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The document outlines detailed biology notes for the AM Syllabus 2025, covering key concepts across various sections including biodiversity, biochemistry, cellular function, maintenance of life, and genetics. It includes classifications of living organisms, biomolecules, cellular structures, and processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Additionally, it addresses topics like evolution, environmental biology, and biotechnology, providing a comprehensive overview of essential biological principles.

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11 views

Document

The document outlines detailed biology notes for the AM Syllabus 2025, covering key concepts across various sections including biodiversity, biochemistry, cellular function, maintenance of life, and genetics. It includes classifications of living organisms, biomolecules, cellular structures, and processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. Additionally, it addresses topics like evolution, environmental biology, and biotechnology, providing a comprehensive overview of essential biological principles.

Uploaded by

riafarrugia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Detailed Biology Notes (AM Syllabus 2025)

These notes provide an in-depth summary of each section in the syllabus,


covering key concepts, explanations, and examples.

SECTION 1: Biodiversity of Living Organisms

1.1 General Principles of Classification


1.2

Biological Diversity: The variety of life at different levels:

Species diversity: The number of species in an ecosystem.

Ecosystem diversity: The variety of ecosystems in a region.

Genetic diversity: The variation of genes within a species.

Species Concept:

Defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding to produce


fertile offspring.

Uses binomial nomenclature (Genus species).

Classification Hierarchy: Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family →


Genus → Species.
1.3 Classification Systems
1.4

Five Kingdoms:

1. Prokaryota (Bacteria) – No nucleus, unicellular.

2. Protoctista (Amoeba, algae) – Mostly unicellular, eukaryotic.

3. Fungi (Mushrooms, yeast) – Cell walls made of chitin, heterotrophic.

4. Plantae (Plants) – Multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls of cellulose.

5. Animalia (Animals) – Multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls.

Viruses:

Not classified in the five kingdoms (non-living).

Examples: Bacteriophage (infects bacteria), HIV (retrovirus).

Life cycles: Lytic (immediate replication & cell destruction) and Lysogenic
(dormant phase).
1.3 Diagnostic Features of Major Groups

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals): Radial symmetry, cnidocytes (stinging cells).

Platyhelminthes (Flatworms): Bilateral symmetry, acoelomate body plan.

Annelida (Earthworms): Segmented body, chaetae (bristles).

Arthropoda (Insects, Crustaceans, Spiders): Exoskeleton, jointed


appendages.

Mollusca (Snails, Clams, Squids): Soft body, many with shells.

Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins): Radial symmetry in adults, tube


feet.

Chordata (Vertebrates): Backbone, pharyngeal slits, dorsal nerve cord.

1.5 Plant Kingdom


1.6

Bryophytes (Mosses): No vascular tissue, need water for reproduction.

Tracheophytes (Vascular plants): Have xylem & phloem for transport.

Angiosperms (Flowering plants): Seeds enclosed in fruit.


SECTION 2: Biochemistry

2.1 Biomolecules

Water: Universal solvent, high heat capacity, cohesion & adhesion.

Carbohydrates:

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose.

Disaccharides: Sucrose, lactose.

Polysaccharides: Starch (plants), glycogen (animals), cellulose (plant cell


walls).

Lipids:

Triglycerides: Energy storage.

Phospholipids: Membrane structure.

Steroids: Hormones (testosterone, estrogen).


Proteins: Made of amino acids, functions include enzymes, antibodies,
hormones.

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA carry genetic information.

2.2 Enzymes

Organic catalysts: Lower activation energy.

Factors affecting enzymes: Temperature, pH, inhibitors.

Enzyme inhibition:

Competitive (competes for active site).

Non-competitive (binds elsewhere, changes shape).

SECTION 3: Cellular Function & Organization

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:

Prokaryotic: No nucleus (e.g., bacteria).

Eukaryotic: Nucleus, organelles (e.g., plants, animals).


Organelles:

Nucleus (DNA storage).

Ribosomes (protein synthesis).

Mitochondria (ATP production).

Chloroplasts (photosynthesis).

Golgi apparatus (packaging proteins).

Endoplasmic Reticulum (transport).

Membrane Transport:

Diffusion, osmosis, active transport.

---

SECTION 4: Maintenance of Life

4.1 Nutrition
Photosynthesis: Light-dependent and Calvin Cycle.

Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain.

4.2 Transport

Plants: Xylem (water transport), phloem (sugars).

Animals:

Heart structure.

Blood vessels: Arteries (high pressure), Veins (valves), Capillaries


(exchange).

Blood components: Red & white blood cells, plasma, platelets.

4.3 Gas Exchange

Fish: Gills, counter-current exchange.

Humans: Lungs, alveoli, hemoglobin.


---

SECTION 5: Adjustment and Control (Homeostasis)

Hormonal Control: Insulin & Glucagon (Blood Sugar), ADH (Water balance).

Thermoregulation: Sweating, shivering.

Excretion: Kidney function, nephron structure.

---

SECTION 6: Nervous System & Stimuli Response

Neurons: Sensory, Motor, Interneurons.

Synapses: Neurotransmitters (Acetylcholine, Dopamine).

Reflex Arcs: Involuntary responses.

---

SECTION 7: Locomotion & Support

Muscle Contraction: Sliding Filament Theory (Actin & Myosin).


Skeletal Systems: Hydrostatic (earthworm), Exoskeleton (insects),
Endoskeleton (humans).

---

SECTION 8: Genetics & Inheritance

DNA Replication: Semi-conservative model.

Protein Synthesis: Transcription (mRNA), Translation (ribosomes).

Genetic Crosses: Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Sex-linked traits.

---

SECTION 9: Reproduction

Asexual: Binary fission, budding.

Sexual: Gametes, fertilization, human menstrual cycle.

Plant Reproduction: Pollination, double fertilization.


---

SECTION 10: Evolution

Natural Selection: Adaptation, survival of the fittest.

Speciation: Geographic & reproductive isolation.

---

SECTION 11: Environmental Biology

Ecosystems: Food chains, energy pyramids.

Biogeochemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen cycles.

Sampling Methods: Quadrat, Transect, Capture-Recapture.

---

SECTION 12: Biotechnology

Genetic Engineering: Recombinant DNA, PCR.


Applications: Gene therapy, GM crops, DNA fingerprinting.

Ethical Issues: Risks and benefits of biotechnology.

---

This provides a comprehensive summary of the syllabus in a detailed and


structured format. Let me know if you need more elaboration on any
section!

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