 Overview

PART I
 What is digital video
 Quantization of signal
 How does most common video
compression happens
 MPEG formats & definition
 Compression basic
 Conclusion

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Quantization – way to convert
analog to digital
 VIDEO FUNDAMENTALS
Television services currently broadcast video at a frame rate of 25 Hz,
meaning each second there is 25 frame of pictures moving evenly.
Each frame consists of two interlaced fields, giving a field rate of 50
Hz. The first field of each frame contains only the odd numbered lines
of the frame (numbering the top frame line as line 1). The second
field contains only the even numbered lines of the frame and is
sampled in the video camera 20 ms after the first field. It is important
to note that one interlaced frame contains fields from two instants in
time.

In non-interlaced video, all the lines of a frame are sampled at the

same instant in time. Non-interlaced video is also termed
'progressively scanned' or 'sequentially scanned' video.

The red, green and blue (RGB) signals coming from a colour television
camera can be equivalently expressed as luminance (Y) and
chrominance (UV) components. The chrominance bandwidth may be
reduced relative to the luminance without significantly affecting the
picture quality.

For standard definition video, CCIR recommendation 601 defines how

the component (YUV) video signals can be sampled and digitized to
form discrete pixels. The terms 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 are often used to
describe the sampling structure of the digital picture. 4:2:2 means the
chrominance is horizontally sub-sampled by a factor of two relative to
the luminance; 4:2:0 means the chrominance is horizontally and
vertically sub-sampled by a factor of two relative to the luminance.
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Quantization – way to convert
analog to digital [cont.]
In digital signal processing, quantization is the process of
approximating ("mapping") a continuous range of values by a
relatively small ("finite") set of discrete symbols or integer
values. In other words, quantization can be described as a
mapping that represents a finite continuous interval of the range
of a continuous valued signal, after quantization, picture samples
produce a finite set of values which can be encoded by binary
techniques for example.

The active region of a digital television frame, sampled according

to CCIR recommendation 601, is 720 pixels by 576 lines for a frame
rate of 25 Hz.
Using 10 bits for each Y, U or V pixel, the uncompressed bit rates
for 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 signals are therefore:
4:2:2: 720 x 576 x 25 x 10 + 360 x 576 x 25 x ( 10 + 10 ) = 207

Mbit/s
4:2:0: 720 x 576 x 25 x 10 + 360 x 288 x 25 x (10 + 10)= 155 Mbit/s

This huge volume of data can't pass through traditional transport

medium like satellite or terrestrial transmitter every second.

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 Digital Video some questions
Therefore compression of data is required minimize video
storage capacity or transmission bandwidth measured in
bits/second of video.

What Determines the Bit Rate at the transport stream or

transmission?
1. Picture format (4:2:2 or 4:2:0)
2. Scene complexity (speedy movement of vehicle or general
picture with news caster sitting in a news booth)
3. What is the constraints
 Quality – needs to be compromised with ratio of

compression
 Delay – is another aspect when time is required to encode

and decode digital signal (in the form of nano-second).

 Complexity of algorithm in encoder and decoder

4. Can it eliminate Noise or ghost regularly happens in analog

signal?

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 MPEG – Motion Picture
Expert Group
All MPEG file format can contain data compressed by 2 types
of standard codecs
 Program Stream (PS) – Designed for reasonably

reliable media, such as disks, video server.

 Transport Stream (TS) – Designed for lossy links, such

as networks or broadcast television, satellite.

Most popular and reliable digital video compression currently

used is MPEG 2.

MPEG 2
MPEG-2 provides broadcast quality video with resolutions up
to 1920x1080. It supports a variety of audio/video formats,
including legacy TV, HDTV and five channel surround sound.
MPEG-2 uses the YCbCr color space with 4:2:0, 4:2:2 and
4:4:4 sampling and supports interlaced video. Data rates are
from 1.5 to 60 Mbps. MPEG-2 is capable of compressing the
bit rate of standard-definition 4:2:0 video down to about 2 -9
Mbit/s for a single channel Standard Definition (SD) television
signal and 9 – 12 Mbit/s for High Definition (HD) television
signal.

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 MPEG 4 – Next
Generation
MPEG 4

 MPEG-4 is an extremely comprehensive system for multimedia

representation and distribution. Based on a variation of Apple's
QuickTime file format, MPEG-4 offers a variety of compression
options, including low-bandwidth formats for transmitting to
wireless devices as well as high-bandwidth for studio processing.
 MPEG-4 also incorporates AAC, which is a high-quality audio

encoder. MPEG-4 AAC is widely used as an audio-only format.

 Getting popular day by day, MPEG 4 is becoming de-facto

standard for most of the new Television stations for satellite
broadcasting.

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 COMPRESSION BASIC

In digital video compression, the coding of the differences between

frames. Inter-frame coding often provides substantial compression
because in many motion sequences, only a small percentage of the
pixels are actually different from one frame to another. However,
it depends entirely on the content or "GOP", or, "Group Of
Pictures",
- Begins with an "I" frame, followed usually by a number of "P"
and "B" frames. Usually 12-15 consecutive frame makes a GOP.GOP
And each frames are divided with several 8X8 or 16x16 macro-
blocks. Information in the compressed data translates between
reference frames and current frame, then code difference between
reference and actual block.

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 COMPRESSION BASIC
I - frame [cont.]
 Access to a stream starts with I - frame. In inter-frame
compression schemes (e.g., MPEG), the key frame or reference
video frame that acts as a point of comparison to p- and b-frames,
and is not reconstructed from another frame. Contrast b frame and
p frame. I frame - "Intra-coded" frames : average 7:1 reduction.

P- frame
Predicted frame. The frame in an MPEG sequence created by

predicting the difference between the current frame and the

previous one.
Forward motion vectors. - average about 20:1 reduction, or about

half the size of I frames.

B frame
The main advantage of the usage of B frames is coding efficiency.

In most cases, B frames will result in less bits being coded overall.
Quality can also be improved in the case of moving objects that
reveal hidden areas within a video sequence. Backward prediction
in this case allows the encoder to make more intelligent decisions
on how to encode the video within these areas. Also, since B frames
are not used to predict future frames, errors generated will not be
propagated further within the sequence.
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 Conclusion

B frame
 Bi-directional frame. The frame in an MPEG sequence created

by comparing the difference between the current frame and the

frames before and after it. B frames require less data than P
frames, averaging about 50:1 reduction.

Conclusion
MPEG-2 has been very successful in defining a specification to
.serve a range of applications, bit rates, qualities and services
Currently, the major interest is in the main profile at main level
(MP@ML) for applications such as digital television broadcasting
(terrestrial, satellite and cable), video-on-demand services and
desktop video systems. Several manufacturers have announced
MP@ML single-chip decoders and multichip encoders.
Prototype equipment supporting the SNR and spatial profiles
.has also been constructed for use in broadcasting field trials

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  Overview
PART II
 Communication systems
 Analog Modulation
 AM

 FM

 Digital Modulation
 Applications of DVB
 DVB techniques
 Modulation

 Guard band & FEC

 Single Frequency Network

 Edges over analogue transmission

 Noise Free in coverage area

 Digital signal in existing analog network

 Introducing MUX for satellite & Terrestrial

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 Communication systems
Satellite

VHF Band III transmitter

Television Station with studio
production
Input Transmission TVRO Receiver &
Television
section section Terrestrial Transmitter

 The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all
television relay systems
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Analog Modulation
 The purpose of a communication system is to transmit
information signals (in our case video baseband) through a
communication channel.
 The term baseband is used to designate the band of
frequencies representing the original signal as delivered by
the input of a transmission device
 For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a

baseband signal, and contains frequencies in the range

of 0 Hz - 20 kHz
 THE WORD “HELLO” wave is a baseband signal:

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Analog Modulation [cont.]
 Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a
communication channel such as air using electromagnetic
waves, an appropriate procedure is needed to shift the
range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges
suitable for transmission, and a corresponding shift back to
the original frequency range after reception. This is called
the process of modulation and demodulation
 The radio spectrum commonly used are below:

 For example,AM FM radio/TV

an AM radio system transmits
electromagnetic waves with frequencies of around a few
radio
hundred kHz (MF band)
 The FM radio system must operate with frequencies in the
range of 88-108 MHz.
 A TV station can operator in both VHF & UHF band

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 Analog Modulation [cont.]
 Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio
and video generating from different sources can be same,
some form of frequency-band shifting must be employed for
the transmission system to operate individually with unique
identity.
 This process is accomplished by a device called a modulator
 The transmitter block in any communications system
contains the modulator device.
 The receiver block in any communications system contains
the demodulator device.
 The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the
electromagnetic wave) which has a frequency that is
selected from an appropriate band in the radio spectrum.
 For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can

be chosen from the VHF band of the radio spectrum.

 The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from
the received modulated signal.
To Summarize:
 Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency
information signal (baseband signal) onto a higher
frequency carrier signal.
 Modulation is done to bring information signals up to the
Radio Frequency (or higher) signal.

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 Basic Analog Communications
system
EM waves
Transmitter (modulated signal)

Input from a
studio Transmission
Modulator
Channel

EM waves
(modulated signal)
Carrier
Baseband signal Receiver
(electrical signal)

Output to Demodulator
Television

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Types of Analog Modulation

 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

 Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the

amplitude of a carrier wave in proportion to the

amplitude of a baseband signal. The frequency of the
carrier remains constant
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Frequency modulation is the process of varying the

frequency of a carrier wave in proportion to the

amplitude of a baseband signal. The amplitude of the
carrier remains constant
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 Another form of analog modulation technique which we

will not discuss

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Amplitude Modulation

Carrier
wave

Baseband
signal

Modulated
wave
Amplitude
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frequency
constant
 Frequency Modulation

Carrier
wave

Large
Baseband Small
amplitude:
amplitude:
signal high
low
frequency
frequency

Modulated
wave Frequency
varying-
amplitude
constant
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 AM vs. FM
 AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to
generate.
 It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave
broadcasting.
 The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer
wavelengths (lower frequencies) are utilized-remember
property of HF waves?)
 However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to
static and other forms of electrical noise.

 The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and

immunity to noise. Most forms of static and electrical
noise are naturally AM, and an FM receiver will not
respond to AM signals.
 The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the
frequency deviation increases (deviation from the center
frequency), which is why FM broadcast stations use such
large deviation.
 The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it
requires

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 Digital Modulation
 The previous section presented analog communication
systems that transmit information in analog form using
Amplitude or Frequency modulation
 Digital communication systems also employ modulation
techniques, some of which include:
 Amplitude Shift Keying

 Frequency Shift Keying

 Phase Shift Keying

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 Basic digital
communications system
Transmitter
EM waves
(modulated signal)
baseband
Digital
signal
signal
Error correction
A/D converter

Transmissi
Input from Modulator
Studio
coding on
Channel
production

Carrier
EM waves
(modulated s
Receiver

analog digital
signal signal
Error detection/
D/A converter

Output to
correction

Television Demodulator

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 Some Types of Digital
Modulation
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
 The most basic (binary) form of ASK involves the

process of switching the carrier either on or off, in

correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal. One binary digit is
represented by the presence of a carrier, the other
binary digit is represented by the absence of a
carrier. But frequency remains fixed.
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 The most basic (binary) form of FSK involves the

process of varying the frequency of a carrier wave

by choosing one of two frequencies (binary FSK) in
correspondence to a sequence of digital pulses that
constitute the information signal. Two binary digits
are represented by two frequencies around the
carrier frequency. Amplitude remains fixed.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 Another form of digital modulation technique which

we will not discuss.

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 Amplitude Shift Keying

Digital
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
information 1 0

Carrier
wave

ASK
modulated
signal

Amplitude
varying-
Carrier Carrier frequency
constant
present absent

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 Digital Video Broadcast
The main forms of Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) are summarized
below:
Description Meaning DVB Standard
The standard for
delivery of video
Cable DVB-C
service via cable
networks.
DVB services to
handheld devices, e.g. Handheld DVB-H
mobile phones, etc
Satellite DVB services
Return satellite
with a return channel DVB-RSC
channel
for interactivity.
DVB standard for
delivery of television / Satellite services DVB-S
video from a satellite.
Delivery of DVB
services from a
Satellite handheld DVB-SH
satellite to handheld
devices
The second generation
Satellite second
of DVB satellite DVB-S2
generation
broadcasting.

The standard for Digital

Terrestrial Television Terrestrial DVB-T
Broadcasting.

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 DVB Basic
DVB-T basics

DVB-T makes use of many modern technologies to enable it to

deliver high quality video in a broadcast environment.
The DVB-T transmission is capable of carrying a very significant
level of data. Normally several television broadcasts may be
carried on a single transmission and in addition to this several
audio channels may be carried as well. As a result each
transmission is called a multiplex..
One of the key elements of the radio or air interface is the
choice of the modulation scheme for DVB-T. In line with many
other forms of transmission these days, DVB-T uses OFDM,
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex.

In order that the DVB-T network is able to meet the

requirements of the operator, it is possible to vary a number of
the characteristics:
3 modulation options (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM): There is a
balance between the amount rate at which data can be
transmitted and the signal to noise ratio that can be tolerated.
The lower order modulation formats like QPSK do not transmit
data as fast as the higher modulation formats such as 64QAM,
but they can be received when signal strengths are lower.

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 DVB-basic [cont.]
5 different FEC (forward error correction) rates: Any radio
system transmitting data will suffer errors. In order to correct
these errors various forms of error correction are used. The rate
at which this is done affects the rate at which the data can be
transmitted. The higher the level of error correction that is
applied, the greater the level of supporting error correction data
that needs to be transmitted. In turn this reduces the data rate
of the transmission. Accordingly it is necessary to match the
forward error correction level to the requirements of the
broadcast network. The error correction uses conventional
coding and Reed Solomon with rates of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6, and
7/8 dependent upon the requirements.
4 Guard Interval options:
2k or 8k carriers: According to the transmission requirements
the number of carriers within the OFDM signal can be varied.
When fewer carriers are used, each carrier must carry a higher
bandwidth for the same overall multiplex data rate. This has an
impact on the resilience to reflections and the spacing between
transmitters in a single frequency network. Although the
systems are labelled 2k and 8k the actual numbers of carriers
used are 1705 carriers for the 2k service and 6817 carriers for
the 8k service.
6, 7 or 8MHz channel bandwidths:
bandwidths It is possible to tailor the
bandwidth of the transmission to the bandwidth available and
the channel separations. Three figures of bandwidth are
available.
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DVB-T single frequency network

DVB-T single frequency network

One of the advantages of using OFDM as the form of

modulation is that it allows the network to implement what is
termed a single frequency network. A single frequency
network, or SFN is one where a number of transmitters operate
on the same frequency close to each other without causing
interference. Many forms of transmission, including the old
analogue television broadcasts would interfere with one
another. In fact, while planning a analogue television network,
one has to plan using 2 different frequency before using same
in the region.

Therefore when planning a network, adjacent areas could not

use the same channels and this greatly increased the amount of
spectrum required to cover a country. By using OFDM an SFN
can be implemented and this provides a significant degree of
spectrum efficiency improvement.
A further advantage of using a system such as DVB -T that uses
OFDM and allows the implementation of an SFN is that very
small transmitters can be used to enhance local coverage . Small
"gap fillers" may even be used to enhance indoor coverage for
DVB-T.

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 Service Quality
Best

Edge of theoretical service area

HD TV
Analogue TV
Good
Quality

SD TV
Bad

Ghost area for

analogue Rx
Distance

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 Saving Energy
VHF Digital VHF Analogue
Signal power
 Power of Analogue
transmitters are defined with (rms) in Watt (peak sync) in
it’s pick sync. i.e. where the Watt
video carries is at 5.5 MHz 2,200 7,500
from the beginning of carrier.
 Digital transmitters are 3,100 10,000
available with rms (root
5,200 15,000
means square) value.
 Keeping the coverage area 6,100 20,000
same, a comparative of
required power is given in the UHF Digital UHF Analogue
table for analogue and digital Signal power
transmitter. (rms) in Watt (peak sync) in
Watt
3,000 7,500
 Note: Analogue Tx power
always measured after the 4,000 10,000
filter and digital before the
filter. 6,000 15,000

7,500 20,000

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 Summary
Fundamental Advantages Over Analogue
Frequency planning makes easy.

Analogue TV rules set limit to add more services, it occupies

full 7 or 8 MHz band for single channel.

Due to difficulties for using adjacent channel in nearby region,

availability of spectrum is limited for expansion.

Digital encoding changes the rule, One single carrier frequency

can have multiple channels.

Due to nature of modulation, it can use same or adjacent

frequency nationwide, thus spectrum management becomes

efficient.
DVB-T operates with lower power and get similar coverage

area.
Digital can cope with higher level of interference field, givng

better quality of services.

Fundamental challenges to establish digital transmission

To phase out analogue transmission, DVB needs to co-exists

with existing PAL transmission network for another 5-6 years

at-least.
Receiving apparatus needs to be popularized by special

initiative or incentive.
New generation of LCD or LED TV with digital tuner should be

encouraged to import or assemble to popularize DVB-T.

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  Overview
PART III
 CASE STUDY (BANGLADESH
TELEVISION)
 INTRODUCTING MUX TECHNIQUE
 CURRENT COVERAGE BY PAL B/G
VHF BAND III ANALOGUE
 FURUTURE WITH VHF DIGITAL
 GAPS WITH UHF
 CONCLUSION

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 Introducing MUX
1. BTV introduces MUX (Multiplexer) to add 2 channels with
existing BTV World Earth Station.
2. By employing MUX technique, in a single carrier BTV
satellite station is running 3 services namely BTV
(national), BTV World and Sansad Channel.
Channel
3. Mux reduces cost of additional antenna, amplifier,
operating space & manpower and most importantly
backup power.
4. MUX will increase satellite downlink power, sharp picture
quality, increase BER & C/N ratio.
5. Reduce transponder bandwidth by employing MCPC
(multiple carrier per channel) platform against 3
individual SCPC (single carrier per channel) carrier.
6. Thus reduce cost of satellite operation.
7. Will take lesser time to install compression chain & go-on
air instead of having two independent Earth Station and
related civil works.

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CONNECTING BY SATELLITE

C BAND HPA 1
Encoder 1 400 W
Modulator 1
E 5710 Up Converter A
ASI SM 6610
70 MHz
RC Dummy
Load CO-AXIAL
Modulator 2 Up Converter B SWITCH
Encoder ASI HPA 2
SM 6610 70 MHz
2 C BAND 400 W 4.9m C
E 5710 ANDREW ANTENNA
4 PORT LINEAR
FEED

Encoder 1
E 5710

Encoder
2
E 5710
BTV WORLD
ASI MULTIPLEXER

C BAND HPA 1
Encoder 3 400 W
E 5710 Modulator 1
Up Converter A
ASI SM 6610
70 MHz
RC Dummy
Load

Modulator 2 Up Converter B
Encoder
4 ASI SM 6610 70 MHz HPA 2
E 5710 C BAND 400 W
BTV

Encoder 5
E 5710 CONFIGURATION PC

Encoder
6
E 5710 Prepared by NetWork, Dha 33
BTV DEV CH ka
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Thakurgoan

Rangpur

Sylhet
Mymensing

Rajshahi Natore

B Baria
Dhaka
Jhenaida
Satkhira

Noakhali
Khulna
Rangamati

Patuakhali Chittagong

CoxBazzar
Ukhia

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 Dhaka

Khulna

Chittagong

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Rangpur

Sylhet
Mymensing

Natore

Dhaka

Noakhali
Khulna

Patuakhali Chittagong

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Rangpur

Sylhet
Mymensing

Natore

Dhaka

Noakhali
Khulna

Patuakhali Chittagong

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Consideration for RF coverage
• For a 120 m tower the radio horizon is calculated at 43 km assuming a
4/3 earth curvature for radio wave propagation.
• The system will require 55 dBW power to cover the region most

effectively.
• VHF Band III frequency (174 ~ 210) MHz

• UHF Band IV frequency (470 ~ 862) MHz

• With target field strengths are also measured at a height of 10 meter

above the ground level following consideration are normally taken to

make coverage map in flat terrain
 For VHF Band III

Urban Band III 73 dBuV/m

Suburban Band III 65 dBuV/m
Rural Band III 55 dBuV/m
 For UHF Band IV

Urban Band IV 80 dBuV/m

Suburban Band IV 72 dBuV/m
Rural Band IV 62 dBuV/m

UHF tuners in the television sets requires higher engery or level of

power to get good quality pictures.

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 RF coverage
 BTV currently employed 17 VHF Band III TV transmitters
(Mostly tower used for BTCL MW) to cover 97% of the geo-
graphical locations.
 Average coverage has been considered radius of 70 km for
VHF transmitter / relay staitons and 40 km with UHF
transmitter with 10 kW solid state transmitter.
 From the second coverage map employing UHF frequency in
Band IV, one can see BTV will require (17+12) AT-LEAST
additional 12 or even more transmitters with land, building
infrastructure, antenna, feeder cable, tower etc. to cover
the same region of VHF Band III.
 Trained manpower for such additional station will also be
required.

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 THANK YOU

SYED SAJJAD HOSSAIN

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