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Selenium Key Concepts 1733368179

The document provides an overview of key concepts in Selenium, including definitions and examples for various components such as WebDriver, Selenium Grid, and DesiredCapabilities. It also covers advanced topics like data-driven testing, BDD with Cucumber, and handling exceptions. Additionally, it highlights best practices and tools for effective Selenium testing.

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17 views19 pages

Selenium Key Concepts 1733368179

The document provides an overview of key concepts in Selenium, including definitions and examples for various components such as WebDriver, Selenium Grid, and DesiredCapabilities. It also covers advanced topics like data-driven testing, BDD with Cucumber, and handling exceptions. Additionally, it highlights best practices and tools for effective Selenium testing.

Uploaded by

Himo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Key Concepts

in Selenium
By Rupendra Ragala
Selenium
WebDriver
Definition: A Selenium API that directly communicates with
the browser to automate tasks.
Example:

Selenium Grid

Definition: Used for parallel execution on multiple machines


or browsers.
Example: Set up a Selenium Grid hub and connect nodes to
run tests simultaneously on Chrome and Firefox.

Selenium IDE

Definition: A browser-based tool for record-and-playback


testing.
Example: Record a login flow in Selenium IDE and export the
test as WebDriver code.
Selenium
DesiredCapabilities
Definition: Allows setting browser-specific properties like
platform and version.
Example:

RemoteWebDriver

Definition: Executes tests on remote machines or in a


Selenium Grid setup.
Example:

Locators

Definition: Strategies to find elements on a webpage (e.g.,


ID, Name, XPath, CSS Selector).
Example:
Selenium
WebElement
Definition: Represents elements on a webpage, like buttons
or text fields.
Example:

Implicit Wait
Definition: Sets a default waiting time for all elements.
Example:

Explicit Wait

Definition: Waits for a specific condition to be true before


proceeding.
Example:
Selenium
Fluent Wait
Definition: Allows setting polling intervals and ignoring
exceptions during waiting.
Example:

Actions Class

Definition: Used for advanced user interactions like drag-


and-drop, hovering, etc.
Example:

JavaScriptExecutor

Definition: Executes JavaScript code within the browser.


Example:
Selenium
Window Handles
Definition: Manages multiple browser windows or tabs.
Example:

Frames and IFrames

Definition: Allows switching to specific sections of a


webpage within a frame.
Example:

Alerts

Definition: Handles JavaScript alerts or pop-ups.


Example:
Selenium
TestNG
Definition: A testing framework for running and organizing
Selenium tests.
Example: Annotate test cases using @Test in TestNG.
Maven
Definition: A build automation tool for managing project
dependencies.
Example: Add Selenium WebDriver dependency to pom.xml.
Jenkins

Definition: A CI/CD tool for running Selenium tests in a


pipeline.
Example: Set up a Jenkins job to trigger Selenium tests after
a code push.
Selenium
Handling File Uploads
Definition: Automates file uploads by interacting with input
tags.
Example:

Downloading Files
Definition: Handles file downloads by setting browser
preferences.
Example (for Chrome):

Handling Dynamic Web Elements

Definition: Automates elements that change dynamically


using XPath or CSS.
Example:
Selenium
Shadow DOM
Definition: Automates elements within a shadow root (hidden
DOM).
Example:

Automating Captchas

Definition: Captchas are difficult to automate but can use


third-party tools like OCR or APIs.
Example: Use services like 2Captcha to solve captchas
programmatically.

Parallel Test Execution


Definition: Runs multiple tests simultaneously using TestNG or
Selenium Grid.
Example: Configure testng.xml to specify parallel execution:
Selenium
Cross-Browser Testing
Definition: Ensures compatibility across multiple browsers
(Chrome, Firefox, Edge).
Example:

Mobile Browser Automation


Definition: Automates mobile browsers using tools like
Appium with Selenium.
Example: Use Appium to automate Chrome on Android
devices.

Handling HTTPS Certificates

Definition: Handles untrusted certificates using browser


capabilities.
Example:
Selenium
Selenium Docker Integration
Definition: Runs Selenium in Docker containers for scalability
and CI/CD pipelines.
Example: Use the official Selenium Docker images like
selenium/standalone-chrome

Data-Driven Testing (DDT)


Definition: Uses external data (Excel, JSON, DB) for test
inputs.
Example: Read data from an Excel sheet using Apache POI.

Keyword-Driven Testing

Definition: Separates test scripts from keywords to improve


reusability.
Example: Keywords like click(), sendKeys() can be mapped to
methods.
Selenium
BDD with Cucumber
Definition: Combines Selenium with Cucumber for behavior-
driven testing.
Example: gherkin

Debugging Selenium Tests


Definition: Use breakpoints and logs to identify issues.
Example: Use IDEs like IntelliJ or Eclipse to debug step by
step.
Handling StaleElementException

Definition: Resolves issues when elements are no longer


attached to the DOM.
Example: Refresh the locator or add wait conditions.
Selenium
Retrying Failed Tests
Definition: Retries tests automatically upon failure using
TestNG retry logic.
Example: Implement IRetryAnalyzer in TestNG.

Selenium Best Practices

Write reusable methods for actions (e.g., click,


sendKeys).
Avoid hardcoded waits; use dynamic waits instead.
Use Page Object Model (POM) for better maintainability.

Handling Cookies

Definition: Adds, deletes, or retrieves browser cookies


during tests.
Example:
Selenium
Screenshot Capture
Definition: Captures a screenshot during a test failure or at
specific steps.
Example:

Exception Handling in Selenium

Definition: Handles runtime exceptions like


NoSuchElementException.
Example:

Logging in Selenium

Definition: Implements logging frameworks like Log4j for


better traceability.
Example:
Selenium
Allure Reporting
Definition: Generates interactive and detailed test reports.
Example: Integrate Allure in Maven by adding its plugin

Assertions in Selenium
Definition: Validates expected results during a test, using
TestNG or JUnit.
Example (TestNG):

Browser Profiles

Definition: Configures browser settings (e.g., disabling pop-


ups or adding extensions).
Example (Firefox):
Selenium
Scroll Operations
Definition: Scrolls the webpage to a specific element or
position using JavaScript.
Example:

Handling Tooltips
Definition: Captures and validates tooltips displayed when
hovering over elements.
Example:

Session Management

Definition: Manages browser sessions using cookies or


WebDriver capabilities.
Example:
Selenium
Database Testing with Selenium
Definition: Connects to databases to validate backend
operations during tests.
Example:

Email Testing with Selenium


Definition: Automates email verification by accessing
inboxes during testing.
Example: Use JavaMail API to fetch emails and validate
email contents.

API Testing in Parallel with Selenium

Definition: Integrates REST API testing with tools like


RestAssured in Selenium projects.
Example: Validate API response and compare results with UI
behavior.
Selenium
Handling ElementNotInteractableException
Definition: Occurs when trying to interact with hidden or
unclickable elements.
Example: Use JavaScriptExecutor to click instead:

Custom Retry Logic


Definition: Implements custom logic to retry failed tests
beyond built-in frameworks.
Example (TestNG):
Thank You

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