Visit https://ebookultra.

com to download the full version and

explore more ebooks or textbooks

Aquaculture Science 3rd Edition Ph.D. Rick Parker

_____ Click the link below to download _____

https://ebookultra.com/download/aquaculture-science-3rd-
edition-ph-d-rick-parker/

Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks at ebookultra.com

Here are some recommended products that we believe you will be
interested in. You can click the link to download.

Introduction to Food Science 1st Edition Rick Parker

https://ebookultra.com/download/introduction-to-food-science-1st-
edition-rick-parker/

The Essentials of Science Grades 7 12 Rick Allen

https://ebookultra.com/download/the-essentials-of-science-
grades-7-12-rick-allen/

Substance Use and Misuse Everything Matters 3rd Edition

Rick Csiernik

https://ebookultra.com/download/substance-use-and-misuse-everything-
matters-3rd-edition-rick-csiernik/

Frommer s Las Vegas Day by Day 3rd Edition Rick Garman

https://ebookultra.com/download/frommer-s-las-vegas-day-by-day-3rd-
edition-rick-garman/
Rick Steves European Festivals 1st Edition Rick Steves

https://ebookultra.com/download/rick-steves-european-festivals-1st-
edition-rick-steves/

Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Technology v 10 1st

Edition K.H.J. Buschow Ph.D.

https://ebookultra.com/download/encyclopedia-of-materials-science-and-
technology-v-10-1st-edition-k-h-j-buschow-ph-d/

Aquaculture Engineering 2nd Edition Odd-Ivar Lekang

https://ebookultra.com/download/aquaculture-engineering-2nd-edition-
odd-ivar-lekang/

Management Science 4E 3rd Edition Aryasri

https://ebookultra.com/download/management-science-4e-3rd-edition-
aryasri/

Loch Ness Monster Rick Emmer

https://ebookultra.com/download/loch-ness-monster-rick-emmer/
Aquaculture Science 3rd Edition Ph.D. Rick Parker
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Ph.D. Rick Parker
ISBN(s): 9781435488120, 1435488121
Edition: 3
File Details: PDF, 43.32 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
LibraryPirate
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
RICK PARKER

Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
 Aquaculture Science, Third Edition © 2012, 2002, 1995 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Rick Parker ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
Vice President, Career and Professional may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means
Editorial: Dave Garza graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
Director of Learning Solutions: Matthew Kane
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Acquisitions Editor: Sherry Dickinson Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Managing Editor: Marah Bellegarde written permission of the publisher.
Senior Product Manager: Christina Gifford
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Editorial Assistant: Scott Royael
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker For permission to use material from this text or product,
Marketing Director: Debbie Yarnell submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Marketing Manager: Erin Brennan
permissionrequest@cengage.com
Marketing Coordinator: Erin DeAngelo
Production Director: Carolyn Miller
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920462
Production Manager: Andrew Crouth
ISBN-13: 978-1-4354-8812-0
Senior Content Project Manager: Katie Wachtl
ISBN-10: 1-4354-8812-1
Senior Art Director: Dave Arsenault

Delmar
5 Maxwell Drive,
Clifton Park, NY 12065-2919
USA

Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with

office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom,
Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at:
international.cengage.com/region

Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd.

To learn more about Delmar, visit www.cengage.com/delmar

Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.cengagebrain.com
Notice to the Reader
Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent
analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume,
and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by
the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be
indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions
contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher
makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for
particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set
forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be
liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers’ use of,
or reliance upon, this material.

Printed in the United States of America

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11
To My father, Dick Parker, who taught me to

love agriculture, and to My mother, Louise

Parker, who taught me to love life

This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv

CHAPTER 1 Aquaculture Basics and History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Introduction and Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Historical Patterns and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Aquaculture Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
The Future of Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

CHAPTER 2 Aquatic Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

U.S. Aquatic Plant Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
U.S. Aquatic Animal Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Common Characteristics of Aquatic Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Structure and Functions of Aquatic Animals and Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

CHAPTER 3 Marketing Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

International Production. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Marketing Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

CHAPTER 4 Management Practices for Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Spawning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Sex Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
vii
viii AQUAC U LTU RE SC I EN C E

CHAPTER 5 Recreational Fishing Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Brief History of Recreational Fishing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Methods of Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Types of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Impact of Recreational Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Pacific Salmon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

CHAPTER 6 Raising Ornamental Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Sources of Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Specific Ornamental Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Florida and Tropical Ornamental Fish Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

CHAPTER 7 Management Practices for Crustaceans and Mollusks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Culture Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Other Commercial Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

CHAPTER 8 Management Practices for Alligators,

Frogs, and Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Alligators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Frogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Aquatic Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

CHAPTER 9 Fundamentals of Nutrition in Aquaculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Nutrition of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Energy Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Protein Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Vitamin Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Mineral Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Other Dietary Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

CHAPTER 10 Feeds and Feeding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Diet Formulation and Processing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Feeding Aquatic Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Other Warmwater Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Time of First Feeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Feed Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Aquatic Plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
 CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 11 Health of Aquatic Animals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

Health Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Stress and Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Disease Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Protective Barriers Against Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Disease Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Parasitic Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Fungus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Bacterial Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Viral Diseases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Noninfectious Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Determining the Presence of Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Disease Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Calculating Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Immunization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

CHAPTER 12 Water Requirements for Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

Water Qualities, Measurements, and Alterations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Other Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Obtaining Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Managing Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Calculating Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Disposing of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381

CHAPTER 13 Aquatic Structures and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Ponds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Construction of Levee-Type Ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Raceways and Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Cages and Pens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Other Major Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

CHAPTER 14 Aquariums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Fish for the Aquarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Choosing and Establishing an Aquarium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Managing the Aquarium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Using a Beginner Aquarium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Aquarium Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
x AQUAC U LTU RE SC I EN C E

CHAPTER 15 Recirculating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

CHAPTER 16 Sustainable Aquaculture and Aquaponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464

Attempts to Define “Sustainable”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Standards of Sustainable Aquaculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
Aquaponics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Sustainable Standards Scorecard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

CHAPTER 17 Aquaculture Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Counting the Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Managing the Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Planning—The Secret of Business Success. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Setting Goals for Business Management Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Business and Risky Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Business Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Records Improve Profitability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Using an Accounting System for Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517
Computers and Management Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Obtaining Credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Human Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Business Managers of Tomorrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

CHAPTER 18 Career Opportunities in Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536

General Skills and Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Intangible Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Entrepreneurship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Jobs in Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Supervised Agricultural Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Education and Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Identifying a Job . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
Getting a Job. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
P R E FA C E

WRITING A TEXTBOOK ON AQUACULTURE is a lot like writing a textbook on all of agriculture. If this text-
book included all of aquaculture, it would be several volumes. Deciding what to include and how much
was a challenge. With the explosion of information, those who survive and thrive in the future must learn
how to find information and how to use it for their circumstances. The author hopes that this book will
help train the reader to find, evaluate, and use information—to learn to learn.

CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION

The 18 chapters of this third edition include five new chapters: Chapter 5, Recreational Fishing Indus-
try; Chapter 6, Raising Ornamental Fish; Chapter 14, Aquariums; Chapter 15, Recirculating Systems; and
Chapter 16, Sustainable Aquaculture and Aquaponics.
Chapters 1 and 2 introduce the role of aquaculture in the past, present, and future. Aquatic plants
and animals are introduced early on in Chapter 2, but before getting into specifics about each, the book
discusses marketing in Chapter 3. Without markets, aquaculture could not continue to grow and improve.
Management practices for different groups of species and industry components are described in Chapters
4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. The management practices are not meant to be all inclusive or absolute—only a starting
point for knowledge to grow. Chapters 9 and 10 cover nutrition principles, feeds, and feeding practices of
finfish. Because feeding is a part of management, it was also included in Chapters 4, 6, 7 and 8.
Health and water quality are interrelated and important to the success of aquaculture. These are covered
in Chapters 11 and 12, respectively. Aquatic structures such as ponds, raceways, and pen including some of
the unique equipment of aquaculture are discussed in Chapter 13. Chapters 14 and 15 cover specific types
of aquatic structures—aquariums and recirculating systems.
These days no book would be complete without some discussion of sustainability. Chapter 16 introduces
the concept of sustainability through 12 standards of sustainable aquaculture. The chapter provides some
detail on aquaponics—a system that could exemplify sustainable concepts.
Getting an aquaculture business going requires some business savvy that is introduced in Chapter 17.
Finally, anyone with a knowledge of and a love of aquaculture will want to get a job in or make a career of
aquaculture. Chapter 18 steers the reader toward finding a job or making a career of aquaculture.

NEW IN THE THIRD EDITION

The third edition is in full color. New and updated information in the third edition includes charts, graphs,
and various tables in many of the chapters, and specific chapters on recreational fishing, ornamental fish,
aquariums, recirculating systems, and sustainability. Many chapters provide more URLs for websites on the
Internet.

xi
xii AQUACU LTU RE S C I EN C E

SCIENCE IN AQUACULTURE
Anyone who attempts to learn of aquaculture soon realizes how much science is involved. Aquaculture
demands a reasonable understanding of chemistry to deal with water quality. A species cannot be cultured
until its biology is known. Being able to produce significant numbers of an aquatic species for culture requires
a thorough understanding of reproductive life cycles. To recognize healthy animals and prevent diseases, an
understanding of anatomy and physiology is necessary. Feed costs represent a significant share of the cost of
production, so an understanding of the science of nutrition is essential.

FEATURES
Each chapter and each feature must be used as a whole. Each part complements the others.
An education prepares students for a productive life. Preparation is difficult without knowing what is
required. Each chapter in this book starts with a list of learning objectives. These help the student identify what
concepts are really important from all the information in the chapter.
The beginning of each chapter also features a list of key words. Knowing the meaning of these key words is
essential to reading and understanding the chapter. Many of the words are defined within the text and all are
defined in the glossary.
Throughout the book, tables, charts, graphs, and illustrations provide quick and understandable access to
information without wading through excess words. Students will quickly learn how to read these and grasp the
information they contain.
Knowledge and information alone are useless unless they can be applied. In the Knowledge Applied section
at the end of each chapter, students and instructors will find opportunities for learning by doing. For more in-
formation the student can go to the list of Learning/Teaching Aids. Also, at the end of each chapter students
can test their understanding by answering the questions.
Besides the supplemental information on aquatic species, the appendix contains helpful tables with infor-
mation for converting units of measure, and for making contact with the aquaculture industry and agencies
affecting aquaculture. Also, the appendix lists the web addresses (URLs) for agencies and other Internet sites.

SUPPLEMENTAL TEACHING
Besides the textbook other supporting material for teaching aquaculture includes the Instructor’s Guide, a Lab Man-
ual (correlated to the textbook chapters) Lab Manual Instructor’s Guide, Lab Manual CD-ROM, and Class Master.
The Instructor’s Guide provides an Overview and Summary of each chapter; Chapter Objectives; Suggested
Lesson Developments; and Study/Review Answer Key. In addition, it includes three appendices: Use of the
Internet; Supply Companies; and Suggested Resource Books.
The Lab Manual consists of 20 laboratory exercises written to enhance learning of the material in the text-
book Aquaculture Science, Third Edition.
The Lab Manual Instructor’s Guide contains a description of the Purpose of the lab, discussion of the Prepa-
ration needed to perform the lab; a Table Value and Notes portion describing potential outcomes for the labs,
and finally an Answers to Analysis Questions section.
The Lab Manual CD-ROM to Accompany Aquaculture Science contains pdf ’s of both the Lab Manual and
Lab Manual Instructor’s Guide. This product was designed so that instructor’s can pick and choose what labs
to incorporate into their class. It also allows the teacher the flexibility to print up as many copies of the labs as
they need during the lifetime of their edition.
The ClassMaster is a new resource for the Aquaculture Science text. Contained on the ClassMaster is the
Instructor’s Guide in pdf form; over 500 instructor slides in PowerPoint; a 600 question ExamView testbank;
student worksheets to accompany each chapter; an Image Library of all the photos contained in the text and a
correlation guide to Delmar’s Introduction to Agriscience DVD Series.
All are available from Delmar Cengage Learning.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

THROUGH THREE EDITIONS THIS BOOK would still be a dream or idea without the help and support of Mari-
lyn, wife to the author, mother, and now grandmother. As a true friend and partner she critiques ideas,
types parts of the manuscript, writes questions and answers, organizes artwork, takes photographs, and
checks format. She is a full partner in all aspects of the author’s life.
Appreciation also goes to the author’s immediate and extended family who are understanding and real-
ize that “we (the parents) aren’t much fun during a book revision!”
Unless otherwise noted, the photographs in the book were taken by the author or by Marilyn Parker.
The author appreciates the support, help, and encouragement of Ben Penner, Chris Gifford, and the rest
of the Delmar team.
Delmar and the author also wish to express their thanks to the content reviewers. Their input and ex-
pertise added greatly to this new edition.
Joe Rasberry Bryan Duncan
Florala High School Coeur d’Alene High School
Florala, AL Coeur d’Alene, ID
Hans Toft Nathan Papendorf
Cape May County Technical School Westby Area High School
Cape May, NJ Westby, WI
Chris Clemons Darren Farmer
Highland High School Richmond High School
Highland, IL Richmond, MD
Alan Godbey
Mercer High School
Harrodsburg, KY

xiii
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

R.O. (RICK) PARKER GREW UP on an irrigated farm in southern

Idaho. His love of agriculture guided his education. Starting at
Brigham Young University, he received his bachelor’s degree
and then moved to Ames, Iowa, where he finished a Ph.D. in
animal physiology at Iowa State University. After completing
his Ph.D., he and his wife, Marilyn, and their children moved
to Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, where he completed a post-
doctorate at the University of Alberta. The next move was to
Laramie, Wyoming, where he was a research and teaching
associate at the University of Wyoming.
After a stint as a co-author with M.E. Ensminger, he served
as a division director and instructor at the College of Southern
Idaho (CSI) in Twin Falls for 19 years. As director he worked
with faculty in agriculture, information technology, drafting, marketing and management, and electronics.
Dr. Parker also taught computer classes, biology, and agriculture classes at CSI. As an educator his motto is:
“I hear; I forget; I see; I remember; I do; I understand.”
Dr. Parker is the editor for the peer-reviewed NACTA Journal, a journal dedicated to the scholarship of
teaching and learning (www.nactateachers.org). Additionally, he serves as the director for AgrowKnowl-
edge (www.agrowknow.org), the National Resource Center for Agriscience and Technology Education, a
project funded by the National Science Foundation (DUE #0802510) and located at Kirkwood Community
College in Cedar Rapids, IA.
Dr. Parker is also the author of numerous online lessons, booklets, and these other Delmar/Cengage
texts: Introduction to Plant Science, Fundamentals of Plant Science (with Marihelen Glass), Plant & Soil Science:
Fundamentals and Applications, Introduction to Food Science and Equine Science (3rd edition).
He and Marilyn, his wife of 41 years, live in southern Idaho on his great-grandfather’s small farm of
20 acres. They are the parents of eight children and grandparents to 22.

xiv
This page intentionally left blank
Aquaculture
satisfy an increasing demand for fish and
seafood products. Fortunately, as in the past,
aquaculture can maintain its status as the
fastest growing agricultural industry in the
United States by continuing to successfully
meet challenges

CHAPTER
1 Aquaculture Basics
and History

OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, the student should be able to:
➤ Explain the development of aquaculture as a part of
agriculture
➤ Name three civilizations that practiced aquaculture more
than 200 years ago
➤ Define aquaculture
➤ Compare traditional farming to aquaculture
➤ Discuss why aquaculture evolved from fishing practices
➤ Discuss how the catfish industry developed and why Mis-
sissippi leads in catfish production
➤ Explain why Idaho leads in trout production
➤ List five main activities that are a part of aquaculture but
often become a separate industry
➤ Discuss how aquaculture is expanding and what the fu-
ture holds for aquaculture
➤ Identify significant scientific events or people contributing
to the development of aquaculture
➤ Explain the National Sea Grant Program and its role in
scientific research
➤ Discuss the role of science and technology in the develop-
ment of aquaculture
➤ Indicate the role of scientific research in the future of
aquaculture
2
 Understanding of this chapter will be enhanced if the INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
following terms are known. Many are defined in the text,
From prehistoric times to the present, two primary needs
and others are defined in the glossary.
of humans persist—food and shelter. (See Figure 1-1.)
Through time, however, the means of obtaining food
KEY TERMS and shelter change. As societies moved from hunting
and gathering to the culturing of plants and animals
Agriculture Husbandry
for food, their shelter needs changed from temporary to
Aquaculture Incubate permanent. Also, as societies learned to culture plants
Aquifer Larvae and animals for food, they generated food surpluses
that allowed society members to pursue other priorities
Brackish water Mariculture and stimulated the need for preserving and marketing
Broodstock Monoculture surpluses.
Agriculture is the art, science, and business—the
Coldwater Polyculture
culture—of producing every kind of plant and animal
Culture Processing useful to humans. Agriculture is the oldest and most
important of all industries. It continues to evolve in
Eggs Salinity
conjunction with the evolving knowledge and needs of
Fingerlings Seed civilization.
Freshwater Self-feeders Typically, agriculture evolves through four stages—
1. A hunting-gathering activity
Grow-out Spawn 2. An object of husbandry
Harvesting Warmwater 3. A craft
4. A science and business
Hatchery
Agriculture includes not only the cultivation of the
land but also dairy production, beef production, sheep
production, swine production, and all other farming
activities, including aquaculture. Examples of aqua-
culture include catfish farming, crawfish farming,
trout farming, salmon ranching, and oyster culture.
Aquaculture is a relatively new word used to de-
scribe the art, science, and business of producing
aquatic plants and animals useful to humans. Aqua-
culture is a type of agriculture. Fundamentally, aqua-
culture means farming in water instead of on land.
Often, agriculture and aquaculture include all of the
activities involved in producing plants and animals,
the supplies and services needed, the processing and
marketing, and other steps that deliver products to the
consumer in the desired form.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of
the United Nations defines aquaculture as “the farm-
ing of aquatic organisms, including fish, mollusks,
crustaceans, and aquatic plants. Farming implies some
form of intervention in the rearing process to enhance
production, such as regular stocking, feeding, and pro-
tection from predators. Farming also implies individual

3
4 AQUAC U LTU RE S C I EN C E

FIGURE 1-1 Shelter and food have always

been primary human needs. (Theodor de
Bry engraving after a John White watercolor.
Indians (Native Americans) fishing with weir
and spears in a dugout canoe. The drawing was
made somewhere in the region of the colony
of Virginia, which included the modern state
of North Carolina. published 1590 from 1585
drawing.)

Library of Congress
or corporate ownership of the stock being cultivated.” Aquaculture and
farming have some similarities and some differences. Table 1-1 compares
traditional farming to aquaculture.
Aquaculture occurs in these general environments—
➤ Warmwater aquaculture
➤ Coldwater aquaculture
➤ Mariculture or marine culture (saltwater).
Warmwater aquaculture is the commercial raising of stock that thrives
in warm, often turbid (cloudy or opaque), freshwater with temperatures
exceeding 70°F. Examples of warmwater species include catfish, crawfish
(crayfish), baitfish, and many sport fish. Coldwater aquaculture involves
the commercial production of stock that thrives in cool, clear freshwater
with temperatures between 50° and 65°F. Trout and salmon are examples
of coldwater aquaculture. Warmwater and coldwater are also generally

TABLE 1-1 COMPARISON OF TRADITIONAL FARMING TO AQUACULTURE

Farming Aquaculture
Occurs on land Occurs in water
Limited by water supply Limited by oxygen dissolved in water
Many plant and animal crops Many plant and animal crops
Domesticated plants and animals Wild and/or domesticated plants and animals
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Line of Partition Between Russia and
Germany
For yet another reason the Baltic States, or rather their alliance, will
have a great rôle to play—that of a boundary line of economic and
political culture between Russia and Germany. This partition—which
might be called a cordon sanitaire—is absolutely indispensable.
Germany’s direct influence on Russia, with no obstacle between
them, is a real danger. To the naïve and dreamy soul of the childlike
Russian villagers, the extreme sociological theories of the West, born
from a very complex economic situation, are a direct temptation and
a dangerous poison, as illustrated by M. Lenin’s sealed railway
carriage. The teachings of German Social Democracy have taken
such root in Russian soil and have produced such a harvest that it
has caused much merriment to the Teuton Field-Marshals; while to
Russia it has brought extreme abasement and almost irretrievable
disaster.

And this is likely to happen again, everywhere and always, whenever

a backward race, neighbour of another highly developed, would fain
borrow from the latter and put into immediate operation “the latest
advances of civilisation.”

It is the same in regard to economic relations. Germany, deprived of

her colonies, and lacking sufficient resources in raw materials and
rich markets, will necessarily direct the surplus of her economic
energy towards Russia, which will easily become a German colony
and submit entirely to German influence. In this respect, Germany
had already arrived at considerable results before the war. She will
work in the same direction, and after the signing of peace with still
greater activity, which will assuredly lead to results hardly desirable
from the political point of view. A Russia invaded by capital and
technical forces from Germany, and a Germany with Russian raw
materials and Russia’s market at her disposal, will be such great
economic powers that each will separately appear a serious menace,
and all the more so if in alliance.

But what is more clear and more important is the line of political
partition between Germany and Russia. The political security of
Europe used to be constantly under the menace of an alliance
between Russia and Germany, an alliance which would have radically
destroyed the balance of power. This menace was in no way artificial
but perfectly real, and might have been realised at any moment. As
we have tried to prove, it will inevitably reappear with the
reconstitution of Russia. The vanquished two of this great war will
not at once submit to their fate; both will be discontented and will
cogitate ways of improving their situation. This alone is a sufficient
basis for a rapprochement or an alliance. Russia will not resist for
long the temptation of an alliance with Germany, of which the
leaders beyond the Rhine are already openly talking. Consequently,
it is necessary to separate Russia from Germany, that is, to prevent
their direct union, and to that end it would be impossible to find a
more adequate and easy means than the cordon sanitaire of the
States named. Truth to tell, it would be necessary to invent this
alliance if it did not force itself into being.
 Conclusion
We have arrived at the end of this study and may now summarise.

The question of the organisation of the Lettish people in an

independent State must be decided quickly and definitely. The
restoration of anything whatever of the status quo ante, whether de
facto, temporary or indefinite, would serve no purpose because it
would not give to the Lettish people the juridical basis necessary to
the reconstruction of a ruined life. This question must be solved
independently of the will of the Russian people, because, in
principle, the idea that the destiny of any people whatsoever
depends on the will of another people, is inadmissible; because also
it is impossible to foresee when the Russian people will be in a
position to make its will freely known. In definitely deciding the
destiny of Latvia, it is necessary to reject the project of an All-
Russian Federation.

Such a federation is impossible. In accordance with the laws of

historical continuity, it is impossible to pass from a centralised State
to one of the most complicated and most delicate forms of State
organisation. Besides, the peoples of Russia have no such
community of intellectual, moral and economic interests as might
become the solid foundation of a free co-existence in one and the
same State. The All-Russian Federation will either divide itself into
different States or change itself into a centralised State in which the
natural rights of its different peoples will not be guaranteed. The
only just solution of the question of Latvia is the recognition of that
country as an independent State.
This is not only the natural right of the Lettish people. It has long
been the object of its permanent and definite leanings, and these
are in harmony with its well-recognised interests.

The interests of Russia will in no way suffer from the separation of

Latvia; neither economically, for Latvia will certainly be a better
intermediary between the West and the East than Russia was or
would be; nor strategically, for Latvia will be a much more
conscientious sentinel on the Baltic Sea than Russia was or would
be.

It is impossible for Russia to claim to re-enter her former boundaries

on the necessity of European balance of power, for, as a factor of
equilibrium, Russia has been found wanting, and one can foresee
her future complete submission to the economic and political
influence of Germany, as well as to her civilisation.

On the other hand, the interests of a lasting peace demand the

creation of a series of independent national States for the peoples
inhabiting the shores of the Baltic Sea; and, between them, a
defensive alliance for which there are sufficient grounds in the shape
of common economic, political and intellectual interests. Such an
alliance would play at the same time the rôle of the necessary line of
demarcation between Russia and Germany. Moreover, it is the only
natural solution of the problem of the Dominium maris Baltici, which
has been an apple of discord for centuries and has often been the
disturber of the world’s peace.
 The
Temple Press
Letchworth
ENGLAND
 Footnotes:
1 One of the published works of the Russian Political
Conference (from the pen of Mandelstam), specially
devoted to the question of Poland, has received a well-
merited refutation in the brilliant pamphlet of M. H.
Grappin (Memorandum on the Application of the
Nationalities Principle to the Russian Question).

M. Gaston Gaillard, in his book The Pan-Russian

Movement and the Borderland Peoples, Paris, 1919, gives
a remarkable summary, with full documentary evidence,
of the aspirations of the borderland peoples of Russia.

2 P. J. Sahlit, Devastation of Latvia by the Russian Armies,

Petrograd, 1917 (in Russian).

3 As fear has big eyes, even among fearless people like M.

Savinkoff, it is believed, for instance, that this latter
gentleman has found in the Bolshevik lines two divisions
of Lettish Rifles, i.e., 60,000 men (Pages Modernes, No.
1, page 7). If we take into account that many Letts have
fought from the beginning in the ranks of the Czeko-
Slovaks, in the army of Denikin and in that of the North,
and remembering that the Lettish regiments have
suffered great losses during the war, one can only ask
with amazement where this great number of Lettish
youths comes from. No more than 3,500 Letts can be
 counted among the Bolsheviki, all the rest are a vision
inspired by fear.

4 Details on this point will be found in the pamphlet of

Count Jean Tarnovsky, La Menace Allemande et le Péril
Russe, Imprimerie Moderne, 17, rue Duler, Biarritz, 1919.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LATVIA & RUSSIA:
ONE PROBLEM OF THE WORLD-PEACE CONSIDERED ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com