New Trends in Poultry Production Development of Modern Breeds and

• There are three major areas of Varieties

specialization in the poultry business: 1. Genetic Mutation- change maybe have
1.Breeding farm/ Hatcheries been transmitted from generation to
2.Egg farm generation with the possibility of being
3. Broiler farm modified from time to time.
• Considerations in Locating a Poultry 2. Selection
Farm Site a. Natural selection- survival of the fittest
1.Land availability and cost b. Artificial selection- the interference of
6. Availability of water supply man in achieving certain goals and
2. Topography of the area personal ideals.
7. Availability of feed supply
3. Neighbors and human population
8. Transportation facilities
4. Acceptability of the poultry business
9. Market relationship
Classification of Breeds and Varieties of
5. Availability of electricity
Chicken
1. Breed- a group of chicken (fowls)
possessing certain conformation or
shape of body that distinguishes them
from other chickens.
2. Variety- a group of chicken (fowls)
within a breed which possess the same
plumage color and type of comb.
• Example:
-Breed -Variety
• Leghorn white, single comb
• Brown, rose comb
• Plymouth rock white, barred
3. Strain- a group of chicken within a
variety of breed
4. Strain crosses
5. Line crosses or family

The existing breeds of poultry are

classified into 2 ways:
1. Economic/Utility Classification –
according to the purpose for
which the type is bred
• A. Egg Class- breeds belonging to this
class are characterized by their
comparatively small size. Layers lay large
white eggs, active, nervous in temperament,
early maturing, non-sitters, clean-legged
(no feathers on the shank), have white or
creamy white earlobes
• B. . Meat class - breeds belonging to this
class are large, slow in movement, quiet
and gentle in disposition
• C. General/Dual purpose class - breeds
belonging to this class are of medium size,
good layers and their carcasses are
well-suited for the table•
D. Fancy class/Ornamentals – breeds
under this class may be characterized by
possessing unusual appearance and
decided beauty of plumage or
form. Silkies, Bantams and Frizzle belong to
this group.
•F. Fighting Class-these are groups of this
kinds of chicken now developed by national
and international aficionados in this game.
Example:Rubie, Claret, and oasis.
2. Standard Classification – on the basis
of the place
of origin
•A. American class – which includes the
Plymouth Rock,
Wyandotte, Rhode Island Red, Jersey
Black Giant and
New Hampshire are large birds with
yellow shanks
which are free from feathers, red ear
lobes and lay
brown shelled eggs.
•B. . Asiatic class – which includes the
Brahma, Cochin
and Langshan have large bodies,
feathered shanks,
yellow skin, red ear lobes and lay brown
shelled eggs.2. Standard Classification
• C. . English class – which includes the
Orpington, Cornish,
Sussex and Australorp are generally
large well-fleshed birds
with white skin (except the Cornish
which has yellow skin),
red ear lobes and lay brown shelled
eggs.
•D. Mediterranean class – which includes
the Leghorn,
Minorca and Ancona are small birds
noted for their high egg
production capacity with shanks free
from feathers, white earlobes and lay
white shelled eggs.
Production and Management
•Brooding Management
Brooding Requirement- good
management is essential during these
periods in order to be sure of housing only
birds that will perform profitably in the laying
house.
Brooding- starts as soon as the chicks are
placed in the brooder area where the is
supplied until the chicks have grown.

Classification of Brooding
•1. Natural Brooding- it is done with the
help of broody hens after hatching, up to 3
to 4 weeks of age.
•2. Artificial Brooding- large number of
baby chicks are reared in the absence of
broody hen.

Source of heat for brooders

1. electricity ( bulb)- It is also
thermostatically controlled
heating system that spread required amount
of heat uniformly above large area, this
avoid crowding of chicks under the brooder
directly.
2. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)- Natural
gas, LPG or methane is connected to
heating element which is hanged 3 to 5 feet
above the chick to provide heat.
• 3. infra-red lamp- It is a self reflecting
bulb. One 250 watts IR bulb can provide
brooding for about 150 to 250 chicks.
• 4. kerosene lamp/charcoal- Where
electricity is not available, ordinary charcoal
/ kerosene stoves are used to provide
supplementary heat to chicks. These
stoves are covered with plate / pans to
dissipate the heat.

1. Temperature requirement- although

brooding involves many factors together to
obtain successful results, its major
requirement is the provision of proper
temperature.
 Age (Weeks) Temperature
Light Requirement -very important in the
development of newlayers.
Day old – 1week 90° F- 95 °F ( 32.2° • *during the first few days of brooding,
C- 35°C) lighting chicks throughout the night ( 24
hours) is favorable for growth because there
1 week- 2 weeks 85° F- 90°F (29.4° C-
is more eating time if feed is available.
32.2°C)
• * one cardinal rule to follow in the light
2 weeks- 3 weeks 80° F- 85 °F ( 26.7° management of poultry intended for egg
C- 29.4°C) production
• “ never increase light during growing
period and never decrease light
3 weeks- 4 weeks 80° F ( 26.7°C and during the laying period”
Below) • Under local conditions where there are
only slight variations in day length, it is
• Growing Period- 75°F or cooler recommended day must not exceed 11-12
temperature. hours during the growing stage ( 4-8 weeks)
of developing pullets.

Feeds, Feeding, and Watering

• Feed- must be provided after about 2-3
hours when the chicks have learn to drink.
• The availability of drinking water to the
chicks must be emphasized.
The addition of 5-10% sugar in the drinking
can be done for the first 6-8 hours during
the arrival of DOC.

Broiler Feed Layer Feed

1.Chick Booster 1.CBM

Mash
2. Floor Space Requirement- at the beginning
of the brooding period, the chicks need very little
2.Broiler Starter 2.Developer pullet
space but as the chicks grow older they must be
provided much wider area
Crumble

3. Broiler finisher 3. Layer mash

Egg Type Chickens Meat Type Chickens crumble( seldom)
Age Space Age Space
Requirem Requirem • Adequate feeder and watering space
ent ent
should be provided to the birds. The ff.
1 day- 3 0.3 sq.ft 1 day- 2 0.3 allowances are considered minimum per
weeks /bird weeks sq.ft/bird bird:
3-8 0,5 2 weeks- 1.0
weeks sq.ft/bird market sq.ft/bird Age Federer Waterer
age
Day old- 2 2.5 cm 0.5 cm (1
8-12 1.0
weeks sq.ft/bird
weeks gal/100 chicks)

2-6 weeks 4.5 1.0

After 12 weeks, the floor space requirement of 6-10 weeks 7.5 2.0
growing pullets varies according to the
systems of housing used.
Vaccination, Medication, and Debeaking
Litter Floor 2.0-2.5 sq.ft

Slat Floor 1.5-2.0 sq.ft Age Medication Route Remarks

Cage 0.5-1.0 sq.ft Day old Mareks Mass Done at the

vaccine (viral method/ hatchery
disease) fowl Spray particularly for
 paralysis or the
Factors Affecting Length of Brooding
neurolympho breeder type Period
matosis chicks 1. Weather or Climatic Conditions- longer
during cold and rainy months; shorter during
5-12 NCD or INtranas For chicks of dry and warm months
days Avian Pest al/Intrao non 2. rate of feathering- shorter for fast
Vaccine cular vaccinated feathering breed/varieties/ strains; long for
parents as
slow feathering ; can be due to genetic
early
as 3 days make-up or nutrition of the bird

Growing Management
21 days NCD Mass
a. Systems of Rearing
method(
drinking 1. Range System- this is good system but
water) because of more land area required, this is
commonly practiced by native chicken
6-8 Fowl pox Wing In areas where
weeks web fowl pox out growers and duck raisers.
breaks are 2. Semi confinement system- the birds are
common provided with shed or housing and an area
vaccination to graze or pasture
may be done
at the age of 4 3. Complete confinement- the modern
weeks or 21 trend in raising commercial strains of
days so that it chicken.
won’t be in
a. Litter floor
conflict with
NCD vacination c. combination
b. Slat floor
d. cages
Growing Management
Debeaking is the partial removal of the
• b. Rearing of Pullets
beak of poultry, especially layer hens
• 1. Feeding Requirements of Growing
and turkeys although it may also be
Pullets
performed on quail and ducks.

Cannibalism Among Growing Chickens

• Cannibalism- is a bad habit developed by
some growing birds.
- it usually starts from feather or toe picking
which may result to serious wounding and
2. Culling and Revaccination- only healthy
death of birds.
pullets should be
transferred to the laying house.
Possible causes of Cannibalism:
• Healthy pullets are:
1. Imbalanced Ration- a high energy diet
• A. vigorous and active
with low protein
• B. have bright and alert eyes
2. Overcrowding and insufficiency of feeding
• C. prominent red combs and wattles
and drinking space
• D. possess well developed body and
3. Extended period without feed and water
exhibit it deep yellow pigmented
4. Poor ventilation
beaks and shanks
5. Excessive heat and too much light
3. Signs of Sexual Maturity
6. it may also be a strain characteristic or
• A. the comb and wattles begins to
breed characteristic
increase in size and the color becomes red
Requirements for Successful Brooding
• B. the pullets becomes friendly and cackle
1. Good quality chicks
• C. she instinctively looks for nest
2. Proper temperature
• D. pullets becomes docile and gregarious
3. Good ventilation
• E. the vent and abdomen becomeenlarged
4. Adequate floor, feeding,& drinking space
• The surest sign of sexual maturity is the
5. Dryness and Cleanliness
laying of the first egg.
6. Protection from predators
7. Proper feeds and feeding System
Too early maturity leads to:
• A. production of too many small eggs
• B. tendency to obtain lower egg production
rate during the whole production period
• C. higher mortality
• D. Higher incidence of prolapse

The following are some suggestions to

delay sexual maturity
• 1. Actual Amount of feed can be reduced-
10-20% reduction of feed
• 2. The feed can be diluted by incorporating
a high fiber material (like ricehull).
• 3. a low protein, specifically low lysine diet,
will delay sexual maturity.
• 4. Skip feeding
• 5. together with any method of feed
reduction, light must also be reduced.