to be (more) precise / to k говоря другими словами; иначе говоря / кажучи іншими
be exact словами; інакше кажучи
Part 2
12 strange to say l мягко говоря / м'яко кажучи
13 to sum up m попросту говоря; проще говоря / попросту кажучи;
простіше кажучи
14 to be on the safe side n самое меньшее, что можно сказать; по меньшей мере /
найменше, що можна сказати; щонайменше
15 needless to add o не говоря уже о / не кажучи вже про
16 to put it simply / bluntly / p чтобы расставить все точки над ‘i’ / щоб розставити всі
plainly крапки над ‘i’
17 to put it mildly q как ни странно; как ни удивительно / як не дивно
18 to make sure double sure r в общем; чтобы подвести итог / у загальному; щоб підбити
підсумок
19 to dot the i’s s чтобы перестраховаться / щоб перестрахуватися
20 to say the least t на всякий случай; для большей уверенности / про всякий
випадок; для більшої впевненості
21 to say nothing of u не приходится добавлять; нет нужды добавлять; само собой
разумеется / не доводиться додавати; немає потреби
додавати; саме собою розуміється

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TASK 40. Complete the sentences, using infinitives as parentheses, and translate the sentences into
your mother tongue. Options are possible.
1. The team has lost the last two games and, , two of its best players are injured.
2. Bear in mind, please, that we are a charitable organization. So, , any contributions of
money will be gratefully received.
3. No, I don’t believe this weatherman. I'd rather take an umbrella, just .
4. In my opinion, the recent events shows that Brian can’t be a successful leader; he lacks initiative -
, I was just thinking that myself.
5. , for a healthy heart you must take regular exercise and stop smoking.
6. Losing two members of staff was unfortunate, .
7. Jane hurt the old teacher. She could have been more considerate, .
8. Come on, Jack! Let’s go out. I’m fed up with staying at home with the baby! – Sorry, Pat. I’m so tired
after work. I don't really want to go out, .
9. , I’d like to know what each of you thinks of Len’s suggestion. – OK.
, I think it's a bad idea.
10. It was difficult, , but somehow we managed to finish the job.
11. , the tax cuts mean the average person will be about 3% better off.
12. Could you possible let me have another room-mate? Dick and I get on each other's nerves,
.
13. I was a waitress in a bar and he was one of my customers, and that, , is how we met.
14. , I don't like what we did very much. Looking back, I must say that we weren't truly
professional, .
15. It would clearly be far too expensive to repeat every investigation carried out by the police,
delays.
16. It was cold and raining, and, , there was no bus and we had to walk home.
17. Shakespeare was born in April. On the 23rd, .
18. He had to walk through thorns to find people, but he did find them, three of them .
19. There is no paradox if we say that babies, , are helplessly powerful.
20. Well, , he shouldn't even have been driving your car. If you hadn’t given him the key,
he wouldn’t have crashed it.
21. Money makes money. , the more you invest, the greater your potential profit will be.
22. When shall we set off to the station? - The train arrives at about 8, at 8.15, .
23. , what you’ve done is not very decent. That old lady was probably misled by your
empty promises.
24. , all the problems were resolved and everybody was happy.
25. , you’d better go to hospital and have some test done.
26. Yesterday was a really unlucky day for me! I lost my wallet and keys, and my car was stolen.
, when I came home, I found my house on fire.
27. , I was going to cancel the meeting, but didn’t dare to.
28. They were head over heels in love with each other. , they got married and lived
happily ever since.
29. Autumn usually brings deflation, or decreasing prices, .
30. I’m through with the last experiment. I don’t like praising myself, but , I’ve done a
good job.
31. Getting in a car crash is a psychological trauma for an adult, a child.
32. When first prize was given to Peter Street, whose performance was much worse than Jessica Doyle’s, I
was surprised, .
33. The experiment was too expensive, the time it wasted.

TASK 41. Translate into English using the appropriate parenthesis.

1. Мені так не щастить останнім часом! Учора я не закрив вікна в машині. Певна річ, пішов дощ.
2. Усі ж знають, що при всій своїй привабливій зовнішності, у неї немає жодної думки в голові. -
По правді кажучи, я спілкуюся з нею тільки тому, що мені приємно на неї дивитися.

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3. Місяць назад згорів будинок Тома, минулого тижня в нього украли машину, а вчора, на
довершення всіх неприємностей, він втратив роботу.
4. Думаю, мені доведеться звернутися до іншого лікаря, адже той лікар, що обіцяв мене
повністю вилікувати, виявився, м'яко кажучи, досить некомпетентним.
5. Гарний учитель може, так сказати, вдихнути життя в будь-який, навіть найнудніший предмет.
6. По правді кажучи, іменник «штани» дуже дивний: він зверху в однині, а знизу в множині.
7. Коротше кажучи, якщо ви все-таки не знайдете цей будинок згідно моєму опису, або, що ще
гірше, заблукаєте в незнайомому місті, дзвоніть мені прямо в офіс, я приїду, і проводжу вас до
старого містера Свіфта.
8. Через банкрутство банку всі вкладники втратили гроші. Це величезний фінансовий збиток, не
кажучи вже про моральний.
9. Це чудове відкриття було зроблене у 18 столітті, точніше сказати, в 1756 році.
10. Наші сусіди, м'яко кажучи, полюбляють пхати свій ніс у чужі справи, тому ми ніколи не
запрошуємо їх на наші вечірки.
11. Найменше, що можна сказати про Тімоті, це те, що він брехун. Простіше кажучи, я б не радив
тобі покладатися на його обіцянки.
12. Чому ви вирішили не купувати будинок, який ви дивилися в суботу? - Почнемо з того, що
хазяїн будинку назвав таку ціну, яку ми не зможемо собі дозволити.
13. Я вважаю, що ви, щонайменше, діяли нерозумно. Вам не можна було вести переговори з
викрадачами дитини, не повідомивши про це поліцію.
14. Як не дивно, книги Стівена Кінга знаходять своїх читачів, хоча мені вони здаються жахливим.

OBJECTIVE-WITH-THE-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION
(COMPLEX OBJECT)
1. Complex Object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and either
an infinitive or participle I or II, e.g.
• Aunt Polly wanted Tom to whitewash the fence. (Tom – a noun in the common case; to whitewash –
an infinitive) - Тітка Поллі хотіла, щоб Том побілив паркан.
• Heck saw him whitewashing the fence. (him – a pronoun in the objective case; whitewashing –
Participle I) - Гек бачив, як він білив паркан.

2. Complex Object is used only after certain verbs. The general formula of this structure is like this:

certain notional verb + noun / pronoun + infinitive / participle I / II

3. The verbs that are followed by complex object can be divided into several groups.

Group 1. Verbs of sense perception

to see to hear to feel to watch to notice
to taste to smell to sense to observe
Note: to feel (to experience a particular feeling or emotion) # to sense (to become aware of something even
though you cannot see or hear it)

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Only bare infinitive is used after these verbs, e.g.
No one has ever seen Jessica cry. - Ніхто ніколи не бачив, щоб Джесіка плакала.
2. Non-perfect active infinitive is used to show a completed action, e.g.
Tessa heard Paul close the door. - Теса чула, що Пол зачинив двері.
3. Active Participle I is used to show an active action is progress, e.g.
Tessa heard Paul closing the door. - Теса чула, як Пол зачиняв двері.
4. Passive Participle I is used to show a passive action in progress, e.g.

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The boys saw the robbers being arrested by the police. - Хлопчики бачили, як грабіжників
заарештовувала поліція.
5. Participle II is used to express a completed action in the Passive Voice, e.g.
The boys saw the robbers arrested by the police. - Хлопчики бачили, що грабіжники були
заарештовані поліцією.
6. This function of the infinitive can be summed up like this:
COMPLETED ACTION
Active Passive
bare non-perfect active infinitive Participle II
Ida felt Simon kiss her on the cheek. - Іда Ida saw Simon kissed on the cheek. - Іда
відчула, як Саймон поцілував її в щоку. бачила, як Саймона поцілували в щоку.

ACTION IN PROGRESS
Active Passive
Participle I - non-perfect active Participle I - non-perfect passive
Ida felt Simon kissing her on the cheek. - Іда Ida saw Simon being kissed on the cheek. - ІИда
відчула, як Саймон цілував її в щоку. бачила, як Саймона цілували в щоку.

Complex Object is NOT used:

1. If the verbs to see, to feel, to sense are used in the meaning to realize. A subordinate clause is used
instead, e.g.
Stanley saw that Tom did not understand anything.
2. If the verb to hear has the meaning to learn. A subordinate clause is used instead, e.g.
I heard Professor Freeman had already published his new book.
3. If the verbs to see and to notice in the meaning of sense perception are followed by the verb ‘to be’. A
subordinate clause is used instead, e.g.
• I noticed that Alice was not well.
• Don saw that the owner of the house was in the garden.

Group 2. Verbs of mental activity

There are quite a lot of verbs that can be used in this construction. The most frequently used verbs are
as follows:
to think* to believe* to expect to suppose to know to find*
to consider* to prefer to imagine* to suspect to understand to trust
to picture

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Different forms of infinitive can be used after these verbs but non-perfect active is the most common,
e.g.
• I have always known Henry to be an honest man.
• Everybody believed Mr. Ferdinand to have come from the south. – Усі вважали, що Містер
Фердинанд приїхав з півдня.
• Miss Marple believed Mary to be knitting in the next room.
• Sally found the book to be rather boring.
• I believe that cigarette machines in the streets will only encourage more teenagers to smoke.
2. With the verbs asterisks (*) to think, to consider, to believe, to find, to imagine either only the verb ‘to
be’ is used or it can be omitted, e.g.
• James thought her to be beautiful.
• Imagine her to be pleased with this news. - Уяви собі, як вона радіє цім новинам.
• They consider themselves to be Europeans.
3. In Modern English, this structure is rather literary and not very common. It is more natural to use a
subordinate clause instead, e.g.
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• I thought Brown to be an excellent choice for the position. (very formal)
• I thought that Brown was an excellent choice for the position (more natural)

Group 3. Verbs of wishes, intentions and emotions

There are quite a lot of verbs that can be used in this construction. Some of them are:

to like to love to dislike to hate to want

to intend would like to mean cannot bear*
Note: After the expression ‘cannot/can’t bear’ both infinitive and gerund can be used without any
difference in meaning, e.g.
• How can you bear to eat /eating that junky food? - Як ти можеш їсти цю шкідливу їжу?
• My aunt can’t bear to have / having cats in the house. - Моя тітка терпіти не може тримати
котів у домі.
• Peter can’t bear to be laughed at. / Peter can’t bear being laughed at. - Пітер терпіти не може,
коли над ним сміються.

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. To express an action in the Passive Voice usually to + non-perfect active infinitive is used after these
verbs, e.g.
• Do you really want Helen to play this part?
• I'd hate you to go right now, stay a little longer. - Мені дуже не хочеться, щоб ти йшов прямо
зараз, залишся ще трошки.
• I’m going to Dorothy’s party. I’d love you to come with me.
• My parents always liked Mr. Nelson to sing at their parties.
• The teacher did not mean the students to learn the poem by heart.
• Papa intended me to go with him to the park. (very formal, old-fashioned)
2. To express an action in the Passive Voice non-perfect passive infinitive is used, e.g.
• Aunt Petunia wanted Harry to be punished by Mr. Dursley.
• Mary hated her children to be spoilt by their relatives. - Мері терпіти не могла, коли родичі
розпещували її дітей.
3. Some of these verbs can be also followed by the gerund, e.g.
Jenny's mother hates her staying out late. = Jenny's mother hates her to stay out late.
4. Sometimes the verb to want (with the additional the meaning of ‘to allow’) and the verb to like are used
with Participle I, e.g.
• I don’t want you talking back to me. - Я не дозволю тобі грубіянити.
• The gardener looks after the house and helps my wife with anything she wants doing.
• They didn’t like me leaving so early. - Вони не хотіли, щоб я йшла так рано.
5. In rare cases, perfect infinitive can be used to show the priority of actions, e.g.
I hated him to have been sent away. - Мені було дуже шкода, що його відіслали.

Group 4. Verbs of inducement

There are not many verbs that can be used in this construction. Some of them are:
to make to have to get to induce to cause to force to urge

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. The verbs ‘to make’, ‘to force’, ‘to urge’, ‘to get’, ‘to cause’ and ‘ to have’ are used in the meaning of
‘to induce’ – «заставлять»
• What caused her to change her mind?
• I couldn't get the engine to start. - Я не міг змусити двигун завестися.
• The photo makes her look much older than she really is.

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2. The verbs ‘to make’ and ‘to have’ are used with bare infinitive and the others - with ‘to-infinitive’.
Compare:
Bare infinitive
• to make, e.g. The teacher made the students revise the rules before the test. - Учитель змусив
студентів повторити правила перед тестом.
• to have, e.g. Aunt Polly had Tom whitewash the fence. - Тітка Поли попросила Тома побілити
паркан.

To-infinitive
• to force, e.g. It infected his spine and forced him to spend months in bed. - Це інфікувало рану на
хребті й змусило його провести декілька місяців у ліжку.
• to induce, e.g. Nothing would induce me to vote for him again. - Ніщо не змусить мене
голосувати за нього знову.
• to get, e.g. Can you get your students to return these books to the library right now? - Ви можете
наполягти, аби ваші студенти повернули ці книги в бібліотеку прямо зараз?
• to cause, e.g. Mother caused a telegram to be sent to my brother immediately. - Мати
розпорядилася, щоб телеграма була послана братові негайно.
• to urge, e.g. I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch. - Я одержав записку від Мойри, у
якій вона наполегливо просила мене терміново з нею зв'язатися.

Group 5. Verb of reporting and declaring

There are several verbs that can be used in this construction. Some of them are:

to declare to claim to report to announce to proclaim

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Infinitive is always used with the particle ‘to’.
2. Any form of infinitive can be used after these verbs, e.g.
• The chairman declared the meeting to be over.
• The journalist reported the boat to have been seen not far from the shore. - Журналіст заявив, що
човен бачили недалеко від берега.
• The preacher pronounced Tom and Sue to be husband and wife.
• Mr. Bond claimed that piece of land to be his. - Містер Бонд заявив, що той шматок землі був
його.

Group 6. Verbs denoting order, permission, prohibition and persuasion

There are several verbs that can be used in this construction. Some of them are:

to order to command to permit to forbid to prohibit to allow

to invite to warn to let to press to ask to help
to tell to encourage to persuade

Complex Object after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. After all these verbs, with the exception of the verb ‘to let’ the infinitive is always used with the particle
‘to’.
2. Only non-perfect infinitive (both active and passive) is used after these verbs, e.g.
• The teacher allowed the students to hand in their papers on Monday.
• Lola would not permit herself to look at Peter again.
• The manager ordered the spare parts to be replaced. - Менеджер наказав замінити запасні
частини.
• We want to encourage more children to use the library.
• Teachers need to find ways to persuade more parents to attend parent-teacher evenings.
3. The verb ‘to let’ is followed only by bare infinitive, e.g.
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• Some people let their kids do whatever they like.
• The mother let the boys eat more sweets after dinner.

Group 7. Certain phrasal verbs

There are several phrasal verbs after which Complex Object with infinitive can be used. Some of them
are:
to appeal to to count on to listen to to look for
to long for to rely on to wait for to watch for
• Can I rely on you to come in time?
• You can count on me to finish the project before the deadline.
• The police have appealed to anyone with information to come forward and talk to them. - Поліція
призвала всіх, у кого є яка-небудь інформація, прийти й повідомити їм про неї.
• Sofia longed for her husband to return from the voyage. - Софія з нетерпінням чекала, коли її
чоловік повернеться з морської подорожі.
• I am looking for a good plumber to repair the toilet as it keeps plugging.
• She stepped outside to watch for the cab to arrive.

Note: After the verb ‘to listen to’ bare infinitive is used, e.g.
Dai was listening attentively to the chairman speak.

TASK 43. Ask general questions in response to the statements. After the suggested verbs use complex
object with infinitives to show a completed action. Follow the example.
Example. Nora sang that song beautifully at the students’ concert yesterday. (to hear) - Did you hear her
sing that song?
1. My temperature rose to 38.3. (to feel)
2. Mrs. Steward’s daughter danced wonderfully at the school concert. (to see)
3. Hector spoke at the meeting very convincingly. (to hear)
4. The child crossed the street quite safely. (to watch)
5. The Greens worked in their garden the whole Sunday. (to see)
6. The police entered the house almost immediately. (to notice)
7. It grew quite dark. (to notice)
8. Sophia sang a lovely aria on the radio yesterday. (to hear)
9. I hated it when the man touched my hand. (really/ to feel)
10. Mum said that she had burnt the cake. (to smell)
11. My boy-friend took part in the musical “Cats”. (to see/ to act)
12. The baby-sitter read the children “Cinderella”. (to hear)
13. They say the director left the meeting before it finished. (to notice)

TASK 44. Answer the questions using complex object after the verbs of sense perception. Use the verbs
suggested. Follow the example.
Example. Was Vysotsky a good actor? (see) - Yes, I think he was. I saw him act in "Hamlet" and I liked him
immensely. / I have no idea. I have never seen him act/ acting.
1. Is Madonna a good singer? (to hear)
2. Is Michael Jackson a good dancer? (to see)
3. Is Yana Klochkova a good swimmer? (to watch)
4. Is Margaret Thatcher a good speaker? (to hear)
5. Is your grandpa a good story-teller? (to watch)
6. Was Oksana Bayul a good skater? (to see)
7. Is Andrey Shevchenko a good football-player? (to watch)
8. Is Harry Kasparov a good chess player? (to watch)
9. Is your new French teacher a good professional? (to observe)
10. Is your granny a good cook? (to watch)
11. Has your sister (brother) got green fingers? (to see / to plant)
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12. Is your neighbour good with his hands? (to see)

TASK 45. Change the sentences below so that to use complex object after the verbs of mental activity.
Follow the example.
Example. I didn't think they would come. - I didn't expect them to come.

1. I think Samantha is quite young.

2. I thought Derek would keep his promise.
3. I didn't think Frank would learn the poem by heart.
4. I thought Dana would go to the concert.
5. I think you mustn't speak like that.
6. I didn't think Nicola would leave for the North.
7. I thought he would do it at once.
8. I thought you would call on me on Sunday.
9. I don't think Pamela is a good dancer.

TASK 46. Answer the questions below. Use the verbs of inducement and the words suggested. Follow the
example.
Example. Did you write a letter to your aunt yesterday? – Yes, my mum made me write it at last.
1. Did your brother do his homework on Friday? (my dad)
2. Have you been going out a lot lately? (my sister)
3. Have you peeled the potatoes yet? (my granny)
4. Have you taken the pills yet? (the doctor)
5. Did you finish your paper before the deadline? (the teacher)
6. Did you buckle the safety belts on the plane? (the air hostess)
7. Why have you switched the channels on TV? (my brother)
8. It was very cold yesterday. Did you put on your sweater? (my room mate)
9. Have you learnt the poem by heart yet? (the teacher)
10. Why did you wake up so early today? (my parrot)
11. Why did you accept the invitation to Helen’s party? (my boy-friend)
12. Have you joined the gym yet? (my dad)
13. Why are you wearing this warm sweater in such hot weather? (my aunt)

TASK 47. Write special questions to the sentences given below. Use the verbs of inducement and the
words suggested. Follow the example.
Example. Barbara went to Scotland this summer. (What?) – What do you think made her go there?
Barry is suffering from a bad toothache. (Why?) – Why don’t you make him go to the dentist?
1. The child took the bitter medicine after all. (Who?)
2. Victor went out without his warm coat on. (Why?)
3. My aunt returned from her business trip two days earlier than she had planned. (What?)
4. Mrs. Percy’s daughter never helps her about the house. (Why?)
5. I saw Jim making faces at the Geography teacher. (Why?)
6. This dress looks too old-fashioned. (What?)
7. My brother sits up far too late into the night. (What?)
8. Susan says she doesn’t like her new job. (What?)
9. Henry refused to go on holiday with us. (What?)
10. Green doesn’t become you. Why do you wear it? (What?)
11. Mrs. Bond’s son is so lazy that it drives her mad. (Why?)
12. A big dog barked at the baby and he cried. (What?)
13. Barbara has given up smoking. (What?)

TASK 48. Translate the sentences given below into English using either infinitive or participle in
complex object wherever possible.

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1. Діти спостерігали, як Пітер пірнав у річку, щоб дістати раків.
2. Ліз спостерігала, як її мама пече пиріжки, щоб навчитися робити це самій.
3. Вам подобається дивитися, як Сьюзан грає в теніс? - Звичайно, у неї чудова техніка.
4. Ліз бачила, що мама спекла пиріг, але не знала, куди вона його поклала.
5. У магазині бабуся завжди спостерігала, як зважують її товар, щоб її не обдурили.
6. Чому ви так злякалися, коли я до вас звернувся? - Я задумалася й не чула, як ви
підійшли до мене.
7. Ви не бачили Доріс? - Вона повинна бути десь тут. Я не помітила, щоб вона виходила.
8. Хлопчик з великою цікавістю спостерігав, як старий робить дерев'яні іграшки.
9. Я дуже рада за вас. Усі чули, як ваше прізвище назвали в числі переможців.
10. Методист спостерігав, як студент-практикант давав урок, і залишився ним дуже
задоволений.
11. Ви коли-небудь бачили, як падають зірки? - На жаль, ні.
12. Не можна змушувати містера Блумфілда чекати. Я його добре знаю, він дуже
нетерпляча людина.
13. Вам коли-небудь доводилось спостерігати, як працюють бджоли? – Ні, я бджіл боюся,
у мене алергія на бджолині укуси.
14. Чому ви не змусили дівчинку випити гарячого молока з медом і маслом? Це поліпшило
б її стан.
15. Директор нашої школи змушувала нас носити шкільну форму, що ми відверто
ненавиділи.

THE FOR-TO-INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION

… for + noun / pronoun + to infinitive…
1. This construction consists of three elements:
a) the preposition ‘for’ +
b) a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case +
c) ‘to infinitive’
For example,
• Mrs. Baits smiled for Nora to feel at ease. (‘for’ + noun in the common case + to infinitive) - Миссис
Бейтс посміхнулася, щоб Нора відчула себе краще.
• It was important for him to come on time. (‘for’ + pronoun in the objective case + to infinitive) -
Для нього було необхідно прийти вчасно.
2. The for-to-infinitive construction is used in the following functions in the sentence:
a) the subject (often used with the introductory “it”), e.g.
• For me to hear him was disturbing. - Мені було тривожно його слухати.
• It was difficult for Tony to distract his thoughts from the matter. - Тоні було важко
відволіктися від цієї справи.
b) the predicative, e.g.
• It was for him to find out the truth. - Саме він мав дізнатися правду.
• It will be for you to take him around the office. - Саме тобі прийдеться показати йому наш
офіс.
с) an object, e.g.
• Jane waited for Ted to speak.
• The manager asked for the papers to be brought. - Менеджер попросив, щоб принесли
документи.
d) an attribute, e.g.
• There was nothing for Helen to do but wait for Joe’s call.
• There was no need for us to speak in a low voice, the child had woken up. = Нам не нужно было
говорить тихо, ребенок уже проснулся. / Нам не потрібно було говорити тихо, дитина
вже прокинулася.
• The best thing for you to do is to apologize immediately.
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e) an adverbial modifier, e.g.
• Mrs. Fox paused for the senator to ask her a question. (purpose) - Місіс Фокс зробила паузу,
для того щоб сенатор задав їй питання.
• Mr. Townsend said enough for me to get worried. (result) - Містер Таундсенд сказав
достатньо, для того щоб я почала хвилюватися.
• The wall was too high for anything to be seen. (result) = Стена была слишком высока, чтобы
что-то можно было увидеть. - Стіна була занадто висока, щоб щось можна було
побачити.

TASK 49. Define the function of the for-to-infinitive construction. Translate the sentences into your
mother tongue.
1. Dennis phoned Samantha from time to time for her not to feel that she was left alone.
2. It is unusual for Fred to go out to dinner.
3. You have said enough for me to believe you.
4. The main problem is for her to believe that she will never be young again.
5. The wind was too cold for the children to go for a walk.
6. Well, I must arrange for you to meet Miss. Goldsmith as soon as possible.
7. Could you possibly speak in a low voice? When the baby is asleep, we never speak loudly for her not
to wake up.
8. His mother was anxious for him to marry Lady Gordon’s niece.
9. For Janet to calculate big numbers in her head is just a trifle.
10. That was a chance for Nancy to change her whole life.
11. Dad was walking quickly and I had to run, as it was difficult for me to keep up with him.
12. Here are the instructions for you to follow.
13. Paula came into the room for her father to kiss her good-night.

TASK 50. Answer the questions given below using the for-to-infinitive construction. Make use of the
prompts in the brackets. Follow the example.

Example. Why did you leave a note on the fridge? (Mum) - I left it for Mum to know where I am.
1. Why did you put the key under the doormat? (room-mate / to find)
2. Why are you telling the boys all that has happened? (truth / to know)
3. Where shall we go in the summer? (you / to decide)
4. Why is Bella standing in the hall? (to wait / telephone / to ring)
5. Why are you writing it in your business diary? (I / to forget)
6. Why is mum still in the kitchen? (to wait / kettle / to boil)
7. Mum, will I go to school tomorrow? (doctor / to decide)
8. Why are you boiling the water? (granny / to make tea)
9. When does our train leave? (Dan / to find out)
10. Why have you bought this armchair? (granny / to feel/ comfortable)
11. Why do you want a TV in the kitchen? (to watch / to cook)
12. Why don’t you want to give me any advice? (you / to choose)
13. Why don’t you want to go for a swim? (wait / wind / to drop)
14. Why are you going shopping today? (to be free / tomorrow)
15. Why do you call your mother every evening? (to be sure / all right)

TASK 51. Translate the sentences below into English using the for-to-infinitive construction.

1. Тобі дійсно необхідно їхати в Київ сьогодні? Хіба ти не можеш виїхати експресом завтра
зранку?
2. Марія очікувала, що телеграма прийде зранку, але її все не було, і до обіду вона стала
серйозно хвилюватися.
3. Бетті ні з ким було порадитися в цій важкій ситуації, і вона не знала, яке рішення їй прийняти.
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4. Альпіністи чекали, доки погода проясниться, щоб почати сходження на найвищу вершину
земної кулі - Еверест.
5. Весь вечір Кеті очікувала, що телефон задзвонить. Але дзвінка від Бена все не було.
6. Я роблю це для того, щоб ви зрозуміли, що в розслідуванні злочину немає ніяких дрібниць.
7. У великому й холодному Лондоні не було жодної людини, до якої Девід міг би звернутися по
допомогу. Йому самому треба було вирішувати, як заробити на життя, і де провести ніч.
8. Мейбл чекала, коли закипить чайник. Найкраще, що вона могла зробити, це випити міцного
гарячого чаю й спробувати заснути.
9. Сад був занадто великим і запущеним, щоб ми могли відразу ж відшукати дитину, яка
заблукала в ньому.
10. Ви сказали достатньо, щоб я зрозумів, що я небажаний гість у вашому домі.

SUBJECTIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION =

COMPLEX SUBJECT =
(THE INFINITIVE AS PART OF A COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE OF DOUBLE
ORIENTATION)
This construction consists of two parts. The first part is a finite verb which denotes the attitude of
the speaker to the content of the sentence, e.g.
Philip seemed to understand everything I said. = It seemed to me that Philip understood everything I
said.
The second part of the predicate denotes the action which is, was or will be performed by the person or
thing expressed by the subject, e.g.
The weather appeared to have changed. = It appeared to the speaker that the weather had changed.
- Здавалося, погода змінилася.
Here is the double orientation to the action which is regarded from two points of view:
a) from the point of view of the speaker;
b) from the point of view of the subject of the sentence.
Complex Subject is a dependent structure and is used only after certain groups of verbs.

Group 1. Verbs of seeming or chancing with the general meaning of evaluation

to seem to appear to turn out to prove to happen to chance

After these verbs, all forms of infinitive can be used. This structure consists of:

a nominal element + an active notional verb + any form of ‘to infinitive’

Note : a nominal element = a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case
• Petra’s illness seemed to have made her eyes larger. - Здавалося, через хворобу очі в Петри стали
більшими.
• Ben appeared to have forgotten about his promise. - Бен, здавалося, забув про свою обіцянку.
• My advice happened to be timely. – Так сталося, що моя порада виявилася своєчасною.
• To my great surprise, Philip turned out to live in the next street. – На мій подив виявилося, що Пилип
живе на сусідній вулиці.
• Who could have thought that Mike would prove to be such a reliable friend?
• The policeman chanced to be passing the house when he heard the shot. – Трапилося так, що цей
поліцейський саме проходив біля будинку, коли він почув постріл.

Group 2. Verbs of sense perception

The following notional verbs are used in this construction:
to see to hear to feel to sense to watch to observe to notice

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Complex Subject after these verbs can be presented in the following formula:

a nominal element + a passive notional verb + ‘to’ infinitive (NPA or NPP) / participle
• The dog was heard to bark in the yard. = Слышали, как собака лаяла во дворе. / Чули, як собака
гавкав у дворі.
‘the dog’ – a nominal element
‘was heard’ – a notional verb in the passive voice
‘to bark’ – non-perfect active infinitive with participle ‘to’
• The Gordons were seen leaving the house.
‘the Gordons’ - a nominal element
‘were seen’ – a notional verb in the passive voice
‘leaving’ - non-perfect active participle

Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Only ‘to’ infinitive is used after these verbs, e.g.
The horses were watched to gallop in the field. – Спостерігали, як коня галопом промчалися по
полю.
2. Non-perfect infinitive both active and passive is used to show a completed action, e.g.
• The robbers were seen to enter the bank.
• The books were noticed to be locked in the safe.
3. Participle I both active and passive is used to show an action in progress, e.g.
• The tigers were seen swimming towards the beach.
• Stanley was watched walking with a strange lady along the embankment.
• The report was seen being typed.
• The carpets were noticed being carried downstairs.
4. Sentences with this construction are translated into Russian or Ukrainian as impersonal sentences, e.g.
• He was seen to cheat at the exam. - Бачили, що він списав на іспиті.
• He was seen cheating at the exam. - Бачили, як він списував (списує) на іспиті.
• The children were seen being kidnapped. - Бачили, як дітей викрадали.
5. This function of the infinitive can be summed up like this:

COMPLETED ACTION
Active Passive
‘to’ non-perfect active infinitive ‘to’ non-perfect passive infinitive
Don was seen to water the flowers. - Бачили, що The flowers were seen to be watered. - Бачили,
Дон полив квіти. що квіти полили.

ACTION IN PROGRESS
Active Passive
Participle I - non-perfect active Participle I - non-perfect passive
Don was seen watering the flowers. - Бачили, The flowers were seen being watered. - Бачили,
як Дон поливав квіти. як квіти поливали.

Group 3. Verbs of mental activity or perception

a nominal element + a passive notional verb + any form of ‘to’ infinitive

The following notional verbs are used in this construction:

to think to believe to expect to consider to suppose to know

to find to suspect to mean to discover to regard to presume
to understand
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• The manuscript was supposed to have been lost last century. - Думали, що рукопис був загублений у
минулому столітті.

Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Only ‘to infinitive’ is used after these verbs, e.g.
Max is supposed to be leaving tonight. - Думають, що Макс їде сьогодні ввечері.
2. In this function, all forms of infinitive can be used.
• Linda is believed to be a talented actress.
• Her father was thought to have died long ago.
3. Sentences with this construction are translated into Russian or Ukrainian as impersonal sentences or
passive constructions, e.g.
The train was expected to arrive according to the timetable.

Group 4. Verbs of reporting

a nominal element + a passive notional verb + any form of ‘to’ infinitive

The following notional verbs are used in this construction:

to report to announce to declare to say to state

Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Only ‘to infinitive’ is used after these verbs, e.g.
John was announced to be the winner. = Джона объявили победителем. / Джона оголосили
переможцем.
2. In this function, all forms of infinitive can be used, e.g.
• Professor Brown is said to have returned at last.- Кажуть, що професор Браун, нарешті,
повернувся.
• Do you hear? Their plane is announced to be landing right this minute! - Ти чуєш? Повідомляють,
що їхній літак саме в цю мінуту приземляється!
3. Sentences with this construction are translated into Russian or Ukrainian as impersonal sentences or
passive constructions, e.g.
Joanne K. Rowling is reported to have been invited to Buckingham Pаlace

Group 5. Verbs of inducement, compulsion and permission

a nominal element + a passive notional verb + ‘to’ infinitive (NPA)

The following notional verbs are used in this construction:

to make to let to allow to force to press to induce

Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. Only to infinitive is used after these verbs, e.g.
I was made to wait for hours before I was examined by a doctor. - Мене змусили довго чекати до
того, як мене оглянув лікар.
2. In this function only non-perfect active infinitive can be used, e.g.
They had so little money that they were forced to sell the farm. - У них було так мало грошей, що
їх змусили продати ферму.
3. Sentences with this construction are translated into Russian or Ukrainian as impersonal sentences or
passive constructions, e.g.
• At last we were let to come in. - Нарешті нам дозволили ввійти.
• John was made to keep silent. - Джона змусили мовчати.

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Group 6. Phrases with modal meaning

a nominal element + a phrase + ‘to’ infinitive

The following phrases are used in this construction:

to be sure to be likely to be unlikely to be certain to be uncertain to be bound

Complex Subject after these verbs is used in the following way:

1. ‘To infinitive’ is used after these verbs if they indicate the speaker’s attitude to the future, e.g.
• It is certain to rain in the evening. - Увечері напевно піде дощ.
• We are bound to be successful. - Немає сумніву, що в нас усе вийде.
16. In this function, non-perfect active or passive infinitives preferably are used, e.g.
• Mary’s boss is likely to promote her in spring. - Бос Марії, напевно, підвищить її навесні.
• Mary is likely to be promoted in spring. - Марія напевно одержить підвищення навесні.
17. In Modern English, perfect forms of infinitive are used to show a completed action, e.g.
• My friends are unlikely to have received my letter yet. - Мої друзі навряд чи вже одержали мій
лист.
• Teresa is certain to have failed her exam. - Тереза напевно провалила свій іспит.
18.Sentences with these construction are translated into Ukrainian with the help of modal words
‘імовірно, звичайно ж, напевно, навряд чи, швидше за все, скоріше за все, безперечно,

• Freda informed us that she was likely to be late.

• My friend is sure to come in time.
• The weather is not likely to change.
• The criminal is unlikely to be caught in the nearest future.
• This book is certain to be found sooner or later.
• The money is certain to last them till the end of the week.
• Don't lie to her. She's bound to find out.

TASK 52. Translate the sentences below into Russian/Ukrainian and define the form of the infinitive.
1. Nothing appeared to be happening in the town.
2. Little John proved to be a healthy child.
3. The night turned out to be extremely cold.
4. Do you happen to know each other?
5. The boy seemed to have been running all the way.
6. Wherever you stand in the hall, Mona Lisa seems to be looking directly into your eye.
7. Did you chance to have read all the set books before the final test?
8. They concealed the horses and made camp among the trees, out of sight of anyone who chanced to pass
during the night.
9. Moira seemed to have been given all the instructions before the beginning of the contest.
10. The captain seemed to have gained all he wanted.
11. The letter happened to have been mislaid.
12. For a moment Mrs. Linden seemed to be hesitating.
13. The spies were discussing their plans and the boy happened to overhear them.
14. She chanced to be passing when I came out of the house.
15. The design of the new office building proved to be a success.

TASK 53. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in the sentences given below.
1. Let’s ask Terry. She seems (to know) all about it.
2. I realize that it sounds most improbable, but it happens (to be) the truth.
3. Sam was looking at Monica with interest. She appeared (to hesitate).
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4. The people present were looking at the boy suspiciously. They seemed (to forget) about
him completely.
5. Though the experiment proved (to be) a failure, we gained much experience from it.
6. I stared at Sherlock Holmes but he seemed (to forget) all about me.
7. At present they seem (to get) on very well.
8. Can you hurry up a bit? You seem (to choose) books for an hour or so.
9. Jack was silent for a moment. He seemed (to search) his memory.
10. Well, you appear (to find) in him something that I seem (to miss).

TASK 54. Answer the questions given below using complex subject after verbs of mental activity and
reporting verbs. Make use of the words given in brackets. Follow the example.
Example. Do you happen to know where our professor is now? – He is said to be at a conference in
Brighton.
1. Do you know how many languages Peter’s uncle can speak? (to believe / seven)
2. Who knows what this factory produces? (to know/chocolate)
3. What has happened to the plane? (to suppose/to crash)
4. Do you know when Bob will be back? (to expect/on Monday)
5. Do you know what John Grisham is writing about now? (to say/Russian Mafia)
6. What has the announcer told about our plane? (to announce/to delay)
7. Where are the boys’ parents now? (to suppose/ Christmas presents)
8. Call the station and find out if the train has arrived. (to say/to arrive)
9. How long did she have to wait for her visa? (to believe/for a fortnight)
10. Has Polly defended her dissertation yet? (to say/ to defend/now)
11. Has Professor Brian been long in Africa? (to suppose/to travel/three months)
12. How long has this student been studying Japanese? (to think/one year)
13. Where is our former business consultant working now? (to believe/in Poland)

TASK 55. Answer the questions given below using complex subject after different verbs of seeming and
chancing. Use the prompts in brackets. Follow the example.
Example. Is the train running late? (due 15 minutes ago) – Yes, it seems to be running late, it was due 15
minutes ago.
1. What is John doing now? (to write a letter)
2. Has Susan sewn on the button yet? (before lunch)
3. Is Mary working on the computer? (talk on the phone)
4. Are you cold? (to sit in the draught)
5. How can we find Mr. Prestley’s house? (to remember the number)
6. Why are you nursing your arm? (to dislocate/ volleyball)
7. Why can’t I speak loudly? (the baby/ to sleep)
8. Do all the students know that they will be having a History lecture tomorrow? (to inform)
9. Shall I look after the child? (to take care of)
10. Did you manage to meet our guest at the airport? (to meet/by someone else)
11. Does the headmaster know about the accident? (to inform)
12. Have you bought bread for supper? (to buy/already)
13. Does it look like Tom is winning the argument? (yes)
14. Do your two room mates dislike each other? (to get on well)
15. Is the secretary still typing the document? (to finish)

TASK 56. Translate into English using complex subject after the verbs of evaluation.

1. Очі цього незвичайного старого, здавалося, бачили мене наскрізь. Він знав, що
я брешу.
2. Виявилося, що Тіна зовсім забула про свою обіцянку поговорити з нашим
начальником про моє підвищення.

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3. Незважаючи на свою молодість, нові члени футбольної команди виявилися
гарними гравцями, і гру було закінчено з рахунком 3:0.
4. Здавалося, що в цей момент чоловік, що сидів напроти мене, прочитав мої
думки, тому що він піднявся і закрив двері купе.
5. Молода жінка, здавалося, читала, але я помітив, що за останні півгодини вона
не перегорнула жодної сторінки книги.
6. Село, у якому жила Міс Марпл, було маленьке й тихе. У ньому, здавалося,
ніколи нічого не відбувалося.
7. Пітер виглядав таким втомленим, що здавалося, що він цілий день
розвантажував вугілля, а не сидів за комп'ютером.
8. Я, здається, зробив жахливу помилку. Людина, якій я нагрубив у ліфті,
виявився нашим новим викладачем.
9. Ви випадково не знаєте, хто співає цю пісню? - Голос здається дуже
знайомим, але я не можу згадати прізвище виконавця.
10. Чому ти тут? Ти випадково не забув, що о 13.45 ти повинен бути в зубного
лікаря?

TASK 57. Finish the situation given below using ‘to be likely’, to be unlikely’, to be certain’, to be sure’,
to be bound according to the meaning of the sentence. Use the prompts in the brackets. Follow
the example.
Example. The day is dull and the sky is overcast. (to rain) = It is likely / certain / sure to rain.
1. I doubt that Mike will be able to come to the party. He is very busy at the office. (to come)
2. John and Molly have been very close lately. (to marry)
3. The weather is really very bad. (the plane / to arrive / on time)
4. The barometer is falling. (the weather / to change/ for the worse)
5. There is still too much to do. (to finish /before the deadline)
6. Sue is planning to see as much as possible in London. (to stay/another week)
7. The medication Margaret is taking is very good. (to get well/soon)
8. The author doesn’t think he will finish the book by August. (to publish/ soon)
9. Steven has sprained his ankle. (to play/at the next match)
10. My e-mail won’t work. (to get/ message)
11. I am not sure we will find his telephone number. (to list/ telephone directory)
12. Let’s ask Frank about the capital of Madagascar. He has been there. (to know)
13. It’s too late now. Our train leaves in 10 minutes’ time. (to miss)
14. Don’t worry about the children. (to rescue)
15. Better tell your mum about everything yourself. (to find out)

TASK 58. Answer the questions given below using complex subject after the verbs of sense perception,
‘to let’ and ‘to make’. Use the prompts in the brackets. Follow the example.
Example. Why did the Smiths accept the invitation? (to make) – They were made to do it.
1. Did the caretaker lock the door? (to hear)
2. Did the robbers take a hostage? (to see)
3. Did Mr. Rudolf speak with the manager? (to notice)
4. Why did the head of the sales department resign? (to make)
5. Why do you think the people who live in this house are out? (to see)
6. Why are you so sure that the boys did the job in the right way? (to watch)
7. Why do you think Gerald knows about this business? (to hear/ to speak)
8. How did you manage to send granny to see the doctor? (to make)
9. How do you know Tessa will come in a new dress? (to see / to try on/ in a shop)
10. Why is Harry going to re-sit his English exam? (to notice / to cheat)
11. Did the children go to the river yesterday? (to see / to swim)
12. How did the police know that the bank was going to be robbed? (the robbers / to overhear)
13. How can you be sure that they have enough food in the house? – (to see / to deliver)

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TASK 59. Sort out the sentences given below into corresponding columns. The first two are done for
you. Translate the sentences into your mother tongue.
Complex Object 1,
Complex Subject. 2,
1. Man is a strange creature – he makes deserts bloom and lakes die.
2. If you throw mud, you are sure to slip on it.
3. The return makes one love the farewell.
4. His policy is no policy. And this in itself is supposed to be a policy.
5. Don’t let what you cannot do interfere with what you can do.
6. The traditional toast ‘Bottoms up’ is known to be absolutely taboo in the Navy.
7. The last drop makes the cup run over.
8. Ambassadors are said to be eyes and ears of states.
9. Diplomacy is thought to be the art of jumping into troubled waters without making a splash.
10. Experience is said to be a comb which nature gives us when we are bold.
11. It often happens that things turn out to be different from what they at first appear to be.
12. You can take the horse to the water but you can’t make him drink it.
13. They were halfway up the mountain, when the weather became so bad that they were forced to turn
back.

TASK 60. Respond to the statements below. Use the cue-words and verbs of mental activity and sense
perception with complex object or complex subject. Follow the example.
Example. He said he was disappointed. (to be pleased/ displeased with...) - Well, I have never known him
to be pleased with anything. / He is believed to always be displeased with something.
1. The manager said he was very busy. (be idle)
2. Mary said she was pleased with herself. (be self-critical)
3. Phil said he was short of money. (have plenty of)
4. Ben said he didn't like the film. (like any films)
5. The boys said they were displeased with their work. (be satisfied with)
6. Henry said that he was sleepy. (feel fresh)
7. Pat said she was short of time. (plenty)
8. Granny said she didn’t need a new coat. (need anything)
9. They say Liz Taylor’s eighth husband was not rich at all. (to believe / to marry)

TASK 61. Translate into English using complex object and complex subject.
1. Неллі, здається, дуже сильно схудла. Вона дотримувалася якої-небудь дієти?
2. Тім, здається, дуже нервує з якогось приводу. Ти знаєш, що трапилося?
3. Ти, здається, знаєш тут всіх! Познайом мене ось із тим симпатичним хлопцем.
4. Моя граматика, здається, стає кращою. Я, здається, роблю менше помилок при перекладі
речень з російської на англійську.
5. Здається, наша машина зламалася. Можливо, ми будемо добиратися до міста пішки.
6. Я не впізнала Стіва в окулярах. Вони роблять його старшим.
7. Дозвольте хлопчикові прийняти рішення самому. Не змушуйте його робити все так, як ви
цього хочете.
8. Повідомили, що до кінця тижня погода зіпсується й, найбільш ймовірно, піде дощ.
Очікується, що на початку наступного тижня сильно похолодає.
9. Кажуть, професор Траут побував на Тибеті й навіть учився в буддійських ченців. Дивно, що
сам він про це поки не сказав жодного слова.
10. Заручників змусили вийти з літака і здати всі гроші й коштовності. Їм дозволили залишити
тільки особисті ліки й зміну білизни, і замкнули їх у сараї на всю ніч.

TASK 62. Define the functions of the infinitives and the type of the adverbial modifier expressed by the
infinitive.
1. The boy took the advantage of his parents’ confusion to escape and ran into the garden.
2. To hear him, one would think he was as poor as a church mouse.
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3. He had no great difficulties at the time with his parents to look after him.
4. Jack moved a little, so as to be able to see beyond the group of young men.
5. These women have nothing to do but talk.
6. I brought my stamp-album for you to have a look at.
7. Old Mr. Powel rarely went out except visit his 70-year-old sister.
8. The young couple had to move in with Kit’s mother, with no other place to live in.
9. To avoid my mother's questions, I went up to my room.
10. That night I couldn't help but notice how unhappy she was.
11. Sam built a fire and put an old brass kettle on to boil.
12. Soon you will have to stand on your own feet without your mother or me to fuss over you.
13. He took the picture down from the easel only to put it back against the wall.
14. You ought to know better than to ask questions like that.
15. You had only to look round to find a man to do the job.
16. He put his suitcase down and put his two hands to his face as if to cool it.
17. I've got more important things to do than argue with you.
18. How can she be happy with you there to nag all the time?
19. The young man ran his hand through his hair as though to tidy it.

TASK 63. Translate into English using different infinitive constructions.

1. Саймон не міг не посміхнутися, побачивши незграбне щеня на паркетній підлозі. Його лапи
роз'їжджалися в різні боки, і він не міг зрозуміти, що відбувається. Щеня було занадто мале,
щоб можна було забрати його від матері, і Саймон вирішив почекати ще пару тижнів.
2. Чому б не запросити містера Стоуна на вечерю? - Звичайно, тобі вирішувати, кого
запрошувати, але хіба ти не бачиш, який це самовдоволений тип. Він завжди знайде, чим
повихвалятися, і як виставити себе з найкращого боку.
3. Було мудро з твого боку попросити поради в старого містера Дрейка. Кажуть, він любить,
коли до нього звертаються по допомогу молоді співробітники. Він переймається до них
симпатією й швидко домагається їхнього підвищення по службі.
4. Вікарію, ви не пам’ятаєте, хто останнім виходив із церкви в день убивства місіс Стрендж? - Я
бачив, як всі парафіяни залишали церкву, але не можу сказати, хто з них був першим, а хто
останнім. Хоча, почекайте, здається, містер Трипфілд був останнім, кому я потис руку в той
день.
5. Ходять чутки, що містер Стоун розводиться зі своєю п'ятою дружиною. Знову бачили як він
виходив із шикарного ресторану з юною блондинкою. Кажуть, його остання дружина
збирається подавати на нього до суду.

REVISION OF THE INFINITIVE

TASK 64. Define the form and the function of the infinitive in the sentences given below.
1. A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read. (Mark Twain)
2. Let sleeping dogs lie. (A proverb)
3. It’s better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all. (A. Tennyson)
4. On every hand, in every land it’s thoroughly agreed – the English language to explain is very hard
indeed.
5. The objective of a good general is not to fight but to win.
6. Pride sometimes makes us do things well. But it is love that makes us do them to perfection.
7. Destiny is not a thing to be waited for; it is a thing to be achieved.
8. Let people think they govern and they will be governed.
9. A great mistake to make in your life is to be continually thinking you are always right.
10. Some people do not like to be praised and find it to be a sort of temptation.
11. Everyone wants to be respected.
12. You’d better let your heart be without words than your words without heart.
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13. I’d rather risk my Crown than do what I think personally disgraceful. (King George III)
14. Learn to obey before you command. (A proverb)
15. It is difficult to find a friend who knows all about you and still likes you.
16. Fish begins to stink at the head.
17. The joys of meeting are thought to pay the pangs of absence. (A proverb)
18. In travelling a man must carry knowledge with him.
19. It’s a funny thing about life: if you refuse to accept anything but the best, you very often get it. (S.
Maugham)

TASK 65. Use the right form of the infinitive in brackets, with or without the particle ‘to’.
1. He was the first (to guess) what his aunt was driving at.
2. Philip felt a shiver (to pass) his heart.
3. Why (to lose) your temper over a little thing like that?
4. The man seemed (to study) me and I felt uneasy in his presence.
5. I’d like (to see) these figure skaters (to skate).
6. He felt too excited (to sleep).
7. Let me (to hold) the baby. I know how (to hold) babies.
8. You look tired and exhausted. You’d better (to go) to bed.
9. It’s very thoughtful of you (to bring) the book. We shall need it.
10. You seem (to sit) here for a long time. Are you waiting for somebody?
11. You needn’t (to ask) for permission, I let you (to take) my books whenever you like.
12. I was deeply sorry (to touch) on such a painful theme.
13. He made me (to do) it all over again.
14. I used (to live) in a caravan.
15. They won’t let us (to leave) the Customs till our luggage has been examined.
16. They refused (to accept) the bribe.
17. I’d like him (to go) to a university but I can’t make him (to go).
18. We could (to go) to a concert unless you prefer (to visit) a museum.
19. How dare you (to open) my letters?
20. Need I (to come)? I’d much rather (to stay) at home.
21. The kidnappers told the parents (not to inform) the police and the parents didn’t dare (to disobey).
22. He was made (to sign) a paper admitting his guilt.
23. He doesn’t even bother (to read) letters, let alone (to answer) them.
24. I felt the house (to shake) with the explosion.
25. I heard the door (to open) and saw a shadow (to move) across the floor.
26. There’s nothing (to do) but (to wait) till somebody comes (to let) us out.

TASK 66. Use the correct form of infinitive of the verb in brackets with the appropriate modal verb.
1. I saw a ghost last night. – You (not to see) a ghost; there aren’t any ghosts. You
(to dream) it.
2. As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me. – It (not to be) my dog; he was with me
all day. It (to be) my brother’s dog.
3. I (to do) it. It was my duty, but I didn’t do it.
4. He (not to catch) the 9.20 train because he didn’t leave home till 9.25.
5. You (to repeat) it. It was not necessary.
6. Who gave you my address? – I don’t remember, it (to be) Tom. - It (not to be)
Tom; he doesn’t know it.
7. You (to buy) flowers, we have plenty in the garden. But thank you, anyway.
8. This picture may be a fake; on the other hand, it _ (to be) painted by one of the Dutch
masters.
9. I said that I couldn’t find my pen and he said perhaps somebody (to borrow) it.

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TASK 67. Paraphrase the sentences below using (if possible) one of the following constructions:
a) Complex Object; b) Complex Subject; c) For-to-Infinitive Construction
1. He left the door open so that Molly could see him.
2. I felt that somebody touched me lightly on the shoulder.
3. It was supposed that Willy’s brother lived in Alaska.
4. He heard that someone called his name.
5. His knowledge of the subject was so good that he could answer the questions without any preparation.
6. We saw that they didn’t understand our courageous plans.
7. It was unlikely that the girl would be a success.
8. I saw that the boy handed the newspaper to the man.
9. It appeared that he talked to people long dead by now.
10. They heard how a woman uttered a little exclamation.
11. It is important that you should get the part of Hamlet.
12. I would like to see how he could say it to my face.
13. It was not seen how the man left the place.
14. It was expected that Billy would come to New York two days later.
15. He stepped aside so that I could pass.
16. I shall bring you a play that you may stage.
17. We didn’t expect that he would return so soon
18. It was important that Alex should be present at the rehearsals.
19. Have you heard that Ann got married last week?
20. He waited until she spoke.
21. I watched how my friend made her way through the crowd.
22. He thought that he was fit for the job.
23. Jack noticed that Mr. Foster looked at the girl suspiciously.
24. He hated it when people argued about trifles.
25. This is a book you should read.
26. It was certain that the boss would fire him.
27. It is time that you should go, Tom.
28. I was sure that he would not give me a hand.
29. There was nobody Helen could speak to.
30. It happened that I saw David at the age of 84.
31. Mary spoke loudly enough so that everyone should hear.
32. It turned out that he became a failure.
33. Sometimes it was heard that he talked to himself.
34. I will get two tickets so that you and your friend could see the performance.

TASK 68. Replace the underlined phrases with an appropriate infinitive or infinitive construction.
1. The captain was the last man who left the ship.
2. I was astonished when I heard that he had left the country.
3. It is necessary that everyone should know the truth.
4. It is expected that he will broadcast a statement tonight.
5. They believe that he is honest.
6. It is said that the murderer is hiding in the woods near your house.
7. It seems that the crime was committed by a left-handed man.
8. It is likely that he will arrive before six.
9. It is advisable that we should leave the house separately.
10. I can hear that the bell is ringing but it seems that nobody is coming to open the door.

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APPENDIX: VERBALS
INFINITIVE AND GERUND
I. Verbs followed immediately by infinitive

Verbs Examples
to afford I can't afford to buy it.
to agree They agreed to help us.
to appear Sue appears to be tired.
to arrange I'll arrange to meet you at the airport
to ask He asked to come with us.
to attempt Do not attempt to repair the computer yourself.
to beg He begged to come with us.
to bother He didn’t even bother to ask for permission.
to care I don't care to see that show.
to choose We chose to go by train.
to claim She claims to know a famous movie star.
to consent She finally consented to marry him.
to decide I have decided to leave on Monday.
to demand I demand to know who is responsible.
to deserve She deserves to win the prize.
to endeavour (=to try) I will endeavour to do my best for my country.
to expect I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.
to fail She failed to return the book to the library on time.
to guarantee The bank guaranteed to pay all his debts.
to hesitate Don't hesitate to ask for my help.
to hope Jack hopes to arrive next week.
to lead to This has led scientists to speculate on the existence of other galaxies.
to learn He learned to play the piano.
to long for I’m longing to see you again.
to manage We managed to get to the airport in time.
to neglect She neglected to mention the name of her previous employer.
to offer They offered to help us.
to omit She omitted to mention that they were staying the night.
to plan I am planning to throw a party when I come back from my holiday.
to prepare We prepared to welcome them.
to pretend He pretends not to understand.
to promise I promise not to be late.
to refuse I refuse to believe his story.
to resolve He resolved not to tell her the truth.
to seem Your cat seems to be friendly.
to struggle He struggled to stay awake.
to swear She swore to tell the truth.
to threaten She threatened to tell my parents about that.

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to volunteer He volunteered to help us.
to wait I will wait to hear from you.
to want I want to tell you something. What do you want to do tomorrow?
to wish She wishes to come with us. This course is designed for people wishing
to update their computer skills.

II. Verbs followed by either gerund or infinitive without a change in meaning

Verbs Examples
can’t stand Lily can't stand working in an office. She can't stand to
hear them arguing.
to bear (can’t bear) I can’t bear having /to have cats in the house.
to begin Have you begun reading / to read the book yet?
to bother He didn’t even bother to let me know he was coming. Why
bother asking if you’re not really interested?
to cease You never cease to amaze me! The company ceased
trading in June.
to continue Will you continue attending / to attend these classes?
to encourage Banks actively encourage people to borrow money. / Banks
actively encourage people’s borrowing money.
to endure He can’t endure to be / being defeated.
to finish She finished reading /to read the book and put it away.
to intend I intended to pay for all the damage done. We intend
looking at the situation again.
to start It started raining /to rain.

III. Verbs followed by a noun/pronoun + infinitive

Verbs Examples
to advise smb to do smth She advised me to wait until tomorrow.
to allow smb to do smth She allowed me to use her car.
to ask smb to do smth I asked John to help us.
to beg smb to do smth They begged us to come.
to cause smb to do smth Her laziness caused her to fail.
to challenge smb to do smth She challenged me to race her to the corner.
to convince smb to do smth I couldn't convince Ann to accept our help.
to dare smb to do smth He dared me to do better than he had done.
to encourage smb to do smth He encouraged me to try again.
to expect smb to do smth I expect you to be on time.
to forbid smb to do smth I forbid you to call him.
to force smb to do smth They forced him to tell the truth.
to hire smb to do smth She hired a boy to mow the lawn.
to instruct smb to do smth He instructed them to be careful.
to invite smb to do smth Harry invited the Johnsons to come to his party
to order smb to do smth The judge ordered me to pay a fine.
to permit smb to do smth He permitted the children w stay up late.
to persuade smb to do smth I persuaded him to come for a visit.
to remind smb to do smth She reminded me to lock the door.

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to require smb to do smth Our teacher requires us to be on time.
to teach smb to do smth My brother taught me to swim.
to tell smb to do smth The doctor told me to take these pills.
to urge smb to do smth I urged her to apply for the job.
to want smb to do smth I want you to be happy.
to warn smb to do smth I warned you not to drive too fast.

IV. Adjectives followed by infinitive

Adjectives Examples
to be anxious She was anxious to finish school and get a job.
to be glad I’m glad to hear you’re feeling better.
to be happy We are happy to announce the engagement of our daughter.

V. Set expressions used with infinitive

Set expressions Examples
let alone + bare inf The baby can't even sit up yet, let alone walk!
can/ can’t / could / What could he do but forgive her? She couldn’t but let him know her
couldn’t but + bare telephone number.
inf

IV. Verbs commonly used with the gerund

Verbs Examples
to admit Brian admitted taking the money.
to anticipate They anticipate moving to another premises by the end of the year.
to appreciate I don’t appreciate being treated like a second-class citizen.
to avoid They built a wall to avoid soil being washed away.
can’t face I can’t face seeing this awful man again.
can’t help I can’t help thinking he knows more than he told us.
can’t stand Mrs. Perry couldn’t stand being kept waiting.
to consider They are considering buying a new car.
to contemplate I have never contemplated living abroad.
to delay He delayed telling her the news waiting for the right moment.
to deny He denies attempting to rob the bank.
to detest They detest seeing each other.
to dislike I dislike being away from my family.
to dread She dreads her husband finding out.
to enjoy He hardly enjoys dealing with these people.
to envisage I can’t envisage her coping with this job.
to escape He narrowly escaped being killed.
to excuse Excuse my interrupting you.
to fancy Do you fancy going out this evening?
to feel like I don’t feel like going out tonight, let’s stay at home and watch a video.
to forgive Forgive my interrupting but I really don’t agree with you.
to imagine I can’t imagine him saying that!
to involve The test will involve answering 50 question on the topics learnt.
to justify How can they justify asking to pay such huge taxes?
to keep Keep smiling, you look so nice when you smile.
to mention Did she mention attending classes in Oxford?
to mind Do you mind going there instead of me?
to miss She narrowly missed hitting him.

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to postpone It was an unpopular decision to postpone building the new hospital.
to practise Practise pronouncing this word correctly.
to prevent Nothing could prevent his (him) speaking against that plan.
to propose How do you propose getting home?
to put off Don’t keep putting off going to the doctor!
to recollect I recollect him (his) saying that it was dangerous.
to resent He bitterly resents being treated like a child.
to resist The bank strongly resisted cutting interest rates.
to risk The conspirators knew they risked being arrested.
to spend The company has spent thousands of pounds updating their computer
systems.
to suggest I suggest going in my car.
to tolerate She refused to tolerate being called a liar.
to understand I just can’t understand him taking the money.
to quit If only he could quit smoking!

IV. Expressions always used with gerund

to be busy James is busy practicing for the school concert.

to be worth It is worth making an appointment with the doctor before you go.
to waste time on/in

V. Verbs with prepositions commonly used with the gerund

Verbs with Examples

Prepositions
to accuse smb of She accused him of lying.
to admit to Brian admitted to taking the money.
to aim at They are aiming at training everyone by the end of the year.
to apologize for Go and apologize for being so rude to your aunt.
to approve of Father doesn’t approve of me leaving school this year.
to believe in I don’t believe in hitting children.
to bother about Don’t bother yourself about making tea.
to burst out Karen burst out laughing.
to care for I don’t care for gardening.
to carry on He carried on peeling the potato.
to come of That comes of eating too much!
to come round to You will eventually come around to thinking about it.
to complain of She complained of being treated in a rude way.
to confess to I must confess to knowing nothing about computers.
to consist of (in) Most of the fieldwork consisted of making tape recordings.
to congratulate smb on You can congratulate yourself on having done an excellent job.
to count on We can’t count on this warm weather lasting long.
to decide against We decided against going to the beach in that weather.
to despair of They had almost despaired of ever having children.
to disapprove of He strongly disapproved of changing the plans.
to dream about In her sleep she dreamt about becoming a famous singer.
to dream of I wouldn’t dream of going there without you.
to end in At first they hated each other, but they ended up getting married.
to forget about If I lose my job we can forget about buying a new car.
to forgive smb for Forgive me for interrupting, but I really don’t agree with that.
to feel up to After the accident she didn’t feel up to driving.

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to get around to I hope to get around to answering your letter next week.
to get down to It’s time I got down to thinking about this essay.
to give up You ought to give up riding at your age.
to go back to She decided to go back to teaching.
to grumble about Don’t grumble about being treated in that way. You deserved it.
to hesitate about I didn’t hesitate a moment about taking the job.
to insist on They insist on playing their music late at night.
to keep on Keep on walking until you go to the crossroads.
to leave off He left off playing the piano to answer the door.
to mean by What did she mean by leaving so early?
to object to I really object to being charged for parking.
to persist in Why do you persist in blaming yourself for what happened?
to plan on We hadn’t planned on going anywhere this evening.
to prevent from Nothing would prevent him from speaking against injustice.
to put off He keeps putting off going to the dentist.
to reckon on We reckoned on having good weather.
to refrain from He has refrained from criticising the government in public.
to resolve on We had resolved on making an early start.
to return to She looked up briefly and then returned to her sewing.
to result in (from) These policies resulted in many elderly and disabled people suffering
hardship.
to save from They did their best to save her from injuring herself.
to set about We need to set about finding a solution. (=to start)
to stop (smb) from There is nothing to stop you from accepting the offer.
to succeed in He succeeded in getting a place in an art school.
to take to I’ve taken to waking up very early.
to suspect smb/smth of The drug is suspected of causing over 200 deaths.
to talk of Mary is talking of looking for another job.
to thank smb for She said goodbye and thanked us for coming.
to think of (about) I couldn’t think of letting you take the blame.
to threaten with He was threatened with being dismissed.
to warn against The guidebook warns against walking alone in this area at night.
to worry about Don’t worry about getting there late.

VI. Set phrases with prepositions commonly used with gerund

Set Phrase Example

to look forward to I always look forward to staying with you.
to make a point of She made a point of closing all the windows before leaving the house.
to find excuses for He always finds excuses for forgetting my birthday.
to take pride in He takes pride in riding his horse.
to lose time in Don’t lose time in chatting over the phone.
to have no doubt Researchers have no doubt about smoking being a cause of many lethal
about diseases.

VII. Adjectives followed by a preposition + gerund

Adjective + Preposition Example

+ Gerund
to be absorbed in She seemed totally absorbed in reading.
to be (un) accustomed to She was a person accustomed to having eight hours’ sleep at night.

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to be afraid of He was afraid of upsetting his parents.

to be amused at He was amused at seeing how seriously she took the game.
to be angry with smb for I was angry with myself for making such a stupid mistake.
to be annoyed at I was annoyed with myself for giving in so easily.
to be ashamed of You should be ashamed with yourself for telling such lies.
to be aware of They suddenly became aware of people looking at them.
to be bad at doing smth He is really bad at keeping secrets.
to be (get) bored with The children quickly got bored with staying indoors.
to be bothered with It’s not worth bothering with using an umbrella.
to be (in)capable of He is quite capable of lying to get out of the trouble.
to be careful about (in) You must be careful about handling chemicals.
to be certain of You’ll have to learn soon to make certain of getting there on time.
to be clever at She is clever at getting what she wants.
to be (un) conscious of He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents.
to be content with Not content with stealing my boy-friend, she has turned all my friends
against me.
to be embarrassed at He felt embarrassed at being the centre of attention.
to be excited about The children were excited about opening their presents.
to be far from Computers, far from destroying jobs, can create employment.
to be fond of Telma is fond of telling other people what to do.
to be fortunate in I was fortunate in having a good teacher.
to be frightened of I’m frightened of walking home alone.
to be furious at She was absolutely furious at being deceived.
to be given to He is given to going for long walks.
to be good (better) at Nick has always been good at finding cheap flights.
to be interested in Are you interested in joining our club?
to be irritated at She was irritated at his smiling at her like that.
to be keen on She is not keen on being told what to do.
to be proud of smb for He was proud of himself for not giving up.
to be pleased at He was pleased at seeing her.
to be responsible for He is responsible for informing everyone about the meeting.
to be scared at (of) He is scared of going out alone.
to be serious about He is serious about wanting to sell the house.
to be sick of I’m sick of doing this work.
to be skilled in (at) She is highly skilled at dealing with difficult customers.
to be slow in His poetry was slow in achieving recognition.
to be sorry for He is really sorry for taking the car without asking.
to be successful at (in) I wasn’t very successful at keeping the news secret.
to be sure of England must win this game to be sure of qualifying for the World Cup.
to be surprised at I am surprised at you behaving like that in front of the kids.
to be thankful for I am thankful to you for inviting me.
to be tired of She was tired of hearing about their trip to India.
to be (get) upset at smth The father got upset at receiving the bad news.
to be (un)used to I’m not used to eating so much at lunchtime.
to be worried about He was worried about their not coming on time.
to be wrong in You are wrong in counting on me.

VIII. Gerund after certain nouns with prepositions

Preposition ‘of’

Noun Example

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advantage Can you tell us about the advantages of living in a small town?
art He is a good a therapist trained in the art of healing.
chance Is there any chance of getting tickets for tonight?
habit He has the irritating habit of biting his nails.
idea I like the idea of living on a boat.
impression She gives the impression of being very busy
opportunity At least give him the opportunity of explaining what happened.
pleasure She had the pleasure of seeing him look surprised.
pretext He left the party early on the pretext of having work to do.
satisfaction He had the satisfaction of seeing his book become a best-seller.
way I’m not happy with this way of working.

Preposition ‘at’

Noun Example
amazement The old lady couldn’t hide her amazement at seeing the boy’s delight.
astonishment His astonishment at seeing me alive was genuine.
attempt The couple made several unsuccessful attempts at achieving a compromise.
delight The students’ delight at hearing the announced exam results was overwhelming.
dismay She could not hide her dismay at finding her husband at home.
genius He’s a genius at organizing people.
irritation She couldn’t but show her irritation at learning that the letter had not been sent.
pleasure The mother’s pleasure at finding her children safe and sound was immense.
satisfaction The teacher’s satisfaction at giving his students good marks was clearly seen on
his face.
shyness The girl’s shyness at being introduced to the great scientist amazed everybody
present.
surprise They couldn’t conceal their surprise at seeing us together.

Preposition ‘for’

Noun Example
cause I had no cause for complaining.
excuse His excuse for forgetting her birthday was that he had lost his diary.
genius He had a genius for making people feel at home.
gift He has the gift of making friends easily.
ground What were his grounds for wanting a divorce?
motive There seemed to be no motive for murdering that old man.
opportunity There’ll be plenty of opportunity for relaxing once the work is done.
passion The English have a passion for gardening.
pretext His pretext for being late was lame.
reason I have no particular reason for doubting him.
reputation I’m aware of Mark’s reputation for being late.
talent She showed considerable talent for getting what she wanted.

Preposition ‘in’

Noun + preposition Example

advantage Is there any advantage in getting there early?
delight He takes great delight in proving others wrong.
difficulty I had no difficulty (in) making myself understood.

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experience He is a doctor with experience in dealing with patients suffering from

stress.
harm There is no harm in window shopping, is there?
hesitation I would have no hesitation in recommending Philip for the position.
pleasure She took pleasure in shocking her parents.
point There is no point in waiting for him.
sense There’s no sense in worrying about it now.
skill What made him remarkable as a photographer was his skill in capturing
the moment.

Miscellaneous Prepositions

Noun Example
fantasy about His childhood fantasies about becoming a famous football player came true.
objection to I have no objection to him coming to stay.
obsession with Her obsession with flying frightens her parents.

IX. Gerunds after prepositions

Preposition Example
about How about going for a walk?
after After kissing the child good-bye, the mother went to work.
against Do you have anything against our going to the mountains in July?
before You should check the oil before starting your car.
by We’ll do the job before the deadline by working 16 hours a day.
despite Despite being very young he did the job very well.
for She was punished for staying up late.
in spite of In spite of being very young he did the job very well.
instead of Why are you watching TV instead of doing your homework?
without She used to sit in front of the window for hours without paying attention to
anyone.

X. Infinitive and gerund used with different meaning

to stop

gerund infinitive
part of compound verbal aspect predicate; adverbial modifier of purpose shows the
shows that the activity itself stops reason for stopping the activity for some
time
Stuart stopped (doing what?) smoking though Ben stopped (why?) to smoke and to have a short rest. =
it wasn’t easy for him. = Стюарт перестал Бен остановился, чтобы закурить и немного
передохнуть. / Бен зупинився, щоб закурити й
(бросил) курить, хотя это было ему нелегко. передохнути.
/ Стюарт перестав (кинув) курити, хоча це
було йому нелегко.

to go on

gerund infinitive
continuation of one and the same activity change of activity
Old Mrs. Todd went on talking about her Sue told me about her relationships with her

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health for hours. = Старая миссис Тодд colleagues and went on to talk about her other
продолжала говорить о своем здоровье problems. = Сью рассказала мне про свои
часами. / Стара миссис Тодд продовжувала взаимоотношения с коллегами и перешла к
говорити про своє здоров'я довгий час. рассказу про свои другие проблемы. / Сью
розповіла мені про свої взаємини з
колегами й перейшла до розповіді про свої
інші проблеми.

to remember, to forget, to regret,

gerund infinitive
about things that were done in the past about intentions
• I remember playing with Ted in my • Remember to switch off the light before you
childhood. (I did it in the past but I leave. (Be sure to do it!) = Не забудь
remember about it now; I didn’t forget it.) выключить свет прежде, чем уйдешь. / Не
= Я помню, как я играл с Тедом в забудь виключити світло перш, ніж
детстве. / Я пам'ятаю, як я грав з Тедом підеш.
у дитинстві. • I remembered to lock the door but I forgot to
• I will never forget meeting him. = Я shut the windows. = Я помнил, что нужно
никогда не забуду, как встретил его. / Я запереть дверь, но я забыл закрыть окна. /
ніколи не забуду, як зустрів його. Я пам'ятав, що потрібно замкнути двері,
• Tine regretted marrying so young. (Tina але я забув закрити вікна.
married young and she is sorry about it.) = • Sorry, I forgot to buy bread. = Извини, я
Тина сожалеет, что вышла замуж так забыл купить хлеб. / Вибач, я забув
рано. / Тіна шкодує, що вийшла заміж купити хліб.
так рано. • I regret to mention this again. (I’m going to
• I regret mentioning this again. (I am not do it again.) = Я сожалею, что мне
going to do it again.) = Я сожалею, что придется упомянуть об этом снова. / Я
упомянул об этом снова. / Я шкодую, шкодую, що мені доведеться згадати про
що згадав про це знову. це знову.

to mean

gerund infinitive
to involve smh to intend to do smth
Being a pilot means travelling a lot. = Быть Barbara means to open her own shop. =
летчиком – означает много Барбара намеревается открыть свой
путешествовать./ Бути льотчиком - означає магазин. / Барбара має намір відкрити свій
багато подорожувати. магазин.

to prefer

gerund infinitive
general preference future preference
Stewart prefers spending his holidays at home. This year Stewart prefers to go to the sea.

to like

gerund infinitive
to enjoy smth – general preference to think that smth is good or right to do
Martha likes swimming. = She enjoys doing it. I like to exercise every day because I know that

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it is good for my health.

to try

gerund infinitive
to do smth as an experiment; the action to attempt to do one’s best; the action may not
possible - see if it succeeds be possible - see if you still can do it
• Try exercising, you may lose weight. • David tried to win the race, but failed.
• Try remembering his telephone • Try to remember his telephone number.
number. It would be a good idea! Please, do it; it’s important!

to be sorry

gerund + for infinitive

to apologise for an earlier action to apologise for a present/future action
I am sorry for shouting at you this morning. Sorry to interrupt, but can I ask you a
question?

to be afraid, to dread, to fear

gerund infinitive
apprehension that smth bad may happen = unwillingness to do smth in a certain
phobia situation
• Sue doesn’t want to ride. She is afraid of • He is afraid to take this test in case he
falling. fails.
• Telma won’t go to the cruise. She dreads • She dreads to think what will happen if her
being seasick. husband finds everything out.
• She fears telling the truth about her • She feared to tell him the truth.
background.

to afford

gerund infinitive
in general in a particular situation
In fact Isabella could afford buying expensive This month Tim could afford to buy more
things but she didn’t feel like it. books than usual and he was happy about that.

to consider

gerund infinitive
to think about doing something to express an opinion about something- only
(подумывать о... / подумувати про) in complex object and complex subject
He considers leaving his home town for ever. = We consider her to be the best pianist of our
Он подумывает о том, чтобы уехать из time.
родного города навсегда. / Він подумує про The whale is considered to be the largest
те, щоб виїхати з рідного міста назавжди. mammal in the world.

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to intend

gerund infinitive

The writer clearly intends his readers to

identify with the main character.

to need

gerund infinitive
passive meaning active meaning
• Your hair needs cutting. = Тебе надо • You need to let me know by Monday if you
подстричься. / Тобі треба підстригтися. want to take part.
• The windows need washing. = Надо • Did he need to borrow some money from
помыть окна. / Треба помити вікна. the bank?

to advise to allow to recommend

gerund infinitive
in the active voice or not followed by an in the passive voice or followed by an indirect
indirect object followed by an indirect
• The agency advises booking in advance. • The agent advised us to book in advance.
• They don’t allow smoking here. • We were advised to book in advance.
• I really recommend using this book for • We were not allowed to smoke there.
your report. • They don’t allow people to smoke here.
• I really recommend you to use this book.
• I really recommend this book to be used.

to be interested

in + gerund infinitive
refers to something that will happen refers to something that has already
happened
I’m interested in working on this new project. I was interested to work on that new project
When can I start? and I was sorry when it was over.

to
imagine
gerund infinitive
general use only as part of Complex Object with the verb
‘to be’- rare use
• I imagined her dancing with another boy and I had imagined her to be older than that.
got very sad.
• She could imagine dark-robed figures
moving silently along the stone corridors.

cannot help
(used to say that it is impossible to avoid or prevent something)

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gerund infinitive
cannot help + gerund = object cannot help but + bare infinitive = adverbial
modifier of exception
can’t help but = can’t but
I can’t help thinking he knows more than he She couldn’t help but wonder what he was
has told. = Я не могу не думать, что он знает thinking. = Ее не могло не интересовать, что
больше того, что сказал. / Я не можу не он думает. / Її не могло не цікавити, що він
думати, що він знає більш того, що сказав. думає.
The little girl couldn’t but go to the hateful
house every day though she was scared of the
old lady.

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