Journal of

Management & Technology Vol. XV No. I, June 2024

A STUDY ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Pawanpreet Kaur1, Dr. Mandeep Kaur2
1
Research Scholar, University School of Financial Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar, Punjab-143005, India.
2
Professor, University School of Financial Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University
Email:- Mandeep.usfs@gndu.ac.in

Abstract
In this competitive era, globalized competition has taken a great pace and in this race of development,
countries like India opt for foreign intake of investment. For this sake, tourism acts as a master key of
all services. Tourism has greater capabilities to generate employment as compare to other services and
earning large amount of foreign exchange. So this has given birth to need of study of Indian tourism
industry. Distinct species of flora, fauna, culture and heritage, ancient buildings and spots for
adventurous activities has given a boost to both native and foreign tourist. This has resulted in dual
benefits of popularity as well as swift economic growth. It had led to generation of employment,
foreign exchange earnings, infrastructure development and boost of GDP. In this paper, the growth
and development of Indian tourism industry has been analyzed. This paper was made taking post
millennium period since 2001-2021. Secondary sources such as Ministry of tourism, government of
India and world travel and tourism council have been used to collect the data. Further, compound
annual growth rate has been used to analyze the collected data. Outcome shows that tourism is the
largest service industry in India with the share of US$178 billion to the national GDP and 6.9 percent
to the total employment in the year 2021. India counted more than one million annual foreign tourist
arrivals and more than 600 million domestic tourist visits in the year 2021. Moreover, the authorities
must decline laissez-faire policy to promote tourism.
Keywords: tourism industry, growth, development, foreign exchange earnings, India

1. Introduction
Broadly, tourism can be referred as lightening fuel for economic development . To uplift this
development, government from all over the world also adds fossil to this fuel. Business tours, leisure
visits and recreational outing are the key factors that leads to tourism. India, with its million species of
natural habitat become the source of attraction and raises the counts of tourist within the country. This
will help to enhance the overall GDP of the country. Multiplier effect of investment can lead to foreign
exchange earnings for both household and government revenues (Kreishan, 2010). Tourism has
provided a chance of boost to both urban and rural areas. This can assist in rural development and

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promote equality (Oh, 2005). It does not only provide occupation to formal sources but also for
informal sources ( Khalil et al., 2007) .
The initial step to raise tourism in India was taken in 1945 by setting up a committee under the
educational advisor of government of India, Sir John sergeant (Krishna, 1993). Thereafter, the
development of tourism was taken up in a planned manner in 1956 coinciding with the second five
year plan. Later, sixth plan contributed as major tool for social integration and economic development
(www.incredibleindia.com). A national policy on tourism was announced in 1982. Later on in 1988,
the national committee on tourism formulated a comprehensive plan for achieving sustainable growth
in tourism (www.ibef.org). Later national action plan, national strategy and new tourism policy was
drafted in 1992, 1996 and 1997 respectively.
The cultural tradition of the country was based on the bywords 'Athidi devo bhava' and 'Vasudhaiva
kudumbakam'. The advertisement campaign 'incredible India' introduced by the ministry of tourism is
to promote India's culture and tourist attractions in a fresh and unforgettable way. Travel and tourism
has not only become one of the world's largest industry but also grows consistently every year (Gupta
and Gupta 2007). In, 2021 India recorded 677.63 million domestic tourist visits, an 11.05 percent
increase from 610.22 million in 2020. Due to COVID-19 Pandemic, fewer foreign tourists came.
Therefore, India received 1.05 million international tourist visits in 2021 than in 2020 (7.17 million),
representing a negative 85.29 percent growth rate. Tourism industry is contributing 5.8% in GDP of
India and contributing 6.9% in total employment in India. (WTTC, 2021). In 2021, India is ranked
54th on the global Travel & Tourism Development Index (TTDI). (World tourism statistics, 2022).
Literature Review
Many researchers worldwide have investigated the link between tourism and its impact on economic
activity. In their study of the Korean tourism sector, Bahamni-oskooee and Alse (1993) found that
economic growth is directly caused by economic expansion. Kulendracan and Wilson (2000) also
noted the strong mutually reinforcing relationship between international travel and trade. Balaguer
and Cantavella-Jorda (2002) explored the long-term economic development of tourism and concluded
that it is a key instrument for promoting economic expansion. Dritsakis (2004) demonstrated how
tourism contributes to Greece's long-term economic growth. Eugenio-Martin et al. (2004) examined
the connection between tourism and economic expansion in Latin American nations from 1985 to
1998, and found that medium- and low-income countries can benefit economically from tourism. In
Turkey, Guduz and Hatemi (2005) found empirical evidence in favor of the tourism-led growth
theory. Oh (2005) conducted research on Korean tourism and concluded that rising tourism revenue
has an impact on economic expansion. Fayissa and Tadasee (2007) used panel data from 42 African
nations and found that the tourism sector makes a substantial contribution to the economic expansion

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of sub-Saharan African nations. Lee and Chang (2008) discovered a unidirectional relationship
leading from tourism to growth in OECD countries, but a bidirectional causal relationship exists
between tourism and growth in non-OECD countries. Kaur and Sharma (2012) studied the growth
and development of the tourism industry in India by analyzing data using the Compound Annual
Growth Rate (CAGR) from 1991 to 2011. According to Shukla (2016), tourism is a significant driver
of a country's economic growth, foreign exchange earnings, and employment. The positive effects of
the tourism industry are also seen in its related sectors, such as airlines and railroads, as per Singh et al.
(2018). Khan et al. (2020) underscored the significance of tourism by examining its global impact on
the economy, while Yadav and Qureshi (2021) discussed the adverse effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on the tourism sector, leading to declines in tourist numbers and economic activity. In recent
years, studies by Holloway and Humphreys (2022), Thommandru et al. (2023), and Ramar and
llavenil (2024) have highlighted the employment and foreign exchange benefits of the tourism sector
in India, particularly focusing destination marketing strategies and efforts to promote religious
tourism. Overall, the past literature demonstrates the multifaceted nature of tourism impact on
economic growth, emphasizing its role as a major driver of employment, foreign exchange earnings,
and economic development.
Need of the study
There are multiple areas which led to arise of need of this study. Service sector is fastest growing
sector of the economy. Indian GDP has a share of more than half of service sector amongst which
tourism plays a crucial role. Initially it has been studied to bind the loopholes of literature by taking
into consideration the recent growth rate of tourism in India. Secondly, it is also studied to know the
contribution of tourism in the employment growth, GDP, as well as foreign exchange earnings.
Thirdly, it may also assist the government to plan for formulation of various policies for promoting
tourism.
Research Gap
Multiple studies have been already done on tourism but they majorly work on relationship and
contribution of different factors for the growth of tourism but only a rare analysis has been made which
indicate the actual growth rate of tourism in India. This paper is unique as just post millennium data has
been used i.e. 2001-2021 which has not been studied by any other researcher till now.
Objectives of the study
To study the growth and development of tourism industry in India.
To study the contribution of tourism sector to GDP and employment in India.
Research Methodology
This descriptive paper utilized data from secondary sources such as the World Travel and Tourism

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Council's website, the Ministry of Tourism in India's website, and Annual Reports of the Tourism
Ministry. Post-millennium data, spanning from 2001 to 2021, was obtained from the Ministry of
Tourism, Government of India's website for Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs), Foreign Exchange
Earnings (FEEs), domestic and foreign tourist visits. The World Travel and Tourism Council's
website provided data on GDP and employment for this period. CAGR technique has been
implemented on the statistical data collected.
CAGR: = [(End Value/Start Value) ^ {1/ (Periods-1)}]-1
Results and Discussion
Foreign Tourists Arrivals
India has a variety of tourist spots which attract large number of domestic as well as international
tourists. India is rich in cultural heritage. Table 1 expresses the number of foreign tourists arrivals in
India during the period of 21 years i.e. 2001-2021 along with growth rates.
Table 1: Foreign Tourists Arrivals (FTA's) in India, 2001-2021
Table 1: Foreign Tourists Arrivals (FTA's) in India, 2001-2021
Years FTA in India (in millions) % change over the previous year
2001 2.54 -
2002 2.38 -6.0
2003 2.73 14.3
2004 3.46 26.8
2005 3.92 13.3
2006 4.45 13.5
2007 5.08 14.3
2008 5.28 4.0
2009 5.17 -2.2
2010 5.78 11.8
2011 6.31 9.2
2012 6.58 4.3
2013 6.97 5.9
2014 7.68 10.2
2015 8.03 4.5
2016 8.80 9.7
2017 10.04 14.0
2018 10.56 5.2
2019 10.93 3.5
2020 2.74 -74.9
2021 1.52 -44.5
CAGR -2.42%
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Source: India Tourism Statistics, 2022

Notable development can be noted from 2002 to 2005 in foreign tourist arrivals due to efforts of
government of India by 'Incredible India' campaign which resulted in growth of 65% in these three
years. Numerically it rose from 2.38 million in 2002 to3.92 million in 2005. Later in the 2008-09, there
was a dramatic fall in the tourism due to the terrorist activities at Taj hotel, and other significant
locations in Mumbai. But a year later, commonwealth games made a recovery to this depression. After
then, there is a swift development every year till 2016. In 2017, government encouraged 'M Visa' and
'Incredible India 2.0' campaign which gave 14% gain in tourism as compared to 2016. COVID-19
pandemic restrictions lead to a 44.5% decline in the total count of FTAs from 2.74 million in 2020 to
1.52 million in 2021. The Compound Annual Growth Rate in FTA in India during the period 2001-
2021 was -2.42%.

Fig: 1
Foreign exchange earnings
Foreign exchange earnings can be referred as invoice made by foreign travels in the domestic territory
in the form of foreign currency that may ultimately raise foreign exchange reserve of India. This might
not be a greater count in globalized competition but it contributes extravagant share in per capita
income of the country. Table no. 2 depicts the foreign exchange earnings from tourism in India during
the period from 2001 to 2021 and also its growth rate over previous year. ƒIncredible India≈ was an
effective campaign which result a hike in foreign exchange earnings. From the year of 2007, the
foreign exchange earnings have arose from US$ 10729 to US$ 14490 in 2010 to US$ 18445 in 2013
and decline due to COVID-19 to US$ 6958 in 2020 and US$ 8797 in 2021.
Table 2: Foreign Exchange Earnings (FEE) in India, 2001-2021
Years FEE from Tourism in India(in US$ million) % change over the previous year
2001 3198 -
2002 3103 -2.97
2003 4463 43.82
2004 6170 38.24
2005 7493 21.44
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2006 8634 15.22

2007 10729 24.26
2008 11832 10.28
2009 11136 -5.88
2010 14490 30.11
2011 17707 22.20
2012 17971 1.49
2013 18397 2.37
2014 19700 7.08
2015 21013 6.66
2016 22923 9.08
2017 27310 19.13
2018 28586 4.67
2019 30058 5.14
2020 6958 -76.84
2021 8797 26.4
CAGR 4.94%
Source: India Tourism Statistics, 2022
Overall the foreign exchange earnings jumped from 2001 to 2021 but in this progressive stage of swift
growth, the attacks in 2008 to 2009 and COVID-19 restrictions in 2020 to 2021 showed a decline in
foreign exchange. The Compound Annual Growth Rate in FEEs in India during the period 2001-2021
was 4.94%.

Fig: 2
Domestic and foreign tourists visits in India (numbers), 2001-2021
Table no. 3 represents the no. of domestic as well as foreign tourist arrivals to various spots in India.
From the statistical data from ministry of tourism report, the number of tourist from native country
have grown continuously every year which contributes a great percentage in earnings and national
income, also contributing a major share towards employment generation. Simultaneously the no. of
foreign tourist has also grown in subsequent manner and a swift growth has been analyzed over a no. of

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years. Only the dark period of terrorist attacks in the year 2001 on legislative assembly in Jammu
Kashmir and Parliament complex attack in New Delhi had given a shock to tourism industry. In 2002,
the recovery measures were taken by Tourism ministry and government of India with the campaign
ƒIncredible India≈. Additionally in 2008 attacks on Taj hotel created security questions in the minds of
foreign travelers which led to falling visitors count but no effect was witnessed on domestic tourists.
Over that Global financial recession and inflation added fuel to this fire. For remedial measures
ƒIncredible India 2.0≈ was launched in 2017. In 2019, domestic tourist visits increased by 25.33
percent over the previous year. On the other hand, there has been an increase in foreign tourist visits in
2019 as compared to 2017, 2018. However, domestic tourist visits remain far higher than foreign
tourist visits. Aside from that, foreign tourists generally have a better level of awareness than domestic
tourists. Table 3: Domestic and Foreign Tourist Visits to India (Numbers), 2001-2021
No. of Tourists (in million) Annual growth rate
Years
Domestic Foreign Domestic Foreign
2001 236.47 5.44 - -
2002 269.60 5.16 14.01 -5.10
2003 309.04 6.71 14.60 30.10
2004 366.27 8.36 18.50 24.60
2005 392.04 9.95 7.00 19.00
2006 462.44 11.74 18.00 18.10
2007 526.70 13.26 13.90 12.90
2008 563.03 14.38 6.90 8.40
2009 668.80 14.37 18.80 -0.10
2010 747.70 17.91 11.80 24.60
2011 864.53 19.50 15.60 8.90
2012 1045.05 18.26 20.90 -6.30
2013 1142.53 19.95 9.30 9.20
2014 1282.80 22.33 12.92 13.12
2015 1431.97 23.33 11.60 4.48
2016 1615.39 24.71 12.80 5.92
2017 1657.55 26.89 2.61 8.82
2018 1853.79 28.87 11.82 7.36
2019 2321.98 31.41 25.33 8.80
2020 610.22 7.17 -73.70 -77.17
2021 677.63 1.05 11.00 -85.35
CAGR 5.14% -7.53%
Source: India Tourism Statistics, 2022
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Fig: 3

In, 2021 India recorded 677.63 million domestic tourist visits, an 11 percent increase from 610.22
million in 2020. Due to COVID-19 Pandemic, fewer foreign tourists came. Therefore, India received
1.05 million international tourist visits in 2021 than in 2020 (7.17 million), representing a negative
85.29 percent growth rate. The CAGR of both the categories can be predicted as 5.14% for domestic
tourist and -7.53% for foreign tourist arrivals.
State wise scene of foreign tourist arrivals in India
In India there are top 10 states where the foreign tourist visits every year. These states are of Punjab,
Maharashtra, Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Rajasthan. The
number of native and foreign tourists visits frequently to the important places to these states. Table no.
4 represents the total number of foreign tourists' visits to these states in 2021.

Table 4: State wise scene of foreign tourist arrivals in India

Foreign tourist visits in 2021
Rank State/UT
Number Percentage(%) share
1 Punjab 308135 29.2
2 Maharashtra 185643 17.6
3 Delhi 100178 9.5
4 Karnataka 72487 6.9
5 Kerala 60487 5.7
6 Tamil Nadu 57622 5.5
7 Uttar Pradesh 44737 4.2
8 Madhya Pradesh 41601 3.9
9 West Bengal 34828 3.3
10 Rajasthan 34806 3.3
Total of Top 10 940524 89.2
Others 114118 10.8
G. Total 1054642 100.0
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Fig: 4

Contribution of Travel and Tourism to GDP in India

Total contribution to GDP means GDP generated directly by the travel and tourism industry plus its
indirect and induced impact. The total GDP rose from US$ 55.9 billion in 2001 to US$ 178.0 billion in
2021. There is a great jump in GDP of the tourism share in Indian economy in the year 2006-07. Due to
COVID-19 pandemic, it was decline in 2019. The compound rate of total contribution to GDP was
5.67% during the time lap of 2001-2021.

Table 6: Travel & Tourism Contribution to GDP, 2001-2021

Years Total Contribution to GDP (US$ Billions) Total Growth (%)
2001 55.9 -
2002 67.5 20.75
2003 82.6 22.37
2004 92.1 11.5
2005 78.6 -14.66
2006 85.7 9.03
2007 114.4 33.49
2008 124.9 9.18
2009 118.4 -5.2
2010 147.0 24.16
2011 166.6 13.33
2012 165.9 -0.42
2013 172.91 3.32
2014 185.63 7.88
2015 201.43 5.03
2016 219.72 7.26
2017 232.01 5.59
2018 247.37 6.62
2019 191.3 -22.67
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2020 121.9 36.28

2021 178.0 46.02
CAGR 5.67%
Source: World Travel & Tourism report, 2022

Fig: 5

Contribution of Travel and Tourism to Employment in India

Tourism industry creates a path for employment for formal as well as informal sectors in the economy.
This employment includes both skilled as well as unskilled people. For this concern, government of
India also takes initiative at certain times. Table no. 7 shows that total contribution to travel and
tourism industry to employment has been increased from 40415.7 in year 2001 to 43649.9 in year
2019. This was majorly due to collaborations with various alien countries like with Indonesia in 2006
in hospitality sector, with Russia in 2008 for action plan and with Singapore in 2009 for action plan on
tourism cooperation. Further, due to COVID-19 restrictions, it was decline after 2019.
Table 7: Travel & Tourism Contribution to Employment, 2001-2021
Years FEE from Tourism in India(in US$ million) % change over the previous year
2001 40415.7 -
2002 45687.2 13.04
2003 48889.9 7.01
2004 49770.0 1.8
2005 42837.2 -13.93
2006 43132.7 0.69
2007 47105.1 9.21
2008 38904.6 -17.41
2009 36924.2 -5.09
2010 36159.1 -2.08
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2011 37153.6 2.75

2012 37571.5 1.12
2013 38077.5 1.35
2014 39016.2 2.47
2015 39633.9 1.58
2016 40534.6 2.27
2017 41622.5 2.68
2018 42672.7 2.52
2019 43649.9 2.29
2020 29067.0 -33.41
2021 32264.4 11
CAGR -1.07%
Source: world travel and tourism report, 2022

Fig: 6
Findings
From the above study made, it was found out that
1. The Compound Annual Growth Rate in FTA in India during the period 2001-2021 was
-2.42%.
2. The Compound Annual Growth Rate in FEEs in India during the period 2001-2021 was 4.94%.
3. From Top 10 states of India, majorly 4 states named Punjab, Maharashtra, Delhi and Karnataka are
the most important states which contribute 63.2% of foreign tourist arrival in 2021.
4. From Top 10 states of India, majorly 4 states named Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,
and Karnataka are the most important states which contribute 69.33% of domestic tourist arrival in
2021.
5. Whereas employment is considered, no doubt years of destruction had led to downfall in
employment yet in other years, employment has risen constantly. More government efforts are
required to generate employment opportunities in this sector.

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6. Continuous and steady growth was found each year in tourism industry except COVID-19
pandemic and thus more hikes can be seen in coming years in tourism.
7. Years of terrorist attacks and COVID-19 pandemic led to decline in foreign visitors and domestic
tourist arrivals.
8. From the above tables, it can be estimated that tourism can bring more flourishment to Indian GDP
in coming years as per previous records.
9. It can also be estimated that with the growth of domestic and foreign tourist arrivals, this industry
can raise more in the coming future.
Suggestions
1. Hosting of various international events in our own country will promote tourism like common
wealth games, stage show of international celebrities and cricket world cup in India.
2. Various strategies must be formed to enhance the growth of tourism and put oil to the development
machinery. Not only officials, but the powers to promote tourism must be decentralized to notice
greater growth.
3. Government should also raise their pace to promote tourism by contribution to tidiness of places
and maintenance of these eyes catching spots.
4. Moreover the residents must also be made educated about the importance of these money earning
sources.
5. Central and state government must take initiative to hire skilled and qualified staff with relevant
facilities for the proper growth of tourism sector in India.
6. H.R. ministry should launch training programs to enhance efficiency of manpower indulged in
tourism sector.
Conclusion
To verdict, it can ascertain that tourism sector is the fastest growing service as compare to other
services. By promoting tourism in a responsible manner and avoiding the exploitation of natural
resources, the country can generate foreign exchange earnings for overall development. The Indian
government has taken various steps to transform India into a global tourism hub, recognizing the
industry's potential. However, there is still need for improvement and the public and officials can take
additional steps to develop this industry, which is a significant source of income. Empirical analysis
of the period between 2001 and 2021 revealed a consistent year-on-year growth. This study has
important policy implications, suggesting that India can enhance its economic growth by strategically
utilizing the tourism industry's contribution and improving its governance performance. It is crucial to
promote both domestic and international tourism to encourage local development and foster
decentralized growth resulting from these activities.

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Limitations
1. Only limited time period has been taken.
2. Only limited indicators have been used. If more of them were used then results may vary.
3. Secondary source of data has been used to work upon this paper so exact reliability issues on
statistical values may vary.

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