Study Guide in History

 Historical sources are divided into primary and secondary categories: Primary sources are
those created contemporaneously with the events studied, while secondary sources interpret
primary sources and are produced later by authors who study historical subjects.

 Primary sources are contemporaneous with the events studied: These include documents,
artifacts, and eyewitness accounts produced during the time period under investigation.

 Secondary sources interpret primary sources: They are produced later by authors who analyze
and interpret primary sources to provide insights and perspectives on historical events.

 Classification depends on the subject of historical research: Whether a source is primary or

 Both primary and secondary sources are essential for understanding history: Primary sources
provide direct evidence of historical events, while secondary sources offer analysis and
interpretation.

 Thorough scrutiny of historical sources is necessary to avoid deception and uncover historical
truth: Historians and students must critically evaluate sources for authenticity, accuracy, and
reliability.

 External criticism involves verifying the authenticity of evidence: This process examines the
physical characteristics of the source and its consistency with the historical context in which it
was produced.

 Internal criticism examines the truthfulness and circumstances of the evidence: It evaluates
the content of the source, including the author's perspective, agenda, and intended purpose.

 Historical deceptions can occur without rigorous research: Examples include the hoax Code of
Kalantiaw and false claims by Ferdinand Marcos, highlighting the importance of thorough
historical analysis.

 The historian's task is to select relevant sources and organize the past: By selecting and
interpreting historical sources, historians offer lessons for nations and societies, emphasizing the
significance of historical understanding for the present and future.

CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

First Voyage Around the World

-The first circumnavigation of the globe, also called Magellan's voyage, took place between 1519
and 1522 and was headed by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his fleet, the
"Armada de Molucca." Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, who was also known as Charles I,
King of Spain, sponsored and authorized the expedition. However, a fight with a band of
indigenous people on one of the Philippine islands claimed Magellan's life. Because Spanish
navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano commanded the return voyage to Spain, the voyage is also
 known as the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation. Sadly, the original "Report on the First Voyage
Around the World," written by Italian scholar and chronicler Antonio Pigafetta—one of the few
crew members to return from the expedition—did not survive. Pigafetta wrote about the stories
and experiences of their western circumnavigation of the globe. This travelogue is well
recognized for its surprisingly accurate geographic and ethnographic description of the
circumnavigation, which includes the first European contacts with the East Indies and the Pacific
Islands, which are now more often known as Southeast Asia.

Costums of Tagalogs

-The Tagalog people have rich cultural customs including respect for elders, strong family bonds,
hospitality towards guests, community cooperation, traditional celebrations like fiestas, and unique
customs for courtship, weddings, and funerals that reflect their values and beliefs.Some customs of
the Tagalog people include "Pagmamano" for showing respect to elders, "Harana" for serenading
loved ones, "Pamamanhikan" for formal marriage proposals, "Kutitap" for gestures of goodwill, and
"Pamahiin" for superstitions. These customs reflect the rich cultural heritage of the Tagalog people.

Kartilla of the Katipunan

-Kartilya ng Katipunan was the moral and intellectual basis that guided the Katipuneros and laid
forth the norms and values that had to be followed upon entering the secret organization. It offers a
current generation's perspective on how this programming contributed to comprehending our past
and how it influenced the present. It teaches us how to be real Filipinos through our words and
deeds. Each lesson focuses on a current element of a person's life and acts as a guide on how to live
a meaningful life for every Filipino. Despite this, Filipinos were intellectual and moral revolutionaries
seeking the country's independence. It acts as a daily reminder of what our soldiers went through
only to save our nation from the cruel hands of invaders. The Philippines' liberty is priceless. As
importantly, the Kartilya ng Katipunan reminds us of the significance of remembering Filipinos who
contributed significantly to the freedom we enjoy today.

Act of the Declaration of Philippine Independence

-On June 12, 1898, in Cavite El Viejo (modern-day Kawit, Cavite), the revolutionary forces of the
Philippines under the command of General Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Act of the Declaration of
Philippine Independence. It proclaimed the Philippine Islands' independence and sovereignty after
300 years of Spanish colonial control. 98 people signed the proclamation, one of them an officer in
the US army who was there when it was made. In the late afternoon of June 12, 1898, in Cavite, at
General Emilio Aguinaldo's family house, the Declaration of Independence was declared. The
national anthem, Lupang Hinirang, was composed by Julián Felipe and performed by the San
Francisco de Malabon marching band. The event also featured the unveiling of the Philippine flag,
which was made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.
Neither Spain nor the United States ever acknowledged the pronouncement. Spain gave up the
Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris, which put an end to the Spanish-
American War, later that year. The Treaty of Manila, which was signed on July 4, 1946, after World
War II, gave the Philippines independence from the United States. Up until August 4, 1964, July 4
was celebrated as Independence Day in the Philippines. However, on the recommendation of
historians and at the insistence of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed Republic Act
No. 4166 into law, recognizing June 12 as Independence Day.

Political Caricatures of the American Era

-During the American period in the Philippines, there were significant changes in culture, society,
and politics. The introduction of democracy by the Americans had mixed consequences, leading to
both positive developments like modern healthcare and transportation, as well as challenges such as
economic disparities and state repression.

Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood

-Governor Leonard Wood was assigned by president of America to be governor- general. He was
assigned to fulfill the pledge and it is expected by the people that the mutual understanding and
cooperation would be maintained wherein political emancipation would be complete. Contrary, to
our expectations, his conduct of government has been characterized by a train of usurpations and
arbitrary acts, resulting in the curtailment of the autonomy, the destruction of the constitutional
system and the reversal of America’s Philippine Policy. Three easons why Filipino Grievances Against
Governor Wood is important to be included in the narrative of the Philippine History are:

1.Knowing the condition of the Filipinos- Filipinos often experience hardship in their lives and
leaders are supposed to help them instead they put them lower.

2.Manipulation of the Policies and Laws- They have easily manipulated the laws they have created a
new policy, making it possible to easily change the law in favor to him which was against the organic
law.

3.Executive Order NO.37- Governor Wood made his own rule and ordered the issue for his own
good, people were fooled by false promise. He wants to take over the Philippines because he is
saying that Filipinos are less compared to Americans according to an interview done by Robert Law
Bacon.

President Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S. Congress

- President Corazon Aquino delivered a historic speech before the U.S. Congress in 1986, just
months after assuming power following a popular revolt against Ferdinand Marcos. She spoke about
her journey from widow to President, highlighting her late husband Ninoy Aquino's commitment to
democracy. Aquino emphasized the importance of democracy, addressed issues like communist
insurgency and foreign debt, and strengthened U.S.-Philippine relations. The U.S. Congress granted
the Philippines $200 million in emergency aid and reaffirmed its commitment to defend the
country's security.
Works of Luna and Amorsolo

- Among the well-known pieces by Luna and Amorsolo are:

- "Spoliarium" by Juan Luna, a large-scale painting that depicts Roman gladiators after a fight in the
Colosseum. It is considered one of the most important works in Philippine art history.

- "Planting Rice" by Fernando Amorsolo, a realistic painting that shows a group of farmers planting
rice in a field. This is one of Amorsolo's most iconic works, depicting the everyday life of rural
Filipinos.

- "The Blood Compact" by Juan Luna, which depicts the historical event of the same name between
the Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and the Filipino chieftain Datu Sikatuna. This painting
is part of Luna's historical series, showcasing important events in Philippine history.

- "Dalagang Bukid" by Fernando Amorsolo, a portrait of a young woman in traditional Filipino attire.
This painting is considered a classic example of Amorsolo's style, which often focused on showcasing
the beauty of the Filipino landscape and people.

These are just a few examples of the works of Luna and Amorsolo, both of whom are considered to
be some of the most important Filipino painters in history. Their paintings have had a significant
impact on Philippine art and continue to be celebrated and studied today.

Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan

-"Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" consists of a variety of historical records, as well as letters, diaries, and
writings from those who either personally participated in or observed the events of the 1896
Philippine Revolution. Emilio Aguinaldo's memoirs, which included writings from revolutionary
leaders, served as the main source for this information. Correspondence from that era also added to
these recollections. Furthermore, historical archives containing newspapers and other writings from
the late 19th and early 20th centuries offer insightful information about the background and
attitudes of the revolution. These varied sources are frequently used by historians and researchers
in order to reconstruct and comprehend the recollections of the revolution.

 Primary sources include documents, memoirs, accounts, and materials produced during the
period being studied.

 Analysis of primary sources involves external and internal criticism.

 External criticism ensures the authenticity of the source, while internal criticism evaluates the
truthfulness of its content within the context of its production.

 Different types of historical sources require different kinds of analysis and hold varying levels of
importance.
 The Kartilya ng Katipunan served as the code of conduct for the Katipunan, reflecting its values,
aspirations, and ideology.

 Emilio Jacinto authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan in 1896 at the age of 18.

 The Kartilya contains fourteen rules guiding the behavior and values of Katipuneros.

 Analysis of the Kartilya reveals its reaction to prevailing value systems during the Spanish
colonial era and its alignment with rational and liberal ideals.

 The document reflects Victorian and chivalrous values, as well as a progressive stance on gender
dynamics for its time.

 The Kartilya not only guides behavior towards others but also fosters individual development.

 Proper understanding of the Kartilya enhances comprehension of the Katipunan's role in the
Philippine revolution and Philippine history.