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Friction Factor

The experiment aimed to verify the relationship between energy loss and velocity in pipe flow and to determine the friction factor. It involved measuring various parameters such as pipe diameter, manometer readings, and discharge time to calculate velocity and frictional factors. The results indicated that head loss is directly proportional to velocity in laminar flow, and the friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds number.

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16 views35 pages

Friction Factor

The experiment aimed to verify the relationship between energy loss and velocity in pipe flow and to determine the friction factor. It involved measuring various parameters such as pipe diameter, manometer readings, and discharge time to calculate velocity and frictional factors. The results indicated that head loss is directly proportional to velocity in laminar flow, and the friction factor decreases with increasing Reynolds number.

Uploaded by

Pokemon offical-Hindi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT-7

VERIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ENERGY LOSS AND


VELOCITY AND DETERMINATION FRICTION FACTOR FOR A PIPE
AIM: To Verify the relationship between energy loss and velocity and to determine
the friction factor for a pipe.

APPARATUS:
1. Pipes
2. Supply Pipe
3. Measuring Tank
4. Piezometer
5. Inclined Manometer
Theory:
The Relationship between energy loss and velocity helps to find out the actual
flow from pipe in certain time and energy measured for it.
Following are the Various losses in a pipe flow:-
1. Loss at entry
2. Loss due to expansion
3. Loss due to contraction
4. Loss due to bend
5. Loss due to obstruction
6. Loss at exit
7. Loss due to friction
When water flows in a pipe, it experiences some resistance to its motion due to which
velocity & ultimately head of water available is reduced. This loss of head or loss of
energy is classified as major & minor losses. Major losses is due to friction whereas
minor losses are due to entry / exit in a pipe, suddenly enlargement / contraction in a
pipe section, bend, obstruction or pipe fittings.

Apart from head loss in overcoming friction the above mentioned friction causes
some loss of energy. The minor losses are termed as minor as they often be neglected
particularly in long pipes as frictional loss in comparatively higher. In short pipe lines
particularly those with large nos. of fittings, the effect of minor losses is
proportionally greater and it should be taken into consideration. Minor losses are
associated with change in velocity either in magnitude or direction. By experiment,
magnitude of losses is approximately proportional to V2. Hence, it is a common
practise to express minor losses as a function of velocity head V2/2g.
Where, K = Loss factor

Following are the values of various minor losses:-

1) Energy losses due to sudden contraction.

But, the actual value is nearer to 0.5.


2) Energy loss due to sudden enlargement

3) Energy loss at exit,


4) Energy loss due to obstruction

Where,
v = velocity of flow after obstruction
a1 = area of cross section of pipe after obstruction
A2 = area of flow at obstruction
Cc = coefficient of obstruction

5) Energy loss due to change in direction,


Frictional Resistance in Laminar Flow

It depends on:-
1. Pressure
2. Velocity of flow
3. Area of surface in contact
4. Proportional to nature of surface in contact

From Hagen - Poiseullie’s law


Where,
hf = head of loss due to friction
μ = viscosity
L = length of pipe
W = specific weight of liquid
D = diameter of pipe

Viscosity:-
It is a property of fluid by virtue of cohesion.
Cohesion:-
An intermolecular attraction between fluid molecules which offers
resistance to deformation.
Where,
n = 1 for a laminar flow
n = 1 to 1.8 for a transition flow
n = 1.8 to 2 for a turbulent flow
The value of n mainly depends upon Reynold’s number and
friction.
Darcy – Weisbach Equation
Proof:-
Consider a uniform horizontal pipe of cross section area A.
Let pressure drops along this pipe from P1 to P2 over a length of l.
Let, v = velocity of flow
P = wetted flow
P1 & P2 = total pressures forces at section 1 & 2
F’ = frictional resistance per unit area at unit velocity
F = total frictional resistance
Net force acting on the water column between section 1 &
section 2 must be equal to frictional resistance.
Now, from suggested power of v if taken as 2
i.e. n = 2, it gives reasonably accurate result.
Now, in hydraulics, ratio of area of perimeter is called hydraulic
mean depth.
F’ can be expressed in terms of a constant representing frictional
characteristics of a surface called friction factor F by following
equation.
In some countries, above formula is used as
PROCEDURE:-
1. Measure the length & width of the measuring tank.
2. Connect the pipe to inclined manometer.
3. Measure the diameter of the pipe and distance between
tappings.
4. Open the regulatory valve of pipe, remove the air bubbles
from the tube and note down the manometer reading.
5. Measure the depth of water in measuring tank.
6. Repeat the procedure for different velocities.
OBSERVATION DATA:-
1. Diameter of pipe (d1) = 1.906 cm
2. Diameter of pipe (d2) = 2.54 cm
3. Area of pipe (A1) = 2.85 sq. cm
4. Area of pipe (A2) = 5.064 sq. cm
5. Viscosity = 0.01 poise
6. Density = 1 gm/cc
Calculations:- (For Observation table – 1)
D1 = 1.906 cm
Manometer reading
p1/w = 51 cm
P2/w = 52 cm
Difference = 9 cm
Volume = 5 lit = 5000 cc
Time of discharge = 53 sec
Discharge (Q) = v/t = 5000/53 = 94.34 cc/sec
Velocity (v) = Q/A = 94.34/(3.14/4*1.906*1.906) = 33.10 cm/sec
Reynold’s number (Re) = pvd/μ = 1*33.10*1.906/0.01 = 6308.86
Calculations:- (For Observation table – 1)
Frictional factor (f) = 0.316 / Re^(1/4)
0.316 / (6308.86)^(1/4)
0.0355
Favg = 0.0366

Frictional factor from graph = f’ = 2gdk/l = 0.1267

Log k = -0.47 k = 0.3388


Diff(f-f’) = 0.0901
Slope (n) = 2.13
Calculations:- (For Observation table – 2)
d2 = 2.54 cm
Manometer readings = p1/w = 45 cm
P2/w = 38 cm
Difference = 7 cm
Volume = 5 lit = 5000 cc
Time of discharge = 27 sec
Discharge (Q) = v/t = 5000/27 = 185.19 cc/sec
Velocity (v) = Q/A = 185.19/(3.14/4*2.54*2.54) = 36.53 cm/sec
Reynold’s number (Re) = pvd/μ = 1*36.53*2.54/0.01 = 9289.62
Calculations:- (For Observation table – 2)
Frictional factor (f) = 0.316 / Re^(1/4)
0.316 / (9278.62)^(1/4)
0.0322
Favg = 0.0313

Frictional factor from graph = f’ = 2gdk/l = 0.0572

Log k = -0.94 k = 0.1148


Diff(f-f’) = 0.0259
Slope (n) = 2.66
Result:-
For diameter (d1) = 1.906 cm
frictional factor (f) = 0.0366
Frictional factor from graph = f’ = 2gdk/l = 0.1267
Diff(f-f’) = 0.0901
Slope (n) = 2.13

For diameter (d2) = 2.54 cm


frictional factor (f) = 0.0313
Frictional factor from graph = f’ = 2gdk/l = 0.0572
Diff(f-f’) = 0.0259
Slope (n) = 2.66
Conclusion:-
From the experiment we conclude that the head loss hf is
directly proportional to the velocity v in the laminar flow and for
the turbulent flow hf and μ. Where n = 1.8 to 2.

From the graph, we can conclude that the velocity of fluid


increases. Increases in the head across & also seen that as
friction factor increase with the decrease in the Reynold’s no.

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