Chapter :- 1 ( Relation And Function )

Class: XII

Paper - Mathematics

1. Here Given A = {a, b, c, d} , Mention Types of relation on A of the given

Relations
(i) {(a, a), (b, b)}
(ii) {(a, a), (b, b)), (c, c), (d, d)}
(iii) {(a, b), (b, a), (b, d), (d, b)}
(iv) {(b, c), (b, d), (c, d)}
(v) {(a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d), (a, d), (a, c), (d, a), (c, a), (c, d), (d, c)}

2. Given the tabular form of Relations and determine the type of relation of
the given relations :
(i) R = {(x, y) : 2x − y = 0} on A = {1, 2, 3, ....., 13}
(ii) R = {(x, y) : x divides y} on A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(iii) R = {(x, y) : x divides 2 - y } on A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(iv) R = {(x, y) : y ≤ x ≤ 4} on A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

3. To Test Whether the following Relations are reflexive , symmetric or

transitive or not .
(i) R = {(m, n) : m − n ≥ 7} on Z .
Ans :-
(a) For reflexive :-
∀m∈Z
m-m=0<7
So (m,m) ∈
/R
So , it is not reflexive .
(b) For Symmetric :-
Let (m,n) ∈ R
⇒m-n≥7
⇒ -( n - m )< 7
⇒n-m<7

1
i.e, (n,m) ∈
/R
So it is not a symmetric relation .
(c) For Transitive :-
Let (m,n) ∈ R and (n,p) ∈R
⇒ m - n ≥ 7 and n - p ≥ 7
⇒m-n+n-p≥7
i.e, m - p ≥ 7
So , (m,p) ∈R
Thus it is a transitive relation .

(ii) R = {(m, n) : 2 | m + n} on Z .
Ans :-
(a) For reflexive :-
∀m∈Z
m + m = 2m , which is divisible by 2
⇒ 2 | (m + m)
⇒ (m,m) ∈ R
i.e, R is reflexive .
(b) For Symmetric :-
Let (m,n) ∈ R
⇒ 2 | (m + n)
⇒ 2 | (n + m)
⇒ (n,m) ∈ R
i.e, R is a Symmetric relation .
(c) For transitive :-
Let (m,n) , (n,p) ∈ R
⇒ 2 | (m + n) and 2 | (n + p)
⇒ m + n = 2b and n + p = 2c ( 2 divides 6 means 6 = 2 × 3 , Here
instead of 6 (m +n) and instead of 3 here used b )
⇒ m + n + n + p = 2 (b + c)
⇒ m + 2n + p = 2 (b + c)
⇒m+p=2(b+c-n)
⇒ m + p = 2d
i.e, 2 divides m + p

2
Thus ( m , p ) ∈ R
So it is a transitive relation .

(iii) R = {(m, n) : m + n is not divisible by 3 } on Z .

m
(iv) R = {(m, n) : n is a power of 5} on Z - {0}.
Ans :-
(a) For Reflexive :-
∀ m ∈ Z - {0}
m
=1=50
m
⇒ (m,m) ∈ R
So R is a reflexive relation .
(b) For Symmetric :-
Let (m , n) ∈ R
m
= 5k
n
n
= 5k
m
⇒ (n,m) ∈ R
So R is a symmetric relation .
(c) For Transitive :-
Let (m,n) , (n,p) ∈ R
m n
⇒ = 5k and = 5l
n p
m n
⇒ × = 5k+l
n p
m
⇒ = 5s (Where k+l = s : assumed )
p
i.e, (m,p) ∈ R
So it is a Transitive relation .

(v) R = {(m, n) : mn is divisible by 2 } on Z .

(vi) R = {(m, n) : 3 divides m − n} on {1, 2, 3, ...., 10} .

Ans :-
(a) For Reflexive :-

3
 Clearly ∀ m ∈ A ,
⇒ m - m = 0 , Which is divisible by 3
⇒(m,m) ∈ R
i.e, R is a reflexive relation
(b) For Symmetric :-
Let (m,n) ∈ R
⇒ m - n is divisible by 3
⇒ n - m is also divisible by 3
⇒ (n,m) ∈ R
So R is symmetric relation .
(c) For Transitive :-
Let (m,n) , (n,p) ∈ R
⇒ m - n and n - p are divisible by 3
⇒ m - n + n - p is divisible y 3 also
⇒ m - p is divisible by 3
⇒(m,p) ∈ R
R is a transitive relation .

4. Give an example of the following questions

(i) reflexive , symmetric but not transitive .
Ans :-
R = {(a, b), (b, a), (a, c), (c, a), (a, a), (b, b), (c, c)} on {a,b,c}
(ii) reflexive , transitive but not symmetric .
Ans :-
R = {(x,y) : x ≤y , where x,y ∈ Z }
(iii) symmetric , transitive but not reflexive .
Ans :-
R = {(a,a),(a,b),(a,c),(b,a),(b,b),(b,c),(c,a),(c,b),(c,c)} on {a,b,c,d}
(iv) reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive .
Ans :-
R = {(a,a),(b,b),(c,c),(a,b),(b,c)} on Set {a,b,c}
(v) transitive but neither reflexive nor symmetric .
Ans :-
R = {(a,b),(b,c),(a,c)} on Set A = {a,b,c}

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 (vi) an empty relation .
Ans :-
On N (Natural Number) R = {(x+y) : x + y = -5}
(vii) a universal relation .
Ans ;-
On N (Natural Number ) R = {(x,y) : x + y > 0 }

5. Find the least positive integer r such that

(i) 185 ≡ 7 ( mod r )
Ans :-
This means 185 - r = 7k
where r < 7 and k ∈ Z .
Here 185 = 26 × 7 + 3
Thus Dividing 185 by 7 we get remainder 3 ., i.e, r = 3 .
(ii) -375 ≡ 11 ( mod r )
Ans :-
This means -375 - r = 11k
where r < 11 and k ∈ Z .
Here -375 = -34 × 11 - 1
Thus Dividing -375 by 11 we get remainder -1
Now If remainder comes as negative so we subtract that by the given nu
(Here 11) ; 11 - 1 = 10 ., i.e, r = 10 .
Or :-
-375 = -35 × 11 + 10
Here remainder comes directly 10
(iii) -12 ≡ 13 ( mod r )
Ans :-
This means -12 - r = 13k
where r < 13 and k ∈ Z .
Here -12 = 0 × 13 - 12
Thus Dividing -12 by 13 we get remainder -12
Now If remainder comes as negative so we subtract that by the given nu
(Here 11) ; 13 - 12 = 1 ., i.e, r = 1 .
Or :-

5
 -12 = 13 × -1 + 1
So remainder comes here 1 directly .
(iv) 7 × 13 × 23 × 413 ≡ r ( mod 11 )
(v) 6 × 18 × 27 × (-225) ≡ r ( mod 8 )
(vi) 1936 × 8789 ≡ r ( mod 4 )
(vii) 1237 ( mod 4 ) + 985 ( mod 4 ) ≡ r ( mod 4 )

6. 276x + 128 ≡ 4 (mod 7)

7. R = {(m, n) ∈ N 2 : m + n ≥ 50} is a relation on the set of counting

numbers N . Verify the relation for reflexive , symmetric or transitive .
Ans :

Here given that

R = {(m, n) ∈ N × N : m + n ≥ 50}
(i) For reflexive :-
If m = 2
then m + m = 2 + 2 = 4
Thus (m , m) ≱ 50
i.e, the relation is not reflexive .

(ii) For Symmetric :-

Let (m,n) ∈ R
⇒ m + n ≥ 50
⇒ n + m ≥ 50
i.e, (n, m) ∈ R
F or(m, n)∈ R ∃ (n,m) ∈ R
i.e, The Relation is symmetric .

(iii) For transitive :-

(m,n) ∈ R , (n,p) ∈ R
Then (m,p) ∈ R
e.g:- m = 10 , n = 50 and p = 20
then m + n = 10 + 50 = 60 ≥ 50
n + p = 50 + 20 = 70 ≥ 50
m + p = 10 + 20 = 30 ≱ 50
i.e, The relation is not transitive .

6
 8. Let R be a relation on Z such that (a-b) is an integer .Test whether R is
an equivalence relation .
Ans :
R = {(a, b) : (a − b)∈ Z }
(i) For reflexive : −
Leta ∈ Z
⇒a-a=0∈Z
i.e, (a,a) ∈ Z
Thus the relation is Reflexive .
(ii) For symmetric :-
Let a , b ∈ Z
and To show that (b,a) ∈ Z
⇒a-b∈Z
⇒-(b-a)∈Z
⇒b-a∈Z
i.e, (b, a)∈ R
So it is a symmetric Relation .
(iii) For Transitive :-
Let a , b , c ∈ Z
and (a,b) ∈R , (b,c) ∈ R
⇒ a - b ∈ Z and b-c ∈ Z
⇒a-b+b-c∈Z
⇒a - c ∈ Z
i.e, (a,c) ∈ R .
So it is a transitive relation
Thus R is an equivalence Relation .

9. Let A = {3,5} . Then the number of reflexive relations on A is

(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 0 (d) 8
Ans :- Nu of Reflexive relations From a set A to itself is N = 2n(n
- 1) , where n is the nu of elements of A .

10. Let the relation R in the set A ={x∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 } , given by R =

{(a,b) : |a − b| is a multiple of 4 } . then [1] , the equivalence classes

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 containing 1 are
(a) {1,5,9}
(b) {0,1,2,5}
(c) ϕ
(d) A
Ans :-
Here A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6...,12}
R:A→A
R = R = {(a,b) : |a − b| = 4m }
So R is a equivalence relation we know that (Questions has been
done on this basis .)
So here R = {1 , 5 , 9}
Because 5 - 1 = 4 , 9 - 1 = 8 and 9 - 5 = 4 and all these are
multiple of 4 .

11. Assertion (A) the relation

f : {1,2,3,4} → {x,y,z,p} defined by
f = {(1,x),(2,y),(3,z)} is a bijective function
Reason (R) :- f : {1,2,3,4} → {x,y,z,p}
f : {(1,x),(2,y),(3,z)} is One - One .
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the Correct Explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are True and R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true and R is false
(d) A is false , But R is true .
Ans :- Function is not bijective Because it is not one - one and
onto : So , Option D is correct Option .

12. An equivalence Relation R in A divides it into equivalence classes A1 ,A2 ,A3

. What is the value of A1 ∪A2 ∪A3 and A1 ∩A2 ∩A3 .
Ans :- A1 ∪A2 ∪A3 = A
A1 ∩A2 ∩A3 = ϕ
√
13. A relation R in the set of real numbers R defined as R = {(a,b) : a=
b} is a function or not . Justify
Ans :- R : R → R

8
 So not a function Because negative real numbers in domain will
not have any image in Co-domain
It would be a function if It should be given on + Real number

14. Let A = {1,2,3,4} and R be the equivalence relation on A×A defined be

(a,b)R(c,d) iff a + d = b + c . Find the equivalence class containing [1,3]
Ans :- Here given R : A×A → A × A
and a + d = b + c
⇒1+d=3+c
⇒ c - d = -2
[1, 3] = [(1,3),(2,4)]

15. If R = {(x,y) : x + 2y = 8} is a relation on N , then write the range of R

Ans :- Range = Set of values of y
8−x
i.e, y =
2
Take values of x from 1 upto 8 you will see that when values of
y are 2 , 4 and 6
you get y values as natural numbers so Range of R = {1,2,3}

16. How many equivalence relations on the set {1,2,3} containing (1,2) and
(2,1) are there in all ?
Ans :- Only Two (Find out yourself )
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1)}
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(3,2),(2,3)}

17. if Relation R is defined as aRb if ’a is the father of b ’ . Then R is

Ans :- not a reflexive , transitive or symmetric
For reflexive :-
(a,a) ∈
/ R as a can not be the father of self or a .
So It is not a reflexive relation .
For Symmetric :-
Let (a,b) ∈ R i.e, a is the father of b
But (b,a) ∈
/ R because b can not be the father of a if a is already the
father of b .
So it not a symmetric relation .

9
 For Transitive :-
Let (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R
i.e, a is the father of b and b is the father of c This does not mean that a
is the father of c
i.e, a can not be the father of c
So (a,c) ∈
/R
it is not a transitive relation

18. A relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3} is defined as R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (3, 3)}
Which of the following ordered pair in R shall be removed to make it an
equivalence relation ?
(a) (1,1) (b) (2,2)
(c) (1,2) (d) (3,3)

19. (A) :Let f : R → R be defined by f(x) = x2 + 1 . Then , Pre-images of 17

are ± 4 .
(R) : A function f: A → B is one -one , if distinct elements of A have
distinct images in B .
(a) A is true , R is true ; R is correct explanation of A
(b) A is true , R is true ; R is not a correct explanation of A .
(c) A is true ; R is false .
(d) A is false ; R is true .

20. I f R = {(a,a3 ); a is a prime number less than 5 )} be a relation . Find

the range of R .
Ans :- Range is {8 , 27}

21. Check the Relation R in the set R of real numbers defined as

R = {(a,b) : a < b} is
(i) Symmetric
(ii) Transitive

22. If A = R - {3} and B = R - {1} . Consider the function f : A → B defined

x−2
by f(x) = for all x ∈ A . Then show that f is one one and onto .
x−3
(Here Domain Is A and Range is B i.e, Y = R - {1} : For Onto )

10
23. Prove that the relation R on Z defined as R = {(x,y) : (x - y) is divisible
by 5 } is an equivalence relation .

x
24. Show that the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = , ∀ x ∈ R is
x2 +1
neither one-one nor onto .

25. Find the number of relations and equivalence relations on the

set A = {1,2,3} . Also find all the equivalence relations on A .
Ans :-
Given A = {1,2,3}
The nu of relations on A is = 2n×n , where n is the nu of elements of Set
A.
9
i.e, 2 .
Equivalence Relations On Set A are
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,3),(3,1)}
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1)}
R = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(3,2),(2,3)}
R = {(1,1,),(2,2,),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1),(2,3),(3,2)}

* Note :- Bell Number

1
12
235
5 7 10 15
15 20 27 37 52
52 67 87 114 151 203

Bell number system is used to find the nu of equivalence relations Accord-

ing to the nu of elements of given set .

26. Show that f : R → R defined by f(x) = |x| is neither one-one nor onto .

27. Set A has 3 elements and set B has 4 elements . The number of injective
( One - One ) mappings that can be defined from A into B is ;

11
 (a) 144 (b) 12
(c) 24 (d) 64
4!
Ans :- = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24
(4 − 3)!
28. Set A has 5 elements and Set B has 3 elements . Find the number of
relations from A to B .
Ans :- |A| × |B| = 3 × 5 = 15
total nu of relations from set A to Set B = 23×5 = 215

29. The maximum Nu of equivalence relations on the set A = {1,2,3} are ?

30. If the relation R is defined on the set A = {1,2,3,4,5} by R = {(a,b) :

|a2 − b2 | < 8} . Then find the relation on R

31. Check whether the Relation R defined in the set A = {1,2,3,4,5,6} as R

= {(x,y) : y is divisible by x } Is a Reflexive , Symmetric and transitive
Relation Or not ?

32. Let a Relation R on the set of N (Natural numbers ) be defined

as R = {(x,y) : 3x2 + 4y2 - 7xy = 0 ; x , y ∈ N } . then show
that the Relation R on Set N is reflexive but neither symmetric
nor transitive .
Ans :-
Given that R = {(x,y) : 3x2 + 4y2 - 7xy = 0 ; x , y ∈ N }
= {(x,y) : 3x2 + 4y2 - 3xy - 4xy = 0 ; x , y ∈ N }
= {(x,y) : 3x ( x - y ) - 4y ( x - y ) = 0 ; x , y ∈ N }
= {(x,y) : (x - y) ( 3x - 4y ) = 0 ; x , y ∈ N }
Here we get those ordered pairs (x,y) which satisfy the equation defined
in R
(a) For Reflexive :-
Since xRx ⇒ (x-x)(3x-4x) = 0
⇒0=0
So It is reflexive .
(b) For Symmetric :-
Now xRy ⇒ (x - y) (3x - 4y) = 0
and yRx ⇒ (y - x) (3y - 4x) = 0

12
 Clearly xRy ̸= yRx
So , R is not Symmetric
Similarly it can be checked that R is not Transitive . (Hence Shown )

33. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R is a relation in T given
By R = {(T1 ) ,T2 ) : T1 is congruent to T2 and T1 , T2 ∈ T } . Show
that R is an equivalence Relation .

Or -

Show that the Relation ’ is Similar to ’ on the set of all triangles in a plane
is an equivalence relation .

34. If a relation R on the set {1,2,3} is defined by R = {(1,2)} , Then R is

which type Relation
(a) Reflexive
(b) Transitive
(c) Symmetric
(d) None of these

35. The relation R in the set of natural numbers N defined by R = {(x,y) : y

= x + 5 and x < 4} is
(a) Reflexive
(b) Transitive
(c) Symmetric
(d) None of these

36. Let set x = {1,2,3} and a Relation R is defined on X as R ={(1,3),(2,2),(3,2)}

, then minimum ordered pairs required to in order to make the relation
reflexive and symmetric are
(a) {(1,2),(2,3),(1,1)}
(b) {(3,3),(3,1),(1,2)}
(c) {(1,1),(3,3),(3,1),(2,3)}
(d) {(1,1),(3,3),(3,1),(1,2)}

37. If A = {x ∈ Z : 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 } and R is the relation in A given by R =

{(a,b) : a = b} Then , the set of all elements related to 1 is

13
 (a) {1,2} (b) {2,3}
(c) {1} (d) {2}

38. Determine whether the function f : A → B defined by F(x) =

4x + 7 , ∀ x ∈ A is One-One ?
Ans :- Given f : A → B defined by F(x) = 4x + 7 , ∀ x ∈ A
let x1 and x2 ∈ A
Such that f( x1 ) = f( x2 )
⇒ 4 x1 + 7 = 4 x2 + 7
⇒ 4x1 = 4 x2
⇒ x1 = x2
So , f is One - One Function .

39. Show that the signum Function f : R → R is many-one .

40. Show that the function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x2 is neither

one-one nor onto .
Ans :-
For One - One :-
Here at x = 1 f(1)= 1
at x = -1 , f(-1) = 1
Thus f(1) = f(-1) , but 1 ̸= -1
So function is not one - one .
For Onto :-
Let y ∈ R (Co-domain ) be any arbitrary element .
Then y = f(x)
⇒ y = x2
√
⇒x=± y
√
Now for y = -2 ∈ R x = ± −2 ∈
/R.
So function is not onto .

41. Let R be the set of all non zero real numbers . Then show that
1
f : R → R given by f(x) = is one-one and onto .
x
Ans :- For one - one (Do it yourself )
For Onto :-

14
 Let Y ∈ R be any arbitrary element .
Then y = f(x)
1
⇒y=
x
1
⇒x=
y
It is clear that for every y ∈ R (Co -Domain ) , x ∈ R (Domain) Thus for
1 1
each y ∈ R ( Co - Domain) , there exists x = such that f(x) = f( ) =
y y
1
= y : So F is onto .
1
y
42. Show that the function f : N → N , Given by f(x) = 2x is one - one but
not onto .

43. Give an example of functions which is

(i) Surjective but not injective .
Ans :-
f(x) = Sin x From R → [−1, 1]
(ii) injective but not surjective .
Ans :-
x
f(x) = From Z → R
2
(iii) neither injective nor surjective .
Ans :-
x
f(x) = , f : (-1,1) → R
1 − x2
(iv) Bijective
Ans :-
f(x) = x3 + 1
Or f(x) = x2
f: R→R.
Or :- f: {1,2,3} → {4,5,6} is an example of bijective function .

44. f : X → Y is onto if and only if

(a) Range of f = Y
(b) Range of f ̸= Y

15
 (c) range of f < Y
(d) Range of f ≥ Y

45. Let A = {1,2,3,....,n} and B = {a,b} , Then the number of surjections

from A into B is ;
(a) n P2
(b) 2n - 2
(c) 2n - 1
(iv) None of these

46. If the set A contains 5 elements and set B contains 6 elements , then the
number of one -one mappings from A to B is ?
(a) 720 (b) 120
(c) 0

47. The greatest integer function f : R → R is

(a) One - One
(b) Onto
(c) Both Onto and One - One
(d) Neither One - One nor Onto .

48. The nu of all one - one functions from set A = {1,2,3} to itself is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 3 (d) 1

49. Check which of the following functions are bijective or not

x
(i) f(x) = , f : (-1,1) → R
1 − x2
(ii) f : R → R , f(x) = |x|
(iii) Show that f : R → R , f(x) = Cos x is neither one -one nor onto .

Best Questions from Books

50. Let P = {(x,y) : x2 + y2 = 1 , x , y ∈ R }

Then P is
(a) reflexive (b) symmetric

16
 (c) transitive (d) antisymmetric
Ans :- Obviously The relations is not reflexive and transitive
Because
x2 + x2 ̸= 1
So , (x,x) ∈
/ R
For Transitive :-
Let (x,y) ∈ R and (y,z) ∈ R
x2 + y2 = 1 and y2 + z2 = 1
⇒ x2 + y2 = y2 + z2
⇒ x2 = z2
/ R , Because as x = z so x2 + z2 = 1 (Never Possible)
This means (x,z) ∈
But It is symmetric as
x2 + y2 = y2 + x2
So (y,x) ∈ R If (x,y) ∈ R

x−m
51. Let F : R -n {n} → R be a function defined by f(x) = , where m
x−n
̸= n
(a) f is One - One Onto
(b) f is One - One Into
(c) f is many one Onto
(d) f is Many one Into
Ans :- Let x , y ∈ R such that f(x) = f(y)
x−m y−m
Or equivalently =
x−n y−n
⇒x=y
Hence , f is One - One . Let α ∈ R such that f(x) = α
x−m
⇒ =α
x−n
m − nα
⇒x=
1−α
Clearly for α = 1 x ∈
/ R . So , f is not onto , Hence option (b) is
correct .

52. Consider the following statements :

(I) parallelism of lines is an equivalence relation
(II) xRy , If x is a father of y , is an equivalence relation .

17
 Which Option is correct
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) Neither I nor II

53. The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = ( x2 + 1 )35 for all x ∈ R is

(a) One - One but Not Onto (c) Both One - One and Onto
(b) Onto But not One - One (d) Neither One - One nor Onto

54. The function f(x) = ex , x ∈ R is

(a) One - One but Not Onto (c) Both One - One and Onto
(b) Onto But not One - One (d) Neither One - One nor Onto

55. Let R and S be two equivalence relations on a Set A . Then

(a) R ∪ S is an equivalence relation on A
(b) R ∩ S is an equivalence relation on A
(c) R - S is an equivalence relation on A
(d) None of these
Ans :- R : A → A and S : A → A So R ∩ S : A → A
i.e, R ∩ S is also a relation on A
For Reflexive :-
Let a be any arbitrary element of set A .
Then a ∈ A ⇒ (a,a) ∈ R and (a,a) ∈ S
Thus (a,a) ∈ R ∩ S
So R ∩ S Is a reflexive relation on A

For Symmetric :-
Let a, b ∈ A such that (a,b) ∈ R ∩ S
⇒ (a,b) ∈ R and (a,b) ∈ S
⇒ (b,a) ∈ R and (b,a) ∈ S ( Because R and S are Symmetric relations )
So (b,a) ∈ R ∩ S
i.e, R ∩ S Is a symmetric relation on set A
For Transitive :-
Let a,b,c ∈ A such that (a,b) ∈ R ∩ S and (b,c) ∈ R ∩ S
⇒ (a,b) ∈ R and (a,b) ∈ S
and (b,c) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ S
⇒ (a,b) ∈ R and (b,c) ∈ R

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 and (a,b) ∈ S and (b,c) ∈ S
⇒ (a,c) ∈ R and (a,c) ∈ S (Because R and S are transitive Relations )
⇒ (a,c) ∈ R ∩ S
So (a,c) ∈ R ∩ S .
Hence R ∩ S Is an equivalence relation .

56. If R is the largest equivalence relation on set A and S is any relation on

A , then
(a) R ⊂ S (b) R = S
(c) S ⊂ R
Ans :- S ⊂ R
Since R is the largest equivalence relation on set A
i.e, R ⊊ A × A
Since S is any Relation on A
S⊂A×A
So , S ⊂ R .

57. Let A = {1,2,3,4} and R be the relation in A given By = (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),

(1,2),(2,1),(3,1),(1,3)} , Then R is
(a) Reflexive (b) Antisymmetric
(c) Transitive (d) an equivalence relation
Ans :- Reflexive Because Every possible doublets are present and
not transitive but symmetric

58. Let a relation R is defined by R over the non - negative integers as xRy
⇒ x2 + y2 = 36 . What is R
(a) {(0,6)}
√ √
(b) {(0,6), ( 11,5), (3,3 3)}
(c) {(6,0),(0,6)}
Ans :- Correct Option is C

59. If A is a finite set having n elements , then nu of relations which can be

defined in A is :-
Ans :- 2n×n

60. Let N denote the set of all non-negative natural numbers and Z denote
the set of all integers . The f : Z → N given by f(x) = |x| is

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 (a) One - One but Not Onto
(b) Onto But not One - One
(c) Both One - One and Onto
Ans:- Option b is the correct Answer.

61. Let A = {x,y,z} and B = {p,q,r,s} , What is the number of distinct

Relations from A to B ?
Ans :- 23×4 = 2 12
= 4096
√
62. If a Relation R defined on set of real numbers as xRy ⇔ x - y + 2 is an
irrational number , then the Relation R is ;
Ans :- (i) R is reflexive relation because
√ √
xRx ⇔ x - x + 2 = 2 , is an irrational number ;
(ii) For symmetric :-
√ √
R is not a symmetric relation as ( 2 , 1 ) ∈ R but (1, 2) ∈
/R.
√ √ √ √
i.e, x = 2 and y = 1 then 2 - 1 + 2 = 2 2 - 1 ; an irrational number
√ √ √
But x = 1 and y = 2 then 1 - 2 + 2 = 1 : is not an irrational number
(iii) For Transitive :-
R is not transitive relation as
√ √ √ √
( 2 , 1) ∈ R and (1 ,2 2 ) ∈ R but ( 2 ,2 2 ) ∈
/ R . (Self proof )

63. Let A = {1,2,3} and R , S be two relations on A given by R = {(1,1),(2,2),

(3,3),(1,2),(2,1)} and S = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,3),(3,2)} Then R ∪ S is
Ans:- R ∪ S = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(1,2),(2,1),(1,3),(3,1)}
It is reflexive , symmetric but not transitive because (1,2) and (2,3) ∈ R
∪ S but (1,3) ∈
/R∪S.

2 4x + 3
64. Show that the function f in A = R - { } defined as f(x) = is One
3 6x − 4
- One and Onto
Ans:- F : A →A
4x + 3
f(x) =
6x − 4
For One - One :-
let x1 and x2 ∈ A
Such that f( x1 ) = f( x2 )
4x1 + 3 4x2 + 3
⇒ =
6x1 − 4 6x2 − 4

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 ⇒ (4 x1 + 3)(6x2 − 4) = (6x1 − 4)(4x2 + 3)
⇒ 34 x2 = 34 x1 (By Multiplying and cancelling you will get this )
i.e, x2 = x1
Hence One - One .
For Onto :-
4x + 3
y=
6x − 4
6xy - 4y = 4x + 3
6xy - 4x = 4y + 3
4y + 3
x=
6y − 4

Dom Co-Domain
A →A
For x to be real nu 6y - 4 = 0
2
⇒ y ̸=
3
2
For y = R - { }
3
We will have real value of x : So it is a Onto Function .

 f : N → N , Given by
65. Show that
x − 1 if x is odd

f(x) =
x + 1 If x is even


is bijective (Both One - One and Onto . )

Ans :-
For One - One :-
Let x1 , x2 ∈ N (Both are Odd )
f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ x1 + 1 = x2 + 1
⇒x1 = x2
Similarly
Let x1 , x2 ∈ N (Both are even )
f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ x1 - 1 = x2 - 1
⇒x1 = x2

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 Case - 3 :- Let x1 and x2 ∈ N (One is even and Another is odd )
f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ x1 - 1 = x2 + 1
⇒x1 - x2 = 2 ( This is not possible because
Difference between two even nu and odd nu can never be 2 )
So This case is not possible .
Hence it is One - One
For Onto :-
For every even y ∈ N
We have y - 1 ∈ N
For odd y ∈ N
We have y + 1 ∈ N
Clearly Range of f(x) = N = Co-domain
Hence It is an Onto Function .

66. Show that the relation S in the set R Of real numbers defined as S = {(a,b)
: a , b ∈ R and a ≤ b3 } is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive .
Ans :- For Reflexive :-
1 1
As ( , ) ∈ /R
2 2
1 1
Because ≰ 3
2 2
So not reflexive
For symmetric :-
As (1,2) ∈ R i.e, 1 ≤ 23
/ R i.e, 2 ≰ 13
but (2,1) ∈
So not Symmetric
For transitive :-
Let (10,3) ∈ R and (3,2) ∈ R
/ R as 10 ≰ 23
But (10,2) ∈
So not a transitive relation .

67. Show that a function f : R → R given by f(x) = ax + b , a ,b ∈ R and a

̸= 0 is a bijective function .
Ans :-
For One - One :-

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 f: R→R
f(x) = ax + b
let x1 , x2 ∈ R
such that f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
ax1 + b = ax2 + b
x1 = x2 Hence One - one
For Onto :-
Given y = ax + b
y−b
x= and also given that a ̸= 0
a
Here For any y ∈ R (Co-domain )
We have x ∈ R (domain)
under function y = ax + b
Hence Onto .

68. A relation R is defined on a set of real numbers R as R = {(x,y) : x . y is

an irrational number } . Check whether R is Reflexive , Symmetric and
transitive or not ?
Ans :-
For Reflexive :-
Let 1 ∈ R
1 . 1 = 1 , not an irrational number
So (1,1) ∈
/R
So not reflexive
For Symmetric :-
Let (a,b) ∈ R
i.e, a.b is an irrational number Then
b.a is also an irrational number
So , (b,a) ∈ R
Hence it is symmetric
For transitive :-
√
Let (1, 2) ∈ R
√
i.e, 1 . 2 is an irrational number
√
Again ( 2 , 3 ) ∈ R

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 √
i.e, 2 . 3 is an irrational number
But (1 , 3) ∈
/R
Thus it is not transitive

69. If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be the Relation on N ×
N define by (a,b)R(c,d) . If ad (b+c) = bc (a+d)
Show that it is an equivalence relation .
Ans :-
Do it yourself

x
70. Show that the function f : R →R defined by f(x) = ,
x2 +1
is neither One - One nor Onto .
Ans :-
For One - One :-
f : R →R
x
f(x) =
x2 + 1
For x1 , x2 ∈ R (Domain)
f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
x1 x2
⇒ =
x21 +1 x22 + 1
⇒ x1 + x1 . x2 2 = x2 + x 2 x1 2
⇒ x1 - x2 = 0 or x1 x2 = 1
Here It is not One - One (Because x1 x2 = 1 )
For Onto :-
x
y= 2
x +1
y x2 + y = x
y x2 + y - x = 0
For y to be real D ≥ 0
1 - 4y2 ≥ 0
1 ≥ 4y2
So y ∈ [ 12 , 12 ]
This is the Range and R (Set of real numbers)is the Co-domain So
Not Onto (Range ̸= Co-domain )

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71. Show that which of the following function are One - One , Onto or Bijective
or not .
(i) f : R → R , f(x) = 3 - 4x
(ii) f : R → R , f(x) = 1 + x2

72. Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive , symmetric
and transitive or not .
(i) R = {(x,y) : x and y work at the same place }
(ii) R = {(x,y) : x and y live in the same locality }
(iii) R = {(x,y) : x is exactly 7 cm taller than y }
(iv) R = {(x,y) : x is wife of y }
(v) R = {(x,y) : x is father of y }

73. Show that the relation R in the set or R (Real Numbers ) , defined as
(i) R = {(a,b) : a ≤ b2 }
(ii) R = {(a,b) : a ≤ b3 }
(iii) R = {(a,b) : a ≤ b }
Is reflexive , symmetric and transitive or not ?

74. Let R be the relation in the set N given by R = {(a,b) : a = b - 2 and b

> 6 } . Choose the correct answer
(a) (2,4) ∈ R (b) (3,8) ∈ R
(c) (6,8) ∈ R (d) (8,7) ∈ R .

Note :-

When you have to prove not reflexive or something , Then give an example

- Or -

If you want to prove Reflexive don’t give an example (otherwise you have
to give infinite examples .)

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 All Exercise Questions Done by me ....... ( Practice all those )

Note :- To Study Basic Things

[ Ordered Pair , Cartesian Product , Relation ( From a set A to

another Set B , On a set A to itself ) , Domain , Range and Co-
domain Of Relation , Types Of Relation ( Empty Relation , Universal
Relation , Identity Relation , Reflexive Relation , Symmetric Relation
, Transitive Relation , Equivalence Relation ) ,Equivalence Relation ,
Function , Types of Function (One -One , Many - One , Onto , Into Or
Surjective and injective Functions , Bijective ) , Methodes to check
Onto or Into Functions . ]

-: Thanks Everyone :-
Prepared by :- Asit Kumar Raysingha (M.Sc. Math)

Date -11th September 2024

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