INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 3452-1

Second edition
2013-06-01

Non-destructive testing — Penetrant

testing —
Part 1:
General principles
Essais non destructifs — Examen par ressuage —
Partie 1: Principes généraux

Reference number
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

© ISO 2013
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© ISO 2013
                       
                                 
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the requester.
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ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ iv
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
       ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Safety precautions .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
5 General principles............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.1 Personnel ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.2 Description of the method ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
5.3 Process sequence .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5.4 Equipment................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
5.5 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
6 Products, sensitivity and designation ............................................................................................................................................ 3
'/    ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.2 Testing products .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
'@ "      .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
6.4 Designation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested ........................................................................ 4
B/ 8   ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
B7 %        ................................................................................................................. 4
B@ %            C ................................... 4
8 Test procedure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
8.1 Written test procedure..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
8.2 Precleaning................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.3 Temperature.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.4 Application of penetrant................................................................................................................................................................. 5
8.5 Excess penetrant removal ............................................................................................................................................................. 6
8.6 Application of developer ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
8.7 Inspection .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
8.8 Postcleaning and protection ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
8.9 Retesting .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
9 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Annex A (normative) Main stages of penetrant examination ..................................................................................................11
Annex B (normative) Process and control tests.....................................................................................................................................12
Annex C (informative) Example test report ................................................................................................................................................20
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved iii

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Foreword
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committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
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casting a vote.
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destructive testing" "%7Surface methods         
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
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ISO 3452             Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing:
— Part 1: General principles
— Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
— Part 3: Reference test blocks
— Part 4: Equipment
— Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures higher than 50 °C
— Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures lower than 10 °C

iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —

Part 1:
General principles

1 Scope
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applications nor requirements for test equipment.
NOTE 1 Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be
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NOTE 2 The term discontinuity is used in this part of ISO 3452 in the sense that no evaluation concerning
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2 Normative references
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!"#@9&jNon-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing - Viewing conditions
!"#@Y&7,7Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
!"#@Y&7,@Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 3: Reference test blocks
!"#@Y&7,YNon-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 4: Equipment
!"# @Y&7,& Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures
higher than 50 degrees C
!"# @Y&7,' Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures
lower than 10 degrees C
!"#/7B9'Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Vocabulary

     
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4 Safety precautions
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© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 1

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

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safe implementation of the method.

5 General principles

5.1 Personnel
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5.2 Description of the method

Prior to penetrant testing the surface to be inspected shall be cleaned and dried. Suitable penetrants
are then applied to the test area and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate
penetration time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the developer
applied. The developer absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the discontinuities and
               
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5.3 Process sequence

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a) preparation and precleaning (see 8.2);
b) application of penetrant (see 8.4);
c) excess penetrant removal (see 8.5);
d) application of developer (see 8.6);
e) inspection (see 8.7);
f) recording (see 8.7.4);
g) postcleaning (see 8.8.1).
See Annex A.

2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

5.4 Equipment
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5.5 Effectiveness
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b) surface preparation and condition;
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f) viewing conditions.
Control checks shall be carried out to demonstrate that the correct parameters are used. See Annex B.

6 Products, sensitivity and designation

6.1 Product family

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excess penetrant remover (except method A) and developer. When tested in accordance with ISO 3452-2
      C            #   
families shall be used.

6.2 Testing products

The products used for testing are given in Table 1.

6.3 Sensitivity
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with ISO 3452-3K                   
  

6.4 Designation
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© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 3

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Table 1 — Testing products

Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer

Type Denomination Method Denomination Form Denomination
I Fluorescent penetrant A Water-washable a V 
II Colour contrast B  ,    b Water-soluble
III Penetrant C Solvent-removable: c Water-suspendable
V, H - €% / 
cent colour contrast
€% 7, 
penetrant)
€% @   
D  ,     d Solvent-based (non-aque-
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E Water- and solvent-removable e Solvent-based (non-aque-
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f Special application
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7 Compatibility of testing materials with the part(s) to be tested

7.1 General
The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with the material to be tested and the use for which
the part or parts is designed.

7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products

The penetrant testing materials shall be compatible with each other.
V,                   
The products shall be from the same manufacturer.

7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing materials with parts under examination

7.3.1 !                 
test detailed in ISO 3452-2.

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and assemblies that include such materials.

7.3.3 !                         
                 

7.3.4 `     C M   C    H      
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4 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8 Test procedure

8.1 Written test procedure

               
to or included in the relevant product standard.

8.2 Precleaning

8.2.1 General

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8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning

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blasting or high-pressure water blasting. These methods remove contaminants from the surface and
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8.2.3 Chemical precleaning

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8.2.4 Drying

                         

nor solvent remains in the discontinuities.

8.3 Temperature
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8.4 Application of penetrant

8.4.1 Methods of application

                  
Penetrant shall remain on the test surface throughout the entire penetration time.

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 5

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8.4.2 Penetration time

K                              

                        
The penetration time shall be between 5 min and 60 min and shall not be less than the manufacturer’s
              K             
test procedure.

8.5 Excess penetrant removal

8.5.1 General

The application of the remover medium shall be such that penetrant remains in the discontinuities.

8.5.2 Water

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8.5.3 Solvents

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8.5.4.1 Hydrophilic (water-dilutable)

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be performed in order to remove the bulk of the excess penetrant from the test surface and facilitate a
               
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        8.5.2.

8.5.4.2 Lipophilic (oil-based)

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           8.5.2.

8.5.5 Water and solvent

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6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8.5.6 Excess penetrant removal check

V C              M       `   

                z,   K   z,        
surface shall not be less than 1 W/m2 (100 μW/cm2) and the visible light not more than 100 lx.
For colour contrast penetrants the white light illuminance on the test surface shall be more than 350 lx.
>C  M                
   

8.5.7 Drying

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from the part.
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b) evaporation at ambient temperature after hot water dip;
c) evaporation at elevated temperature;
d) forced air circulation;
e) a combination of methods a) to d).
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impinging pressure on the surface of the part is kept as low as possible.
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8.6 Application of developer

8.6.1 General

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test surface.
The application of the developer shall be carried out as soon as possible after the removal of excess penetrant.
Care shall be exercised when using water-based developers with water-washable penetrants to avoid
removing further penetrant from the discontinuities.

8.6.2 Dry powder

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method that will not disturb indications.

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 7

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8.6.3 Water-suspendable developer

                  

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manufacturer’s instructions. The immersion time shall be as short as possible to ensure optimum results.
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8.6.4 Solvent-based developer

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8.6.5 Water-soluble developer

                         
suitable equipment in accordance with the approved procedure. The immersion time and temperature
                 ,         $ 
instructions. The immersion time should be as short as possible to ensure an optimum result.
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8.6.6 Water- or solvent-based for special application (e.g. peelable developer)

When an indication that needs to be recorded is shown with the penetrant inspection process the
following procedure should be used.
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Indication(s) appear(s) on the face of the coating in direct contact with the part.

8.6.7 Development time

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contracting parties.
The development time begins
€           
€           

8.7 Inspection

8.7.1 Viewing conditions

8.7.1.1 General

Viewing conditions shall conform to ISO 3059.

8 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8.7.1.2 Fluorescent techniques

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at least 1 min.
!            z,M  K z,     
surface inspected shall be 10 W/m2 (1 000 μW/cm2) or greater with a low level of visible light (maximum
total of ambient and from UV-A source 20 lx).

8.7.1.3 Colour contrast techniques

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8.7.2 General

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interpretation of indications.
Final inspection shall be carried out when the development time has elapsed.
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8.7.3 Wipe-off technique

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no indication redevelops this shall not be the sole evidence for assessing an indication as spurious or non-
relevant but can be used to demonstrate that initial interpretation is correct (e.g. water mark or surface
  J                 
growth of the indication during the redevelopment time.
Procedure:
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b) view the area under inspection conditions to ensure the penetrant materials have been
   
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8.7.4 Recording

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© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 9

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

8.8 Postcleaning and protection

8.8.1 Postcleaning

                                  

testing products could interfere with subsequent processing or service requirements.

8.8.2 Protection

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8.9 Retesting
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cleaning has been carried out to remove penetrant residues remaining in the discontinuities.

9 Test report
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a) information on the part tested:
1) designation;
2) dimensions;
3) material;
4) surface condition;
5) production stage;
b) purpose of testing;
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product designation as well as the batch number;
d) test instructions;
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f) test results (description of discontinuities detected);
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K             Annex C. It shall include all the details
                        
                      
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items a) to h).
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containing the information mentioned in Clause 9 from a) to d) and if the information under e) to h) is
documented in an appropriate manner.

10 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Annex A
(normative)

Main stages of penetrant examination

K                     

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 11

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Annex B
(normative)

Process and control tests

B.1 General
Annex B describes process and control tests used to monitor the implementation of the method.
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This requirement is applicable to process lines where materials are reused. For products supplied in
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Table B.1                 !       
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The test shall be carried out and the results recorded in accordance with Table B.1   
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B.2 Records
                     
deviations found shall be reported to the responsible person and the appropriate corrective action taken.
The following information shall be included in the records:
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c) date;
d) shift;
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f) signature.

12 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

B.3 Control tests

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B.3.2 System performance

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or on the component with known discontinuities shall show the same number of indications and pattern
                     "   
background shall be the same as that shown on the record.
        C /^/             
test results.
Separate reference pieces shall be allocated to each individual penetrant; for this purpose an individual
               

B.3.2.1 Reference test parts cleaning

The test panel or known defect standard used for the performance test shall be maintained in such
           !           
      !                
or other remover.
Z             

B.3.3 Penetrant appearance

% M        H M          
of water at the bottom or top of the penetrant).

B.3.4 Rinse water appearance

y      M           
                      

B.3.5 Rinse water temperature

% M                  

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 13

 Table B.1 — Process and control tests

14
Frequency Recording
Control tests Subclause Start of each Numerical Visual
Weekly Monthly Yearly
work period value assessment
System review
Materials levels B.3.1 X X
"   B.3.2 X X
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

General review
Penetrant appearance B.3.3 X X
Rinse-water appearance B.3.4 X X
Rinse-water temperature B.3.5 X X
Oven temperature B.3.6 X X
Working area B.3.7 X X
% , H J B.3.8 X X
UV-A lamps B.3.9 X X
UV-A irradiance B.3.10 X X
z          H   
B.3.11 X X
 J
z      H    J B.3.12 X X
Penetrants
Fluorescent brightness a B.3.13 X X
%     a B.3.14 X X
Supplier’s overcheck B.3.15 X X
 
%       B.3.16 X X
Developers
     B.3.17.1 X X
`      B.3.17.2 X X

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 Table B.1 — (continued)

Frequency Recording
Control tests Subclause Start of each Numerical Visual
Weekly Monthly Yearly
work period value assessment
Water-soluble developer
a) Concentration B.3.17.3.1 X X
b) Wetting test B.3.17.3.2 X X

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

c) Temperature B.3.17.3.3 X X
d) Fluorescence of solution B.3.17.3.4 X X
Water-suspendable developer
a) Concentration B.3.17.4.1 X X
b) Temperature B.3.17.4.2 X X
c) Fluorescence of suspension B.3.17.4.3 X X
Calibration
Ultraviolet radiometers B.3.18 X X
Luxmeters B.3.19 X X
Thermometers B.3.20 X X
Pressure gauges B.3.21 X X
Test blocks B.3.22 X X X
a Not intended for aerosols.
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

15
ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

B.3.6 Oven temperature

% M                      M  H 8.5.7).

B.3.7 Working area

>      M      y           
                           
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the inspection area.

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Ensure that the trap(s) are free of contaminants.

B.3.9 UV-A lamps

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B.3.10 UV-A irradiance

Measure UV-A irradiance in accordance with ISO 3059.

%   &   !    &  !"

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B.3.12 Visible light intensity (colour contrast systems)

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B.3.13 Fluorescent brightness

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Requirement:             j9X //9X      

B.3.14 Colour contrast intensity

B.3.14.1                   /X9jX9[X 9BX

, M        ,      

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prepared and then further diluted at 1 to 10.
These reference samples shall be stored in light-proof sealed containers.

B.3.14.2   /X                    †@/Y/

B.3.14.3                            

penetrant under test against the reference samples.

Record the level at which the colour intensities are similar.

Requirement:          [9X    

16 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

B.3.15 Supplier’s overcheck

         ,       M              $ 
        #                
K   M             Š     
penetrant under test are all within acceptable limits when compared with the nominal values for a new
   !                      
!                   M 

B.3.16 Concentration of hydrophilic remover

K                  
a refractometer.
K                   
            #           
         K      
K                        
prepared product and determine its concentration from the graph.
All parts of the test shall be carried out at ambient temperature.
Requirement: Q         C     M
               

B.3.17 Developers

B.3.17.1 Appearance of dry powder

>           M 

B.3.17.2 Fluorescence of dry powder

>C                         
could affect the process.
As a guide it is not expected that more than 10 specks per 10 000 mm2 (e.g. eight specks on a 100 mm
   MJ            

B.3.17.3 Water-soluble developer

B.3.17.3.1 Concentration

K                     

concentration of the developer.
J % M      M  M         C

J KM          M  Q        79ƒ%       
        
J                
K                     

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 17

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

B.3.17.3.2 Wetting test

>                M  7        M
       

B.3.17.3.3 Temperature

>                  

B.3.17.3.4 Fluorescence of solution

>C                        

B.3.17.4 Water-suspendable developer

B.3.17.4.1 Concentration

K                     

concentration of the developer.
J % M      M       M    C
         
J KM      M  Q        79ƒ%          
     
J                
K                     

B.3.17.4.2 Temperature

% M                

B.3.17.4.3 Fluorescence of suspension

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B.3.18 Ultraviolet radiometer calibration

K ,            M        ISO 3059.
†             M   M    ‹   Œ‹   Œ
 K          /7  

B.3.19 Luxmeter calibration

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†     C       M   M    ‹   Œ‹   Œ
 K          /7  

B.3.20 Thermometer calibration

K       /ƒ% 

18 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

B.3.21 Pressure gauge calibration

% M                           
% M           

B.3.22 Test block calibration

%             M    K    M 
         K                   
            H †@7J 
        !"#jB/7{ @    M 

© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 19

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Annex C
(informative)

Example test report

Test report

Company name: Reference no.:

Departments: Subreference no.:
Penetrant testing
Test report no.: _____ Sheet ________________ of ____________________ sheets
Project: Parts:
Commissioned by: Manufacturing no.:
Commission order no.: Drawing no.:
Part to be tested: Further details, e.g.:
Weld plan no.: Test follow-up plan no.:
Dimensions: Weld no.: Sheet no.:
Unit no.: Part no.:
Material: Cast no.: Model no.:
Surface condition:
Heat treatment condition:
Pre-treatment:
Test instruction: (e.g. speciication, test direction, delivery condition)
Scope of testing:
Penetrant system
Designation: (further details, e.g. free from corrosive constituents, in accordance with
ISO 3452-2)
Manufacturer:
Product designation
Penetrant: Batch no.:
Excess penetrant remover: Batch no.:
Developer: Batch no.:
Procedure
Test temperature: Excess penetrant removal (further details, e.g. anticorrosive agents):
Precleaning: Emulsifying time:
Drying: Drying:
Penetration time: Development time:
Postcleaning/protection:
Deviations from test instructions:
Deviations from ISO 3452-1:
Test results: (e.g. for discontinuities: details of location, types, distributions, sizes and
number; sketch)

Test location: Test date: Operator's name:

Evaluation Acceptable: Unacceptable:

(in accordance with test instructions):
Remarks:

Test supervisor: Qualiication status: Date: Signature:

or
Commissioner/expert: Date: Signature:
or
Test house: Date: Signature:

20 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

 ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

Bibliography

—/˜ !"#jB/7            

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© ISO 2013 – All rights reserved 21

ISO 3452-1:2013(E)

'#*+/;;
Price based on 21 pages

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