LDME Winter - 2021 QE=0 GL DI Classifreation af gears: Gi) Parallel shaft axes gear =I Spur gear @ =| Helical gears =} Herringban ear =| Rack and pinion =| Taternal ars. Gi! Tntersechng shaft gears =| Bevel gear Giilll Non- intersecting and perpendicular shaft ax r e -I|Worm gear Liv) Non= intersecting and non- perp. icular sha axe, pear Spiral gearsbY The no. of teeth on th quivalent spur rz) is called as virtual or formathve na. of teeth. z's Pcp of an gquivalent ue gear Module of an equi lent Spur gear beg! Ma g = d/cos*« OE CoSK = a yp co5?°% zie 2 cos3K ther \ = For mative fo. th = Actual no- of teeth on helical gear ~? Type ear tooth failures: (| Bending failure or breakage tooth -|| the continuous repet'tan of Jending strece Jeade fabgue which may results in crack and hence the gear tooth breaks away » -lLthis failure can be ing the _par. a uch as module and face width in the gear designQE=O0 (Dil wear failure Li) Pitting 4)ll Initial pitting, =| The causes of inital pitting are the errars in toot profile, sucface irregularities and raisalignmento | gears. —} This can be minimized by precice roachining 2 ears, adjusting the carre aligntaeat LES bl Destructive pith =I Tt oreurc when the load on the ar_teoth ¢, de the Surfac ncluran trengih of rooterial. Satis Sauce canbe rainimai ced ly _ineraa tion dhe urface hardne af the re Gi} Scarin =| Tt occurs due te insuffelent lubricabon alone with ra iv urta ¢ ret Sure =|-This_can be avoided by selechngo the parameter like urface pressure, Surfac 1 and quantity andquality of /ubricant. GitM Abyasive wear: =| This is caused } the parkicles trapped behvecn the Mating teeth sur; . % =I Thee can be avoid by providing oil FJter Q.2 a) Coupling ts an irrpartant rmechanical element us toe connect two shafts ar to couple driver ch with driven shat; Applicatians: Power transmission Alignment (arpensahan sh absorption Reduction of wear Overlead protection Flexibility Adjustable Sycter Turhormachinery Automoatve industry pa EE ani eo_b) Lup. f rolling cantact bearing | Ball bearings CM Single - raw deep greave ball hearing Gi Single -raw deep” arspve uith natch til Self ~ alrening Civ) Deuble row deep groovy (vl Thrust boll hearing (vi) Angular contact bearing (2) Roller bearings GM Cylindrical Gill Spherical Git) Taper Crvyl Need, 8 Advantages a angular contact bearings: High speed ability Axial and radial Jaad handling Prelanding Copabil't Longer {j under mbined load Versatle mounting planCZ=0 Disadvantager of angular contact earings: Limited axial load capacity Comp L installahy Higher cost Lets_talerance for misalignment Increased frrchan 3S oll Given data! Zp = 20 Pay = 4 pre = 100 Hp = Gude = 6a0 N/m Np = 720 rpm BuN)p = (BHN), = F700 Bp, = 20° Fos =2 “= ° Ke = 15 b= Yam % lthen the pia pinion and rare made sf sa, ateriol, Ge at that tme alwa pinion is weater in jendin pp = Gurdp = 200 wirom™ 2 ae or) = 20 = 26.8654 f cos? (cos25)* Yio = G8 oNgH— 2.27 = ougy — 22 = 0.377) eh1 Ep = Sp b=0%,: Vp = 2o0axY4o x4 x 0.3771 = 12062, N_ dp = mp:2) = Mp = 4 20 Cosa c@s(25) = 32.2702 MM Om 12s = 2xloo = OCF 2a+ 2p loo #20 k= oe (pun) = oc (Boo) = 1244 N/mm too / Cee Fyp= dp -b-Q-h FO = FR.2 702 KHOX | ECPX NMG — Gas2s)* = 10.335 x (0? As Fepe = Kas: Fe ky Ve Tp Np = MXS8.27%92xFDO = 3.3222 x 103 PV 60 60 23.3277 9,Ky = 5.6 = zeae = 0.7542 S.64TV 5.6 453.3299 Ka = 15 Kea 2] Feff = LSxX)x Fe =/9988 5 0.7542 Fy FOSK Fog. 10.31 io? = 2A 1 9888 F. Fp = 2594.07 N BOP = FAXxy = 2594.07 X 3.3277 = 9.63272 x (03? w = 2.6322 kW OR Ol| Design procedure helical spring : Dl wire dia. Ca)* Ky = -t + O.¢/S Hide iS Tper SWerax ¢ Ky = 3Wmax dD x deta hr, woe OY wd* wd? 4)Mean cail dia (p): 4)|| Total no ZL Syl Fre. leagth (Lp): Lp sn'd + Smax + 0.15 Sar & og Pitch Cp) pe be ni-tPege bane Q.3 a) A cu; upling i the simplest type of ri cpap, —genecilyiade al cushion It consists of a Sleeve hose jnner dia, is Same as that of Shaf}- It ic Lited over the ends of the twa shafts w'th the help of gil-head hey The pawer is transeatt rem one shaft ta anothe, Shoft through the key and Sleeve. Advantage‘ imple in design. These couplings are easy to monufactire.— These couplings has no projecting parts. Consider g horizontal sha rotating in the beari: let + = Radius of jouraal,mm R= Radius of bearing.mm Lz lengih bearing .p = Radial clearance between journal & bearing, rom hs= Speed af journal rotation, rev/s we Velocity at surface of journal, mm/sJournal Gha ft) Bearing aeQE=0 bate Wt Radial Inad en journal, N py = Rearing pressure , N/m” ; PaeteAbe dy: A (2mrJj)- Vv dh = F=iu (2amrs)- 270rns e & T= Fer = uy (2nrz). 2rerns op c Ts Hntr?.usine c Te f-yer £ = coefficient of friction =f (my -2y-s)-r e Te 2f-p) -J-r* F.py-d -e fs ont/r \. funs) ve* CA] The above eg” jc Known as Petroff!s eguary CGaiven data: = 720 rp 00 pm 00 pr 0.5 mm O.86 60 kel? osihy = 2M loge (Re) Va leo Sus 7 (Re*- Ri) p= 4.0CS MP Vy—= (0.224 = 150 € 7 G@s0%~ 150°) 4. 075 centipstak 2.293 O86 X 34.075 = 29.3 x 1071 NesTP: x he” (ur Jog, { Re'\ UR: = mx 4.065 x 0.15” 6x 29.3 x to "x Joge [250\ 1507 @ = 0.48 x1n% mm, =_o.ue wx 10% x fo" 1m fs s = O.4g x lo * x Co mm/min = a.4fxjo? x 60x 10> Jt a = 28.g Jit/rin Lidl Pp = @ Cei= Pa) x 10 * = ower tol x (4.065~ 0)x 10% = 195 kb iv || ee = 27h mt un (Ro"-Ri") Cox 10% we he e = 2mx7B0 x * 24.3 X lo" 1x #20 (290%~ 1564) bo xt6% so ous = 5.930 Aw OR a)|| The basi. tatc capacity ie basic Static _lnad rating — d__as_the Stabe radtal lead | which corresponds to a _tatal permanent de forrrat f£ halls and rac at the ™ heavil, pre csedi of. ntact gual_te g.000! mes the ball diameter. load rating ~ for a radial hearing is defined as the nstant rade apparantely idenhcal bearings an_withsten L a_tatag life of one aillion (10°) revolution b) Worm materrals: — The threads of the sshorer worm Ore Subjected to fabigue tresSes and repehbve contact stresses. -l| Therefore, the worm material chauld have sufficrent bending and furface endurance strength to avaid the bendin ynd__pitting jlures. The_worm alse gctr_as a shaft hence the care of _| the worm Should be duchkle and tough + re the maxi. energy alsorphan Becous these requirements , the warms gre ma if case hardened stecl_and_its teeth are ground.JWorm whee) materiales The ameunt of contact stresses on the warca wheel }teeth ~s same as Mat an the wore threads, A onsiderable friction 1s developed in wartr gear pairs, the worm wheel materra) should Aave ant - | Scoring and ant’ friretian property. | Phospher branze with surface hardnert of 10 to 120 DHN isa commonly used material for the worm whee) PPI LLL | Given data! P= 20k W 2 REme |N = 220 rem = 320 N/mm? T= 265.2582 Nm = 265.2522 xX)07 N-mm sy = 0.572 Sy = 0.577 x 780 = 219.26 Ma Tyet—=__Ssy = 219.26 = 73.08 MPa Fos 2W= Was W Ww Ky oS ‘ Ky Load (N) Resultant spring > = 2 Petlecton (mrs) Fig. Springs in Serres -sLead (nJ Wii Resultant spring Spring 2 Spring 1 > 8) 82> 8 deflection (mm) Fig. Springs in pavalle)QE=0 in paralle L prin ¥ g Consider hwo Spr in nected 1 paralle/. Le} We: Tote! laad actn an_paralle) combination, N Wi,W, = Joad Hog on Spring 2 & 2 NW Kt, = Shffnece af soving 1 2 Nie 6:2 Deflectan of spring 7 £ k= Combined shffners of spring rb f= Tot! deflechon paraolle) cambinatan, mm w= Wy, twig & S=5,=S, Shee hS Fie fr ks wy Like ky tk Ci £2528.) sd b) | Avithoetic progrestian| Hat ni cian | Se Dll There i nctant |-There is constant = There is constant hange in speed diame te hange vr rate at at every sta at ev ba every stale. i Ar not hated on |-HP is not based on |-GP is based on preferred nurber | preferred number | preferred number of Ser of Sertes. of seriec. Ld Law speed range =High speed ron = Low speed range ct requires Pare Steps.| requires mare Steps | better than AD rT ir Meter) [Zoput output (eee Feered.) (ies rotor \ a \ y ng ne me " ny RG \ oy Fig. Speed diagram SS ENS SIO I Motor fet) Shaft | shaft Urs \ . \ te De \ ne 15 — . | a me Fre Rey diagrar greeee Arithea He progression daccronie Heagressinal oretric proprectien| iv) For AP For HP, For GP 94, = Drax - Nmin C= mex Mmin (a= reales Q-) Prax Prin (2 -1) Prin IQ, = No, ta, Ne = N2-l fy sn =o = Nein t (2-) ap I= Cng-t = Prin an ng a) e Ie (2-1) Cr min Oll Assumptrans: -I| Nine speed rates are arrang, na geometry ProgresSion- =|| Two-Stage gee ocarhax with three gears in each = Sta =| constaat input J. aSfumed. = / er th & f 1 rotros. OR ) Autofrettag is one of the oldest method o pre - Stressin th, cylinder Ib fc a process of pre =-Stressin the cwlhinder _b. re using (t in ft ~ erviceIn_this type of pre-strecsing method atarged inder is Subsccted te high internal prescure s. acts expand the internal dig. whih causes etStroin - The_amoun? of internal pressure adjusted Such that a portion of the wlinder at the inner ucface iS Subjected to Stresces In the plache range where ac the outer Surface} Hi ein the lash'c range. luhen the high pressure s¢ released, the parton af the wlinder at the outer foc, tracts that ris the pressure on the inner surface ah Hhe e ylinder which has undergone pereranent defarmah'an. Therefore, when the cylinder js loa in Serys tA reSidval corrpretSive Strepses Start to decreat, @ | tecome Zero and Fnally become tensile as th presSure is graduall, increased. bl If the voto of the inner diameter o nder he wall thickne L eater than ot 220) ylinder is considered as a thin cylinder. resture pborlers py, vers, pip, For example: Low t tube forage tanks ete.Fa > e Fr Ys ha ~ (12-1) (0.4 - 0.25) @.5- 0.25) . Y= ha — = 0.5 ¢ eat (15) | Fauive en dy. amic. cad and ratin tke ot bearing @ Po = (x.V-Fp + ¥- Fa): Ka =_(0.5Cx)% 2200 + 1.08 x Joao) at “Pe = 2312 N Ly=fc\* = /s590\? = 74.13 million rey Ge] ( 2312 J bee = Sllin) = Sx [4.3 = 70.¢5 million Ley @ Q.s a)| Matertals for cylinder and tadec liner =| The eae cylinder and cylinder Jiner are usually made of grey cast iran which are brittle, hard and withstand the various farce. =| Also in Some cases, cast Steel & dl aluminin Mog ©CZ=0 are used. For heavy duty cylinders nickel cact tron and nickel hromium cast iron is uced Pisten Matertals* The most commonly used picton materrals are ast iron, cast aluminium _coct teel and targed aluminium alloys. b) Classification of cranes! a) Based on design & Structure Mobile cranes Fixed cran rverhead crane BaSed on lifting acity, Light- duty Nedino duty Heavy-duty Basted on operatan standard. Matual cronFig. Crone Hook=I Electric crane Hydraulic cranes Giv)ll_ Ba don applicatten Construchon cranes 1 Industrral cranes cl Marine cranes. @ Sl tet, P= Load on crane hook in N Z= Throat of hock in mm = Bed or seat dameter in me h= Depth of cross -Sech'an in mm by = Wid a eee 22 Tentile yield strenoth in lem? Fos = Factor af safer Uyall Bed or seat diameter fc) o c= x VP (en: Throat of hook (x) J =0-35 ¢ Gill Depth of crasc-¢ ton Ch) hzooeQZ=0 OR O) Ohiectives of material handling systers = Accuracy in load tranSportatran + =| “Transpertakan of load as per ¢cheduled em =! Transpertyban of load with required quality» =| Transportation of /aads without domage. @ =I Precision in loads of work plecet. =| Automaton with minimum manpower. =lLlow in‘thel and operatng ctr =|| Easy to operate and ea maintenance. =l| operatanal ie dy oI Tt ubassembl, of IC engine. Tis finchan ic to _apen and L the inlet and Laust valve ato proper hme with resoect te the positron of the pittan and crankshaft The Main part of the mechanism are valve rocker arm prin Sh rod mand cam shah. In_vechcal eng? nes, the m moving an the rotatin camshaft p cshes the cam Dower and puth rod upwards, hut transiting the car achon t rocker arm. When the cam fallower maves over A ulepotion of the cam, the pushi rocker area on the valve is eafed and the Valve return +, it at_and ores it dy the acton of the val, tpring. =| In_madern engines, the camthet? is located at th cylinder head level. Thus push rod 1s elspainated » @ —|he spring ic initially compressed and the Aree Jue te inital cofuprertvon presses the valve dawn on its Seat. Ol Given data: P= 250M di zo.c Peas = 4 Nfeon* es Pee = 1S N/m” do = hd (Dory = 84 Nipap™ @ | 1, -o4sp Ci) Force an pistan = Resisting fore xp? pma = (Pyar, x dor J q Te x250*°x4 = 15xd_ x (9.45 x 250) 4 da = NE.35S2 pom = UZ paraGi) = 0.6 ps 70. 2mm = 719M Citi) deg = hd, = bY xu? = 163.8 mop = ICH os (iv) Ge My L @ M= Pep = 4x p>x Parad 8 g M= 7/4 x 250>x 4x 250 3 = 6.) 19 © co Tew x (d,"-d:") = my (24-7) 4 oy = 7.9510 x 10° mm" ® ye ds = 7 = 59.5 mm 7 z Gy = 6.1357 x joo x 52.5 F.1510% 10 © oy = 4s. ru mm” < 34 N/m Hence, the design i fe for bending stresses,