‘DESIGNING OF SEWAGE TREATMENT

PLANT’

A THESIS SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ALL

REQUREMENT OF DIPLOMA

CIVIL ENGINEERING BY

LALIT VERMA

ARUN KUMAR VERMA

VIPIN KUMAR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. AMRISH BAJPAI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

BARABANKI-225001

(2017-2020)
 CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report entitled "Design of Sewage

Treatment Plant" which is submitted by LALIT VERMA and
his team in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
diploma in Department of Civil Engineering of UPBTE, is a
record of the candidate own work carried out by them under my
supervision. The matter embodied in this report is original and
has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.
Being submitted by

LALIT VERMA

ARUN KUMAR VERMA

VIPIN KUMAR
 Towards the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

diploma

In

Civil Engineering
Academic year: 2019-20

Is the record of the student’s own work carried out at

S.I.T.M. BARABANKI
And to the best of our knowledge the work reported here in does not form a part of any other thesis

or work on the basis of which DIPLOMA or award was conferred on an earlier occasion to this or any

other

Mr. AMRISH BAJPAI

(POLYTECHNIC DEPARTMENT)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project report entitled DESIGNING OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,

Submitted by the of Mr. AMRISH BAJPAI of SITM BARABANKI, is My own and has not been submitted

to any other University or Institution or published earlier.

Signature of Students:

LALIT VERMA

ARUN KUMAR VERMA

VIPIN KUMAR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our heart pulsates with the thrill for tendering gratitude to those persons who helped in
completion for this project. The pleasant point of presenting a report is the opportunity to
thank those who have contributed to build team knowledge. Unfortunately, the list of
expressions of thank no matter how extensive is always incomplete and inadequate. Indeed
this page of acknowledgement shall never be able to touch the horizon of generosity of those
who tendered their help to my team.

We extend our deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our guide Prof. PRASHANT
DWIVEDI for his kind attitude, keen interest, immense help, inspiration and
encouragement which helped our team to carrying out the work. We are extremely grateful
to Prof. PRASHANT DWIVEDI for providing all kind of possible help throughout my
project work. It is a great pleasure for my team to acknowledge and express my gratitude to
the whole teaching and non-teaching staff for their understanding, unstinted support and
endless encouragement during my project.
Lastly, we thank all those who are involved directly or indirectly during our
DIPLOMA Project.

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 ABSTRACT

A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and commercial waste and
removes the materials which pose harm for general public. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated sludge)
suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).A study on domestic waste water
characterization has been performed followed by the design of sewage treatment plant. The
present study involves the analysis of pH value, total solids, total suspended solids, hardness,
acidity, oils fats & greases, chloride, BOD and DO etc. The samplings of the domestic waste
have been done in different times of the day to have an average data of the measured parameters.
Depending upon the values of these parameters, calculations are done for designing the different
units of a Sewage Treatment Plant and a preliminary layout is prepared for the same.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATION & SYMBOLS

PST Primary settlement tank

FST Final settlement tank

TDS Total dissolved solid

SS Suspended solid

DS Dissolved solid

DO Dissolve oxygen

BOD Biological oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

STP Sewage treatment plant

SOP Standard Operating Procedure

ETP Effluent Treatment Plants

SOR Surface overflow rate

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 INDEX

S.No CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. 9
INTRODUCTION
2. 10
OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Characteristics of wastewater -
a. Physical characteristics 11-16
b. Chemical Characteristics
c. Biological Characteristics

4. Methodology
a) Methodology for determination of pH value
b) Methodology for determination of total solid 16-21
c) Methodology for determination of chloride content
d) Methodology for determination of nitrogen content
e) Methodology for determination of presence of oil & grease
f) Methodology for determination of BOD
5. OBSERVATIONS 22

Process involved in Sewage Treatment

1) Preliminary treatment
a) Screening
b) Grit chamber
6. c) Skimming tank
2) Primary treatment 22-30
a) Primary sedimentation tank
3) Secondary (or Biological ) treatment
a) Aeration tank
4) Sludge digestion &disposal

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8. Design of sewage treatment plant
I. Design of screening
II. Design of grit chamber
III. Design of skimming tank
IV. Design of primary sedimentation tank
V. Design of aeration tank
a) Aerator sizing 32-44
VI. Design of secondary clarifier
VII. a) Design of sludge digestion tank
b) Estimation of gas produced from digester tank
c) Disposal of sludge

9. LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 45

10. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 46
11. SCOPE FOR FUTURE 47
12. REFFRENCES 47

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 INTRODUCTION

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and exert
deleterious effect on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing population and
industrialization with the resultant degradation of the environment causes a grave threat to the
quality of life. Degradation of water quality is the unfavorable alteration of the physical,
chemical and biological properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial,
agricultural, recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are the
major sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human fecal material, domestic
wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes. The growing environmental pollution needs
for decontaminating wastewater result in the study of characterization of waste water, especially
domestic sewage. Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste from
domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to remove materials that damage water quality
and compromise public health and safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It
includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove various contaminants depending
on its constituents. Using advanced technology it is now possible to re-use sewage effluent for
drinking water.

The present study comprises the study on quality of domestic waste water and industrial waste
water(mixed sewage) .The study includes characterization tests for pH value, acidity, alkalinity,
chloride, turbidity & BOD etc. Depending upon the values of these parameters, calculations are
done for designing the different units of a 30 MLD Sewage Treatment Plant and a preliminary
layout is prepared for the same.

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Objectives of the study:

The objective of municipal and industrial waste water treatment is to extract pollutants, remove
toxicants, neutralize coarse particles, kill pathogens so that quality of discharged water is
improved to reach the permissible level of water to be discharged into water bodies or for
agricultural land.

Treatment of water thus aims at reduction of BOD, COD, total solids, nitrogen content etc. of
receiving water bodies and prevention of bio-magnification of toxic substances in food chain.
The effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or unacceptable damage to the
natural environment.

The objective of this project can be summarized as-

 Physical, chemical and biological characterization of waste water.

 Comparison with the prescribed standard
 Design of the sewage treatment plant.

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 Literature Review

Sewage treatment is the process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from
household sewage. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these
contaminants and produce environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treated effluent).A by-
product of sewage treatment is usually a semi- solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge, that
has to undergo further treatment before being suitable for disposal or land application. The
objective of sewage treatment is to reduce the polluting substances to the Central Pollution
Control Boards (CPCB) Norms

Effluent discharged standards for Sewage Treatment Plant:

Table:-1

Parameter
Existing general effluent Standards for new STPs
Standards (CPCB) (CPCB)

BOD, mg/L 30 Not more than 10

Total Suspended Solid, 100 Not more than 20

mg/L
COD, mg/L 250 Not more than 50

pH 5.5-9 6.5-9.0

Total nitrogen mg/L 100 Not more than 10

FaecalColiforms Not Specified Less than 100

MPN/100mL

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 Characteristics of waste water:-
Physical characteristics-
Odour:-
It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in contact with them.
Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus waste water which contains toxic
substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to distinguish. Odour is recognized as a
quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water. The organic and inorganic substance
contributes to taste or odour. The ultimate odour tasting device is the human nose. The odour
intensity is done by threshold odour test.
Colour:

Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or Mg, humus and
peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water suitable for general and
industrial applications.
After turbidity is removed the apparent colour and that due to suspended matter is found out.
Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method is used.

Floatables:

One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste disposal into surface water is
the amount of floatable material in the waste. Two general types of floating matters are found-

(i) Particulate matters like 'grease balls'

(ii) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.
It is important because it accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic bacteria and
viruses.

Temperature:
The normal temperature of sewage is generally slightly higher than the temperature of water. The
average temperature of sewage in India is 20°C.

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The temperature has an effect on the biological activity of bacteria present in sewage. Biological
activities in sewage are higher at greater temperature. Temperature also affects the solubility of
gases in sewage. In addition, temperature also affects the viscosity of sewage, which in turn
affects the sedimentation process in its treatment.

Chemical Characteristics:-
The sewage has the following chemical characteristics:-
1) Total Solids:-

The sewage normally contains very small amount of solids in relation to the huge quantity of
water. It only contains about 0.05 to 0.1 % of total solid matters.
The solid matters present the sewage may be in any of the four forms:

 Suspended solids,
 Dissolved solids,
 Colloidal solids,
 Settleable solids,

It has been estimated that about 1000 kg of sewage contains about 0.45 kg of total solids, out of
which 0.225 kg is in solution, 0.112 kg is in suspension, and 0.112 kg is settleable. Colloidal
solids remain either in solution or in suspension.

Further, the solids in sewage comprise of both organic as well as inorganic solids. The organic
matter is about 45% of the total solids and the remaining about 55% is the inorganic matter.
The total amount of solids present in a given sewage can be determined by evaporating a known
volume of sewage sample and weighing the dry residue left. The quantity of suspended solids
can be determined by passing a known volume of sewage sample through a glass-fiber filter
apparatus and weighing the dry residue left.

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 2) pH Value:-

The pH value is defined as the logarithm of reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration present in
water. It is used to designate the acidity and alkalinity of water.

Thus, pH value = -log [H+]

Nature of fresh sewage and treated sewage is alkaline and the septic sewage is acidic in nature.
The pH value of fresh and treated sewage is generally more than 7 & the pH value of septic
sewage is less than 7. The pH value can measured quickly and automatically with the help of a
potentiometer.

3) Chloride Content:-

Chlorides are derived from the kitchen wastes, human excreta and industrial discharge.The
normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/lit. High chloride content of sewage
indicates the presence of industrial sewage or infiltration of sea water.
The chloride content can measured by titrating the waste water with standard silver nitrate
solution, using potassium chromate as indicator.

4) Nitrogen Content:-

The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It may occur in one
or more of the following forms:

a) Free ammonia
b) Albuminoid nitrogen
c) Nitrites
d)Nitrates
Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of organic matter.
Albuminoid nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before the decomposition
of organic matter is started.
The nitrites indicate the presence of partly decomposed organic matter. Nitrates indicate the
presence of fully oxidized organic matter.

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 The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily measured by simply boiling and
measuring the ammonia gas.
The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline solution of
potassium permanganate to the already boiled sewage sample and again boiling the same. The
amount of nitrites or nitrates present in sewage sample can be measured by color matching
methods.

5) Presence of fats, greases and oils:-

These are derived in sewage from the discharges of animals, kitchens of hotels, industries etc. In
order to determine the amount of fats, greases etc, a sample of sewage is first evaporated.
The residual solids left are then mixed with ether and the solution is then evaporated, leaving
behind the fat, grease as a residue.

Biological Characteristics:-

The sewage contains the following bacteria and microorganisms-

1) Bacteria:
Bacteria are microscopic unicellular organisms .They may be following types:-

a) Pathogenic bacteria- These are responsible for all water borne diseases.
b) Non-pathogenic bacteria- These are harmless.
c) Aerobic bacteria- It helps the decomposition of sewage in oxidation ponds,
lagoons etc.
d) Anaerobic bacteria- It helps the decomposition of sewage in septic tank,
cesspool etc.
e) Facultative bacteria- It has no function in sewage treatment.

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2) Microorganisms:
The microorganism like algae, fungi and protozoa help the process of decomposition of sewage
by photosynthesis or by breaking the organic compounds.

3) Biochemical Oxygen Demand:

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, also called Biological Oxygen Demand) is the amount of
dissolved oxygen needed (i.e. demanded) by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic
material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period. The
BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample
during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of organic
pollution of water.
BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. It is listed as a
conventional pollutant in the U.S. Clean Water Act.
BOD is similar in function to chemical oxygen demand (COD), in that both measure the amount
of organic compounds in water. However, COD is less specific, since it measures everything that
can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biodegradable organic matter

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Aerobic digestion
Aerobic digestion is a bacterial process occurring in the presence of
oxygen. Under aerobic conditions, bacteria rapidly consume organic
matter and convert it into carbon dioxide.
The operating costs used to be characteristically
much greater for aerobic digestion because of the
energy used by the blowers, pumps and motors
needed to add oxygen to the process

Aerobic digestion can also be achieved by using diffuser systems or jet

aerators to oxidize the sludge.

Composting
Composting is also an aerobic process that involves mixing the sludge
with sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw or wood chips.
In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digest both the
wastewater solids and the added carbon source
and, in doing so, produce a large amount of heat.

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 METHODOLOGY

MEASUREMENT OF pH VALUE:-

The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample. pH varies
from 6-8 in waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and acids. Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia which are dissolved affect pH value of water. pH value may
be more than 9 in alkaline springs and the

pH may be 4 or even less than 4 for acidic ones. Industrial wastes do affect the pH as it depends
on buffer capacity of water. pH value of water sample in lab changes because of losses
absorption of gases, reactions with sediments, chemical reaction

Velocity The velocity of flow ahead of and through a screen varies

materially and affects its operation. The lower the velocity through the
screen, the greater is the amount of screenings that would be removed
from sewage. However, the lower the velocity, the greater would be the
amount of solids deposited in the channel. Hence, the design velocity
should be such as to permit 100% removal of material of certain size
without undue depositions. Velocities of 0.6 to 1.2 m/s through the open
area for the peak flows have been used satisfactorily. When considerable
amounts of storm water are to be handled, approach velocities of about
0.8 m/s are desirable to avoid grit deposition at the bottom of the screen,
which might otherwise become inoperative when most needed during
storm though lower value of 0.6 m/s is used in current practice.

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 taking place within the sample bottle. Therefore pH value should preferably be determined at the
time of collection of sample.

pH is measured using pH meter. The pH meter is an electrical device that determines the acidity
or basicity of aqueous solutions, one of the most commonly monitored parameters.
To use a pH meter, the pH electrode is first calibrated with standard buffer solutions with known
pH values. To make a pH measurement, the electrode is immersed into the sample solution until
a steady reading is reached. The electrode is then rinsed after each sample and stored in a storage
solution after all the measurements have been completed.

Calculations-
Sample pH-(Raw)
Sample 1 7.1
Sample 2 7.3
Sample 3 7.1
Sample 4 7.0
RESULT- 7.125

The resultant pH of the Raw sewage is -7.125

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SOLIDS: PRINCIPLE:

The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam-bath and is dried to a constant mass in an
oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C. Total residue is calculated from increase in mass.In
general, by evaporating and drying water samples at 179-181°C values are obtained which
conform more closely to those obtained by summation of individually determined mineral salts.
The apparatus used are:

 Evaporating Dish
 Drying Oven
 Desiccator

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  Analytical Balance
The total amount of solids present in a given sewage can be determined by evaporating a known
volume of sewage sample and weighing the dry residue left. The quantity of suspended solids
can be determined by passing a known volume of sewage sample through a glass-fiber filter
apparatus and weighing the dry residue left.The difference between the total solids and the
suspend solids representsdissolved solids plus colloidal.

Sample Raw (mg)

TS SS DS
Sample 1 934 272 662
Sample 2 470 132 338
Sample 3 2096 1270 826
Sample 4 569 38 531
RESULT 1017 428 590

The resultant -

RAW (mg)
TS SS DS
1017 428 590

METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF CHLORIDE CONTENT

Chlorides are derived from the kitchen wastes, human excreta and industrial discharge.The
normal chloride content of domestic sewage is 120 mg/lit. High chloride content of sewage
indicates the presence of industrial sewage or infiltration of sea water. The chloride content can
measured by titrating the waste water with standard silver nitrate solution, using potassium
chromate as indicator.

SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 114
Sample 2 96
Sample 3 93
Sample 4 89
RESULT 98
Chloride content of raw sewage is- 98mg/l

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METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN CONTENT

The presence of nitrogen in sewage indicates the presence of organic matter. It may occur in
one or more of the following forms:
a)Freeammonia
b)Albuminoid nitrogen
c)Nitrites
d)Nitrates
Presence of free ammonia indicates the very first stage of decomposition of organic matter.
Albuminoid nitrogen indicates quantity of nitrogen present in sewage before the
decomposition of organic matter is started. The nitrites indicate the presence of
partly decomposed organic matter. Nitrates indicate the presence of fully
oxidized organic matter. The amount of free ammonia present in sewage can be easily
measured by simply boiling and measuring the ammonia gas.
The amount of albuminoid nitrogen can be measured by adding strong alkaline solution of
potassium permanganate to the already boiled sewage sample and again boiling the same. The
amount of nitrites or nitrates present in sewage sample can be measured by color matching
methods.

SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 60
Sample 2 20
Sample 3 45
Sample 4 20
RESULT 36.25

Free ammonia present in the sample is – 36.25mg/L

METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINATION OF PRESENCE OF FATS OILS & GREASES

These are derived in sewage from the discharges of animals, kitchens of hotels, industries etc.In
order to determine the amount of fats, greases etc, a sample of sewage is first evaporated.
The residual solids left are then mixed with ether and the solution is then evaporated, leaving
behind the fat, grease as a residue.

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 SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1.1 24.8
Sample 2.1 8.4
Sample 3.1 46.8
Sample 4.1 7.6
RESULT 21.9

The resultant oil & greases in the sample – 21.9mg/l

METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF BOD:

PRINCIPLE:
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is based mainly on the classification of
biological activity of a substance. A procedure measures the dissolved oxygen
consumed by micro-organisms while capable of
taking and oxidizing the organic matter under aerobic conditions. The standard test condition lets
in incubating the sample in an air tight bottle, in dark at a required temperature for specific time.

The apparatus used are:

i) Incubation Bottles: The bottle has capacity of 300 ml. It has narrow neck with
even mouth and has ground glass stoppers. New bottles are cleaned with 5 N
hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid and rinsed with distilled water. In normal use,
bottles once used for Winkler’s procedure should only be rinsed with tap water
followed by distilled water. During incubation water is added to the flared mouth
of the bottle time to time, to ensure proper sealing.

ii) Air Incubator: Air incubation with thermostatically controlled 27°C

+- 1°C. Light is avoided to prevent possibility of photosynthetic
production of oxygen.

PROCEDURE:

After taking water in incubation bottles, 4 gm of NaOH is kept at the neck of the bottle.
A magnetic stirrer is retained inside the bottle. The magnetic

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stirrer continuously revolves inside the bottle. Special caps attached with an electronic
meter keep the bottle air tight. The instrument directly records BOD reading at every
24 hour. After that the bottles are preserved in the incubators for days as per need of
study. The same procedure follows for BOD 3 days and BOD 5 days.

SAMPLE RAW(mg/l)
Sample 1 144
Sample 2 226
Sample 3 186
Sample 4 200
RESULT 189

The resultant BOD of the sample is – 189mg/L

S.No. PARAMETER CALCULATED PERMISSIBLE

VALUE LIMITS

1. pH 7.125 7-8.5

2. TDS 1017mg/l 100 mg/l

3. SS 428mg/l N/A

4. DS 590mg/l N/A

5. FREE 36.25mg/l 50 mg/l

AMMONIA

6. CLORIDE 98mg/l 600 mg/l

7. OIL & GREASE 21.9mg/l 10 mg/l

8. BOD 189mg/l 30 mg/l

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 Observations-
As the results of raw sewage i.e. TDS (SS & DS), OIL & GREASE, BOD are exceeding from
their permissible values.
Hence, further treatment of raw sewage is required before its disposal into surface streams.

Process involved in Sewage Treatment:-

Sewage can be treated in different ways .Treatment process are often classified as:-

(i) Preliminary treatment

(ii) Primary treatment
(iii) Secondary (or Biological ) treatment
(iv) Final treatment

Preliminary Treatment
Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the floating materials (like dead animals, tree
branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood, etc.), and also the heavy settleable inorganic solids. It
also helps in removing the oils and greases, etc. from the sewage. This treatment reduces the
BOD of the wastewater, by about 15 to 30%. The process used are screening for removing
floating papers, rags, clothes, etc., Grit chambers or Detritus tanks for removing grit and sand.,
and skimming tanks for removing oils and greases.

SCREENING
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Screening
removes objects such as rags, paper, plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of
downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances. Some modern wastewater treatment plants
use both coarse screens and fine screens.
Types of Screens:-

Screens can be broadly classified depending upon the opening size provided as coarse screen
(bar screens) and fine screens. Based on the cleaning operation they

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 are classified as manually cleaned screens or mechanically cleaned screens. Due to need of more
and more compact treatment facilities many advancement in the screen design are coming up.

BAR SCREEN

Fine Screen:-

Fine screens are mechanically cleaned screens using perforated plates, woven wire cloths, or
very closely spaced bars with clear openings of less than 20 mm, less than 6 mm typical.
Commonly these are available in the opening size ranging from
to 6 mm. Fine screens are used for pretreatment of industrial wastewaters
and are not suitable for sewage due to clogging problems, but can be used
after coarse screening. Fine screens are also used to remove solids from
primary effluent to reduce clogging problem of trickling filters.

Coarse Screen:-
It is used primarily as protective device and hence used as first treatment unit. Common type of
these screens are bar racks (or bar screen), coarse woven-wire screens, and comminutors. Bar
screens are used ahead of the pumps and grit removal facility. This screen can be manually
cleaned or mechanically cleaned. Manually cleaned screens are used in small treatment plants.
Clear spacing between the bars in these screens may be in the range of 15 mm to 40 mm.

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 GRIT CHAMBERS
Grit chamber is the second unit operation used in primary treatment of wastewater and it is
intended to remove suspended inorganic particles such as sandy and gritty matter from the
wastewater. This is usually limited to municipal wastewater and generally not required for
industrial effluent treatment plant, except some industrial wastewaters which may have grit. The
grit chamber is used to remove grit, consisting of sand, gravel, cinder, or other heavy solids
materials that have specific gravity much higher than those of the organic solids in wastewater.
Grit chambers are provided to protect moving mechanical equipment from abrasion and
abnormal wear; avoid deposition in pipelines, channels, and conduits; and to reduce frequency of
digester cleaning. Separate removal of suspended inorganic solids in grit chamber and suspended
organic solids in primary sedimentation tank is necessary due to different nature and mode of
disposal of these solids. Grit can be disposed off after washing ,to remove higher size organic
matter settled along with grit particles; whereas, the suspended solids settled in primary
sedimentation tank, being organic matter, requires further treatment before disposal.
Principle of Working of Grit Chamber
Grit chambers are nothing but like sedimentation tanks, designed to separate the intended heavier
inorganic materials (specific gravity about 2.65) and to pass forward the lighter organic
materials. Hence, the flow velocity should neither be too low as to cause the settling of lighter
organic matter, nor should it be too high as not to cause the settlement of the silt and grit present
in the sewage. This velocity is called "differential sedimentation and differential scouring
velocity".
The scouring velocity determines the optimum flow through velocity.

HORIZONTAL FLOW GRIT CHAMBER

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 SKIMMING TANKS
A skimming tank is a chamber so arranged that the floating matter like oil, fat, grease etc., rise
and remain on the surface of the waste water (Sewage) until removed, while the liquid flows out
continuously under partitions or baffles.
It is necessary to remove the floating matter from sewage otherwise it may appear in the form of
unsightly scum on the surface of the settling tanks or interfere with the activated sludge process
of sewage treatment. It is mostly present in the industrial sewage. In ordinary sanitary sewage, its
amount is usually too small.
The chamber is a long trough shaped structure divided up into two or three lateral compartments
by vertical baffle walls having slots for a short distance below the sewage surface and permitting
oil and grease to escape into stilling compartments. The rise of floating matter is brought about
the blowing air into the sewage from diffusers placed in the bottom. Sewage enters the tank from
one end, flows longitudinally and leaves out through a narrow inclined duct. A theoretical
detention period of 3 minutes is enough. The floating matter can be either hand or mechanically
removed.
Grease traps are in reality small skimming tanks designed with submerged inlet and bottom
outlet .The traps must have sufficient capacity to permit the sewage to cool and grease to
separate. Frequent cleaning through removable covers is essential for satisfactory operation.
Grease traps are commonly employed in case of industries, garages, hotels and hospitals.

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Primary Treatment

Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended organic solids. This is usually
accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The liquid effluent from primary treatment,
often contains a large amount of suspended organic material, and has a high BOD(about 60% of
original). Sometimes, the preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified together, under
primary treatment.
The organic solids, which are separated out in the sedimentation tanks (in primary treatment), are
often stabilized by anaerobic decomposition in a digestion tank or are incinerated. The residue is
used for landfills or soil conditioners.
The Primary Settlement or sedimentation tanks are designed to reduce the velocity of the
wastewater flow, allowing heavier organic solids (called raw sludge) to settle. They are the first
stage of treatment after the removal of rags and grit in the inlet works. Scrapers present in the
tank move continuously along the floor of the tank to deposit the raw sludge in hoppers for
removal. The scum which floats to the surface is directed by water jets or scum boards to the
sludge sump. The raw, settled sludge is removed by pump or gravity feed to a sludge treatment
process, either on site or via tanker to a larger processing centre. Approximately 60% of
suspended solids and 35% of BOD removal efficiency can be achieved at this stage.

PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK

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Secondary Treatment

Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the effluent, coming from the primary
sedimentation tank. This is generally accomplished through biological decomposition of organic
matter, which can be carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In these biological
units, bacteria will decompose the fine organic matter, to produce clearer effluent.
The treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed (oxidized) by aerobic bacteria
are known as aerobic biological units; and may consist of Filters (intermittent sand filters as well
as trickling filters), Aeration tanks, with the feed of recycled activated sludge (i.e. the sludge,
which is settled in secondary sedimentation tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank).
Oxidation ponds and Aerated lagoons. Since all these aerobic units, generally make use of
primary settled sewage, they are easily classified as secondary units.

Activated sludge process

The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment process for treating sewage. The
general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution
includes the following items: An aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed
liquor. This is followed by a settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary
settling tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus separating the
biological sludge from the clear treated water.
The general arrangement of an activated sludge process for removing carbonaceous pollution
includes the following items:

 Aeration tank where air (or oxygen) is injected in the mixed liquor.
 Settling tank (usually referred to as "final clarifier" or "secondary settling
tank") to allow the biological flocs (the sludge blanket) to settle, thus
separating the biological sludge from the clear treated water.
Treatment of nitrogenous matter or phosphate involves additional steps where the mixed liquor is
left in anoxic condition (meaning that there is no residual dissolved oxygen).

1
 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

Sludge production

Activated sludge is also the name given to the active biological material produced by activated
sludge plants. Excess sludge is called "surplus activated sludge" or "waste activated sludge" and
is removed from the treatment process to keep the ratio of biomass to food supplied in the
wastewater in balance. This sewage sludge is usually mixed with primary sludge from the
primary clarifiers and undergoes further sludge treatment for example by anaerobic digestion,
followed by thickening, dewatering, composting and land application.
The amount of sewage sludge produced from the activated sludge process is directly proportional
to the amount of wastewater treated. The total sludge production consists of the sum of primary
sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks as well as waste activated sludge from the
bioreactors. The activated sludge process produces about 70–100 kg/ML of waste activated
sludge (that is kg of dry solids produced per ML of wastewater treated; one mega litre (ML) is
103 m3). A value of 80 kg/ML is regarded as being typical. In addition, about 110–170 kg/ML of
primary sludge is produced in the primary sedimentation tanks which most - but not all - of the
activated sludge process configurations use.]

1
 A variant of the activated sludge process is the Nereda process where aerobic granular sludge is
developed by applying specific process conditions that favour slow growing organisms.
Process control

The general process control method is to monitor sludge blanket level, SVI (Sludge Volume
Index), MCRT (Mean Cell Residence Time), F/M (Food to Microorganism), as well as the biota
of the activated sludge and the major nutrients DO (Dissolved oxygen), nitrogen, phosphate,
BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand), and COD (Chemical oxygen demand). In the
reactor/aerator and clarifier system, the sludge blanket is measured from the bottom of the
clarifier to the level of settled solids in the clarifier's water column; this, in large plants, can be
done up to three times a day.
The SVI is the volume of settled sludge in milliliters occupied by 1 gram of dry sludge solids
after 30 minutes of settling in a 1000 milliliter graduated cylinder. The MCRT is the total
mass (lbs) of mixed liquor suspended solids in the aerator and clarifier divided by the mass flow
rate (lbs/day) of mixed liquor suspended solids leaving as WAS and final effluent. The F/M is
the ratio of food fed to the microorganisms each day to the mass of microorganisms held under
aeration. Specifically, it is the amount of BOD fed to the aerator (lbs/day) divided by the amount
(lbs) of Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids (MLVSS) under aeration. Note: Some
references use MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids) for expedience, but MLVSS is
considered more accurate for the measure of microorganisms. Again, due to expedience, COD is
generally used, in lieu of BOD, as BOD takes five days for results.
Based on these control methods, the amount of settled solids in the mixed liquor can be varied by
wasting activated sludge (WAS) or returning activated sludge (RAS)

SLUDGE DIGESTION PROCESS

The residue that accumulates in sewage treatment plants is called sludge (or bio solids). Sewage
sludge is the solid, semisolid, or slurry residual material that is produced as a by-product of
wastewater treatment processes. This residue is commonly classified as primary and secondary
sludge. Primary sludge is generated

1
from chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and other primary processes, whereas secondary
sludge is the activated waste biomass resulting from biological treatments. Some sewage plants
also receive sewage or septic tank solids from household on-site wastewater treatment systems.
Quite often the sludge is combined together for further treatment and disposal.
Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge are major factors in the design and operation of all
wastewater treatment plants. Two basic goals of treating sludge before final disposal are to
reduce its volume and to stabilize the organic materials. Stabilized sludge does not have an
offensive odour and can be handled without causing a nuisance or health hazard. Smaller sludge
volume reduces the costs of pumping and storage.
Sludge digestion may also take place aerobically—that is, in the presence of oxygen. The sludge
is vigorously aerated in an open tank for about 20 days. Although aerobic systems are easier to
operate than anaerobic systems, they usually cost more to operate because of the power needed
for aeration. Aerobic digestion is often combined with small extended aeration or contact
stabilization systems.
Aerobic and conventional anaerobic digestion convert about half of the organic sludge solids to
liquids and gases. Thermal hydrolysis followed by anaerobic digestion can convert some 60 to
70 percent of the solid matter to liquids and gases. Not only is the volume of solids produced
smaller than in conventional digestion, but the greater production of biogas can make some
wastewater treatment plants self-sufficient in energy.

The Final or Advanced Treatment

This treatment is sometimes called tertiary treatment, and consists in removing the organic load
left after the secondary treatment, and particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. This treatment,
which is normally carried out by chlorination, is generally not carried out for disposal of
sewage in water, but is carried out, while using the river stream for collecting water for re-use or
for water supplies. It may, however, sometimes be adopted, when the outfall of sewage is very
near to the water intake of some nearby to

1
1
 DESIGN OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:-

Design of screening:-
Maximum Flow = 30 MLD
= 0.347 m3/sec
Shape of bars = M.S Bars
2
Size =10x50mm (10mm facing flow)
Clear spacing = 30mm (6-40mm for medium screens)
Velocity of flow = 0.8m/s (0.6-0.9m/s)
Hence, net submerged area of screen openings=0.347/0.8
=0.44m2
Gross vertical area required = 0.44sin60
=0.38m2

0.38
Providing a depth of 0.3m

0.3
Width of channel =

0.347
=1.30m

0.3×1.3
The velocity of flow in screen chamber =

=0.89m/s which
is greater than 0.42m/s (self cleansing velocity) with spacing
of 30mm
1.3
0.03+0.0
No. of bars required =

1
= 33bars
Actual width of screens = 33x0.4
=1.32m
Actual depth of sewage flow = 0.38/1.32
= 0.3m
Providing a free board of 0.5m Total
depth of screen = 0.3+0.5
=0.8m
Hence, size of screen = 1.32m x 0.8m

1
 Design of grit chamber

To prevent scouring of already deposited particles the magnitude of ‘v’ should not exceed critical

𝐿 𝑉𝑐
horizontal velocity VC, and the above equation becomes

𝐻 𝑉𝑜
=

The critical velocity, VC, can be given by the following equation (Rao and Dutta, 2007):-

8𝑔
Vc = √ 𝛽(𝐺s − 1)d
𝑓

𝛽 = constant
Where,

= 0.04 for unigranular sand

= 0.06 for non-uniform sticky material
f = Darcy –Weisbach friction factor = 0.03 for gritty matter g =
Gravitational acceleration,
Gs = Specific gravity of the particle to be removed (2.65 for sand), and d =
Diameter of the particle, m

Vc = √
8×9.81×0.06(2.65−1)×0.2
0.03×1000

=0.228m/s (0.17-0.26m/s)

The grit chambers are designed to remove the smallest particle of size 0.2 mm with specific
gravity around 2.65. For these particles, using above expression the critical velocity comes out to
be Vc = 0.228 m/sec.
Keeping horizontal velocity 0.2m/s (<0.228m/s) to prevent scouring and detention time 60 sec
(vary from 40-60s)
To lower the velocity, hydraulic structures like Sutro weir and Parshal flume should be
provided.

Length of grit chamber = velocity of flow x detention time

1
 =0.2x60
=12m
Volume of grit chamber = discharge x detention time
=0.347 x 60

volume
=20.82m3

length
Cross-section are of flow =

20.82
12
=

=1.735m2
Providing width of grit chamber = 3m Depth of
of grit chamber = 1.735/3
=0.58m
Now assuming grit generation = 0.05m3 per 1000m3 of sewage
Even through grit is continuously raked, still 8hrs grit storage is provided for avg. flow
Storage volume required =30,000x8x0.05/(24x1000)
=0.5m3
Thus grit storage depth = 0.5/1.735
= 0.3m
Also providing free board = 0.5m
Total depth of grit chamber = 0.5+0.3+0.58
= 1.38m
~1.5m

Hence, Size of grit chamber = 12mx3mx1.5m

1
 Design of skimming tank
Detention time = 3 to 5 minutes

Compressed air required = 300 to 6000m3 per million litres

Surface area required =

A = 0.00622 𝑞
where, Vr
q=Rate of flow of sewage in m/day
Vr = Minimum rising velocity of greasy material to be removed in m/minute
=0.25 m/minute in most cases.

0.00622𝑥30,000
0.25
A=
2
= 746.4m
Providing a square tank
Side of tank = 27m
Hence provide a skimming tank of size =27x27m2
Actual area of tank = 27x 27
=729m2

Primary sedimentation tank

Continuous flow tank is to be

provided Detention time = 2hrs (1-
2hrs) Quantity of sewage treated in
2hrs
V = 30,000x2/24
= 2500m3
Now, assuming that the low velocity through the tank is 0.3m/minute . The length
of the tank required = Velocity of low x Detention period
= 0.3 x (2 x 60) m.
= 36m

1
 Capacity of the tank

Length of the tank

Cross-sectional area of the tank required =
= 2500/36
= 70m2
Area of cross−section
Assuming the water depth in the tank (ie. effective depth of tank) = 5.5m

Depth
The width of the tank required =
= 70/5.5
= 13m
Since the tank is provided with mechanical cleaning arrangement, no space at bottom is
required for sludge zone.
Now, assuming free-board of 0.5 m
The overall depth of the tank = 5+0.5 = 6 m.
Hence, a rectangular sedimentation tank with an overall size of 36x13x6 m3 can be used.

Design of aeration tank

Providing conventional aeration process:-

The total BOD entering STP = 189 mg / L (known)

Assuming that negligible BOD is removed in screening and grit (since it mainly removes
inorganic solids), the BOD of sewage aeration tank = 189 mg/L
BOD left in the effluent = Y0 = 25 mg/L
BOD removed in activated plant = 189-25 = 164 mg/L Minimum
efficiency required in the activated plant = 164/189
= 86.77% (85-92%)
since the adopted conventional aeration process can remove BOD up to 85-92 % Volume of
the Aeration Tank can be designed by assuming a suitable value of MLSS and, θc (or F/M
ratio).
Let us assume MLSS =2500 mg/L; (between 1500-3000 mg/L) F/M ratio
𝐹
= 0.3 (between 0.3 to 0.4)
𝑄 Yo
𝑀= 𝑉 x 𝑋𝑇
Now, using equation =

= 0.3 = 30,000𝑥189
(𝑉𝑋2500)

1
 V = 7500m3

Aeration tank design

Let us adopt an aeration tank of liquid depth = 5m Width

of tank = 20m
𝑉
𝐵.𝐷
The length of tank =

7500
= 20𝑋5
= 75m

𝑄×𝑌𝑜
Provide two aeration tanks, each of length 37m.

𝑉
Check for volumetric loading =

30,000×189
7500
=

= 0.7 (0.4-0.7)
𝑄𝑟 𝑋𝑇
Check for return sludge ratio = =
𝑄 106
𝑇 −𝑋
𝑆𝑉𝐼

Assuming SVI = 100ml/gm (50-150ml/gm)

2500
=10000−2500

= 0.33 (0.25-0.5)

Check for sludge retention time (𝜃𝑐) =

𝑎𝑦(𝑌𝑜 −
V. 𝑋𝑇 𝑌𝐸)Q𝜃
1+ 𝑐𝑒𝜃
𝐾 𝑐
=
Where,

𝑎𝑦 = 1 (which is constant for municipal sewage w.r.t MLSS)

1
 𝐾𝑒 = 0.06/day for municipal sewage
𝑌𝑜 = 189mg/l
𝑌𝐸 = 25 mg/l
𝑋𝑇 = 2500 mg/l V = 7500m3

Q = 30,000 m3/day

1×164×30000×𝜃𝑐
1+0.06
𝜃𝑐 = 5days (5 to 8 days) As all the parameters of𝜃design
7500×2500 =
𝑐 are coming in range,

Hence design is okay.

By providing a freeboard of 0.5m

Thus aeration tank dimensions = 37m×20m×5.5m

Aerator sizing
BOD applied to tank = 189 mg/l Average flow
in tank =30,000 m3/day

189×30000×1000

1000000
BOD to be removed in tank =
= 5670 kg/day
= 236.25 kg/hr
Oxygen requirement = 1kg/kg BOD applied Peak
oxygen demand = 125 %
Oxygen transfer capacity of the aerator in standard conditions = 1.9 kg/kWh
= 1.41 kg/HP/hr
Oxygen transfer capacity of aerators at field conditions = 0.7* 1.41 0.98 kg/HP/hr Oxygen to be
applied in tank = 1×236.25×1.25

1
 = 295.32kg
HP of aerator required = 295.32/0.98
= 300 HP
Thus, provide 10 generators of 30 HP each, with 1 generator at standby

Design of secondary clarifier

No. of secondary clarifier = 1 No. Average
flow = 30,000m3/day
Recirculated flow , assuming 50 % = 15000 m3/day Total
inflow = 45000 m3/day
Provide hydraulic retention time = 2 hrs.

Volume of tank = 45000x2/24

= 3750 m3
Assume liquid depth = 5m The

Area is calculated as :-

 Area = volume /depth

= 3750/5
= 750m2

 Surface loading rate of average flow = 30m3/m2/hr (25-35m3/m2/hr)

Surface area to be provided = 30000/30

= 1000m2

Taking area whichever is higher = 1000m2

Dia of Circular tank (d) = 𝜋 d2 = 1000

4
d = 35m

Check for Weir Loading =

Average flow = 30000 m3/day

1
Recirculated flow = 15000 m3/day
MLSS in tank = 2500 mg/L
45000×2500×10
00
Thus, total solid in inflow =

1000000
= 112500 kg/day
Solid loading = 112500/1000
= 112.5 kg/day/m2
Providing freeboard of 0.5m
Size of secondary clarifier = diameter of 35m with an overall depth of
5.5m

Design of Sludge Digestion Tank:-

Avg. flow = 30 MLD

Total suspended solids = 428 mg/L
Mass of suspended solids in 30 MLD of sewage flowing per day = 30×106×428/106
= 12840 kg/day
Assuming, that 65% (60-65%) solids are removed in primary settling tank
= 65x12840/100
= 8346 kg/day
Assuming that the fresh sludge has moisture content of 95 % (95-98%) means 5 kg
of solids will make =100 kg of wet sludge
= 8346 will make = 100x8346/5
= 166920 kg/day of wet sludge
Assuming the sp. gravity of wet sludge as = 1.015
V1 = 166920/1015
= 164.45 m3/day
The volume of digested sludge produced per day at 75% moisture content is given by formula =
V2 = V1(100-P1)/(100-P)

= 164.45(100-95)/(100-75)

1
 V2= 164.4
5
5
=32.89 m3/day
Now, assuming the digestion period as 30 days, Capacity of
digestion tank required = V1t – 0.67(V1-V2)t
= 164.45×30 – 0.67(164.45 – 32.89)x30
=2302.3 m3
Now, providing 6.0 m depth of the cylindrical digestion tank Cross-

𝜋
sectional area of the tank = 2302.3/6 = 383.72 m2

4
Dia of tank = × d2 =383.72
= 22m
Hence, provide a cylindrical sludge digestion tank 6 m deep and 22 m
diameter, with an additional hoppered bottom of 1:1 slope for collection of
digested sludge.

Estimation of gas produced from Digester Tank:-

Total suspended solids in sewage = 428 mg/L

Assuming that 60% of suspended solids are removed in the primary sedimentation tank, we
have

The suspended solids removed as sludge = 60% of 428

=256.8 mg/L

Now , assuming that the volatile solids present are 70% of the suspended solids, we have

Volatile solids removed = 70% of 256.8

= 180 mg/L

Further, assuming that the volatile matter is reduced by 65% sludge digestion, Volatile matter
reduced = 65 % of 180

1
 = 116.84mg/L

116.84×30000×10
00
Hence, volatile matter reduced in 30,000 cu m of sewage =

100000
= 3505.3 cu.m

Now, assuming that 0.9 cu. m of gas is produced per kg of volatile matter reduced, Total
quantity of gas produced = 0.9x 3505.3

= 3154.79 cu m.

Assuming that the produced gas contains 65% methane and 30% CO2, Methane

Produced = 0.65 x 3154.79

= 2050.6 cu m.

Carbon dioxide produced = 0.30 x 3154.79

= 1104.18 cu m

Now, assuming that the methane in the sludge gas has a fuel value of 36000 kJ/m3 The fuel

value = 36,000 x 2050.6

=73.82 MkJ

Now, assuming a boiler efficiency of 80 %, the amount of heat that can be furnished
by the boiler = 80% of 73.82

= 59.06 Million kJ

59.06
4.12
=

= 14.335 Million kilo Calories.

The gas collected may be utilized for operating engines, and for heating sludge to promote quick
digestion.

1
 FINAL DISPOSAL OF SLUDGE
All the sewage sludge produced at a treatment plant must be disposed of ultimately. Treatment
processes such as have been described may reduce its volume or so change its character as to
facilitate its disposal, but still leave a residue which in most cases must be removed from
the plant site. Like the liquid effluent from the treatment plant, there are two broad methods
for the disposal of sludge –

(1) Disposal in water

(2) Disposal on land

This applies regardless of whether or not the sludge is treated to facilitate or permit the selected
method of disposal.

Disposal in Water:-

This is an economical but not common method because it is contingent on the availability of
bodies of water adequate to permit it. At some seacoast cities, sludge either raw or digested is
pumped to barges and carried to sea to be dumped in deep water far enough off shore to provide
huge dilution factors and prevent any ill effects along shore.

Disposal on land:-

Use of sludge for fill is confined almost entirely to digested sludge which can be exposed to the
atmosphere without creating serious or widespread odor nuisances. The sludge should be well
digested without any appreciable amount of raw or undigested mixed with it. It is applicable,
however, only where low waste areas are available on the plant site or within reasonable piping
distance. They are frequently used to supplement inadequate drying bed facilities.

MISCELLANEOUS TECHNIQUES OF DISPOSING DIGESTED SLUDGE:-

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Shredding and Pulverisation:-

The size and volume reduction of municipal solid waste MSW) is the physical processes of
actions of cutting and tearing, whereas, pulverisation refers to the action of crushing &
grinding.They help in reducing overall volume of the original

1
MSW, by as much 40 %. The shredding and pulverising not only helps in reducing the volume of
MSW but also changing the physical character of the waste, which becomes odourless and
unattractive to the insects.The pulverised refuse, though contains fertilizing elements like potash,
phosphorus, and nitrogenous materials, yet cannot be suitably used as manure. It has, therefore,
to be further disposed of either by filling in trenches, or is digested in open windrows or closed
digesters.

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Composting:-.

Composting of refuse is a biological method of decomposing solid wastes. This decomposition
can be either under aerobic conditions, or under anaerobic conditions, or under both. The final
end product, is a manure, called the compost or humus, which is in great demand in European
countries as fertilizer for farms. Basically composting is considered to be an aerobic process,
because it involves piling up of refuse and its regular training, either manually or by mechanical
devices, so as to ensure supply of oxygen during its decomposition by bacteria, fungi and other
microorganisms.

Disposal of MSW (Refuse) by Incineration and Pyrolysis:-

Burning of refuse at high temperatures in incinerators, is quite a sanitary method of refuse

disposal where the collected refuse calorific value, and is, hence quite suitable to burning
Normally, however, only the combustible matter, such as garbage and dead animals are burnt,
and the incombustible matter like broken glass, chinaware, metals, etc are either left unburnt or
are separated out for recycling and reuse, before burning the solid wastes.The left out ashes and
clinkers from the incinerators along with the non recycled incombustible materials may,
however, measure as much as 10 to 25% of the original waste, which in any case, shall have to
be disposed of either by sanitary land filling, or in some other productive manner.

1
RESULTS & DISCUSSION -

After following the designing procedure, the size of different

treatment units required are as follows-
 SIZE OF SCREEN – 1.32m x 0.8m
 SIZE OF GRIT CHAMBER – 12m x 3m x 1.50m
 SIZE OF SKIMMING TANK – 27m x 27m
 SIZE OF PST – 36m x 13m x 6m
 SIZE OF AERATION TANK – 37m x 20m x 5.5m
 SIZE OF AERATOR – 11 GENERATORS OF 30 HP
 SIZE OF SECONDARY CLARIFIER – DIA 35m with 5.5m DEPTH
 SIZE OF SLUDGE DIGESTION TANK – DIA 22m with 6m
DEPTH
 GAS PRODUCED FROM DIGESTION TANK – 3154.79 cu. m

AS THESE PARAMETERS ARE COMING WITHIN SPECIFIED RANGE

HENCE, THE DESIGN IS OKAY.

1
LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
1
1
1
SCOPE FOR FUTURE :-
As per future perspective of this project, the characteristics of different units designed in this
project can be compared with alternate treatments units and their treatment efficiencies are
calculated for designing the STP.
For example – We choose activated sludge process in secondary treatment, but any other
treatment processes like trickling filters, aerated lagoons, RBCs can also be taken as secondary
treatment unit and are designed. The design values & other parameters related to it are compared
and the graphs are plotted accordingly. The best alternative should be selected as the final one.

REFERENCES:-
1) Manual on water supply and treatment, C.P.H.E.E.O., Ministry of Urban
Devlopment; Government of India, New Delhi.

2) Manual on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, C.P.H.E.E.O., Ministry of Urban

Devlopment; Government of India,New Delhi.

3) Jayshree Dhote, Sangita Ingole (2012); Review on Wastewater Treatment

Technologies Published in International Journal of Engineering Research and
Technology. pp. 2-5.

4) SciTech Encyclopaedia (2007) http://www.answer.com/topic/sewagetreatment

5) A.K. Jain; Environmental Enginnering, Khanna Publishing House.

6) S.K. Garg; Water supply and Sewage Disposal Engineering Vol 1&2, Khanna
Publications

1
THANKYOU