Reading Passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage
Two.

Such a Fascinating Game

It is one of the world's most popular games, played by millions of people at home, in clubs,
online, by correspondence, and in tournaments. It is chess, a humble arrangement where two
players stare at a checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid, eyeing
their 16 pieces each as the rst move is played. When the opponent's king is checkmated, the
game is over, but between the beginning and the end, a wealth of elegant, complicated, and
fascinating moves and combinations can unfold.

The origins of chess lie in Northwest India, around the 6th century. At that time there existed a
game known as caturanga, which means 'four division', those divisions being of the military,
represented by the infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariotry. These pieces were aventually to
become the pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively, in the modern descendant of the
game. Around 600 AD, caturanga spread to Persia, then, after the Muslim conquest of that
region (beginning around that time), the game gained ground throughout the Islamic world,
from where it eventually spread to Europe.

Around 1200 AD, Southern Europe began modifying the rules, and within 300 years the game
had become recognisably the one we play today. The queen had long replaced the earlier vizier
to become the most powerful piece, while the pawns were given the option of advancing two
squares on the rst move in order to accelerate play. These new rules quickly spread across
Western Europe, creating the game now known as 'western chess' or 'international chess', to
distinguish it from older or regional variants of the game.

As for the players themselves, one world think that the best of them are necessarily smart, with
extremely high IQs; however, research has not been able to confirm this link. Some studies have
shown that good chess players may have strong IQs, but there appears to be no direct
correlation between this and chess ability. Paradoxically, the academically brilliant may even be

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less able at chess, and vice versa. Evidently, there are other factors involved, such as spacio-
visual insight and subliminal memory, not necessarily picked up by conventional intelligence
tests, readily noticeable, or even useful in real life.

But there are non-mental factors which clearly play a role. No one can doubt that raw talent is
necessary, but even the best and brightest must systematically undergo at least 10 to 15 years
of theoretical study and competitive practice before reaching world championship levels. The
American chess genius, Bobby Fischer, was only 13 when he produced the 'Game of the
Century', but he was not world champion until he was 29. The Russian chess player, Garry
Kasparov, was the youngest world champion ever, at 22, but he began dedicated state-
sponsored training from the age of ten onwards, complete with personal chess coaches.

All this shows the xed place chess has in western culture, meaning also that this region has,
historically, produced all the greatest players. However, interest in chess is now growing in the
East, although there is one problem being the stiff competition it faces with local board games,
such as Xiangqi and Go. These are more popular by a wide margin, but regarding China for
example, with its huge population and state-sponsored training, it is fast becoming a major
chess power. The reigning women's world chess champion is Chinese, and the country
performs well in chess Olympiads. The future for the game in this country looks bright indeed.

Talking about the future inevitably leads to the subject of computer chess. Serious chess-
playing machines began to emerge in the 1970s and 1980s, but their abilities were far below
that of the top human players. Progress, although slow, was steady, and with increasing
memory and faster processing, it was inevitable that one day a computer would be able to
match humans. Yet this is merely by brutally going through all the possible moves, millions per
second, deeper and deeper into the position. The nal move-choices give the appearance of
intuition and long-term strategy, when in actual fact they are simply based on an unthinking
and directionless material count.

In 1989, the computer 'Deep Thought' scored some wins against top human players, although
the world champion at that time, Garry Kasparov, easily defeated the machine in some
arranged games. In 1996, however, IBM brought out the next generation computer, 'Deep Blue'
, Pitting it in s match with this same player. Although it managed to score the rst win against a
reigning world champion, by losing three and drawing two of the remaining games, it lost the
match. However, a return match the following year saw Kasparov facing an even better
machine, 'Deeper Blue'. This time, the computer triumphed 3 1/2 - 2 1/2. And they are only
getting better.

As impressive as these results seem, most people agree that it is similar to a forklift beating a
weightlifter - somehow not a valid contest, and of little signi cance. Yes, computers can win
games, but creativity and intelligence are still the province of human players. It is these factors,
as well as the tense psychological struggle of minds and the personalities involved, together
with the limitless artistry of the positions themselves, which will always make chess such a
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fascinating game

Questions 14-16
Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

14
There are 32 pieces at the beginning of a chess game.

15
Caturanga was more complicated than modern chess.

16
The popularity of caturanga increased after the Muslims took
control.

Questions 17-19
Answer the questions.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Which piece replaced the elephant?

17

Why were pawns given an extra ability?

18

Who was the youngest world champion?

19

Questions 20-24
Give TWO examples of the following categories.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each example.

Categories An Example Another Example

spacio-visual
Mental abilities which great chess players must have 20
insight

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requirements, apart fromtalent, which create great 21 competitive practice
chess players

state-sponsored
reasons accounting for China's chess success 22
training

factors which enable computers to equal human increasing

23
chess players memory

assets which human players have, that computers

creativity 24
do not

Questions 25-26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

25 Deep Blue

A was stronger than Deeper Blue.

B was stronger than Deep Thought.

C won several games against Kasparov.

D eventually triumphed over Kasparov.

26 Computers

A have significant creativity.

B provide tense psychological struggles.

C are comparable to forklifts.

D analyse billions of positions per second.

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