Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction occurs when one or more reactants are changed into one or more
products. The constituent atoms of the reactants are rearranged in a chemical reaction,
resulting in the formation of various substances as products.

Physical and Chemical Changes

Chemical change – one or more new substances with new physical and chemical
properties are formed.

Here, when copper sulphate reacts with iron, two new substances, i.e., ferrous sulphate
and copper, are formed.

Physical change – change in colour or state occurs, but no new substance is formed.
Example: Water changes to steam on boiling, but no new substance is formed (Even
though steam and water look different when they are made to react with a piece of Na,
they react the same way and give the exact same products). This involves only a
change in state (liquid to vapour).
Observations that Help Determine a Chemical Reaction

A chemical reaction can be determined with the help of any of the following observations.
a) Evolution of a gas
b) Change in temperature
c) Formation of a precipitate
d) Change in colour
e) Change of state

Chemical Reaction

Chemical reactions are chemical changes in which reactants transform into products by making or
breaking bonds (or both) between different atoms.
A chemical reaction is a process that causes one set of chemical components to change into another.
Chemical reactions are defined as changes in the locations of electrons in the formation and breaking of
chemical bonds between atoms, with no change in the nuclei, and are described using a chemical
equation. At a given temperature and chemical concentration, chemical reactions occur at a predictable
rate. Reaction speeds often increase as the temperature rises because more thermal energy is available
to attain the activation energy required to break bonds between atoms.

Types of Chemical Reactions

Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped

into multiple categories.
A few examples are:
● Combination
● Decomposition
● Single Displacement
● Double displacement
● Redox
● Endothermic
● Exothermic
● Precipitation
Writing Chemical Equations
Representation of a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and chemical formulae of the
reactants and products is known as a chemical equation.

• For solids, the symbol is “(s)”.

• For liquids, it is “(l)”.
• For gases, it is “(g)”.
• For aqueous solutions, it is “(aq)”.
• For gas produced in the reaction, it is represented by “(↑)”.
• For precipitate formed in the reaction, it is represented by “(↓)”.
Chemical Reactions and Equations II

Types of Chemical Reactions

Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped into multiple categories.
A few examples are:
● Combination
● Decomposition
● Single Displacement
● Double displacement
● Redox
● Endothermic
● Exothermic
● Precipitation
● Neutralisation

Combination Reaction

In a combination reaction, two elements or one element and one compound or two compounds
combine to give one single product.

When quicklime or calcium oxide (CaO) reacts with water, slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] is formed. During this
reaction, a large amount of heat is released. So, this reaction is an exothermic Reaction.

CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

Decomposition Reaction

A single reactant decomposes on the application of heat or light, or electricity to give two or more
products.
Types of decomposition reactions:
a. Decomposition reactions which require heat-thermolytic decomposition or thermolysis.

Thermal decomposition of HgO

b. Decomposition reactions which require light-photolytic decomposition or photolysis.

Photolytic decomposition of H2O2

c. Decomposition reactions which require electricity – electrolytic decomposition or electrolysis.

ElecDisplacement Reaction

A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound or solution.

Double Displacement Reaction or Precipitation Reaction

An exchange of ions between the reactants takes place to give new products.

For example,

An insoluble compound called precipitate forms when two solutions containing soluble salts are
combined.

One of the best examples of precipitation reactions is the chemical reaction between potassium chloride
and silver nitrate, in which solid silver chloride is precipitated out. This is the insoluble salt formed as a
product of the precipitation reaction. The chemical equation for this precipitation reaction is provided
below.
AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) —–AgCl(precipitate) + KNO3(aqueous)

To know more about Precipitation Reactions, visit here.

Redox Reaction

A redox reaction occurs when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss of electrons or an
increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms is referred to as oxidation. The gain of electrons
or a decrease in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms is referred to as reduction.

Oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.

Oxidation: Substance loses electrons or gains oxygen or loses hydrogen.
Reduction: Substance gains electrons or loses oxygen or gains hydrogen.
Oxidising agent – a substance that oxidises another substance and self-gets reduced.
Reducing agent – a substance that reduces another substance and self-gets oxidised.

To know more about Redox Reaction, visit here.

Endothermic and Exothermic reaction

Exothermic reaction – heat is evolved during a reaction. Most of the combination reactions are
exothermic.

Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + Fe + heat

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat

To know more about Exothermic Reactions, visit here.

Effect of Oxidation Reaction in Everyday Life

Endothermic – Heat is required to carry out the reaction.

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Glucose
Most of the decomposition reactions are endothermic.

To know more about Endothermic Reactions, visit here.

Corrosion

Gradual deterioration of a material, usually a metal, by the action of moisture, air or chemicals in the
surrounding environment.

Rusting:

4Fe(s) + 3O2(from air) + xH2O(moisture) → 2Fe2O3.xH2O(rust)

Corrosion of copper:
Cu(s) + H2O(moisture) + CO2(from air) → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(green)
Corrosion of silver:
Ag(s) + H2S (from air) → Ag2S(black) + H2(g)

To know more about Corrosion, visit here.

Rancidity

It refers to the oxidation of fats and oils in food that is kept for a long time. It gives foul smell and bad
taste to food. Rancid food causes stomach infections during consumption.
Prevention:
(i) Use of air-tight containers
(ii) Packaging with nitrogen
(iii) Refrigeration
(iv) Addition of antioxidants or preservatives

trolytic decomposition of H2O

Frequently Asked Questions on Chemical Reactions and Equations

Q1

Carbon reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide. This is an example of which type of reaction?

This is an example of a combination reaction since two reactants are combined to form a single product.

Q2

Identify the type of chemical reaction taking place when silver chloride turns black on exposure to
sunlight.

It is a decomposition reaction that occurs in the presence of sunlight, and hence it is a photochemical
decomposition reaction.

Q3

In electrolysis of water (acidified), what is the name of the gases that are evolved at the anode and
cathode, respectively?
In the electrolysis of water (acidified), the gases that are evolved at the anode and cathode, respectively,
are oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen ions gain electrons from the cathode and form hydrogen gas, and
oxygen ions give electrons to the anode and form oxygen gas.

1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in the air?

Solution:

Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning in air because Magnesium metal reacts with the
atmospheric oxygen and forms Magnesium Oxide (MgO) layer which is a very stable compound. In order
to prevent further reactions with Oxygen, it is therefore necessary to clean the ribbon by to remove the
layer of MgO.

2. Write a balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.

i) Hydrogen + Chloride —-> Hydrogen chloride

ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate —-> Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride

iii) Sodium + Water —-> Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

Solution:

i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

ii) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 →3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3

iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions

i) Solutions of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble Barium sulphate
and solution of Sodium chloride.

ii) Sodium hydroxide solution in water reacts with the hydrochloric acid solution to produce Sodium
chloride solution and water.

Solution:

i) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

ii) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

In-text questions set 2 Page number – 10

1. A solution of a substance, ‘X,’ is used for whitewashing.

(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.

(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.

Solution:

i) The substance ‘X’ which is used in whitewashing is quick lime or Calcium Oxide and its formula is CaO.
ii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double the amount
collected in the other? Name this gas.

Solution:

In activity 1.7, gas collected in one of the test tubes is double of the amount collected in the other
because water gets hydrolysed to release H2 and O2 gas. Here, after electrolysis two molecules of
Hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen gas are released; hence, the amount of Hydrogen collected
would be double than that of oxygen.

In-text questions set 3 Page number – 13

1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?

Solution:

When an iron nail is dipped in the copper sulphate solution, iron displaces copper from the copper
sulphate because iron is more reactive than copper. Therefore, the colour of the copper sulphate
solution changes. The reaction is

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10.

Solution:

Reaction Between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a double
displacement reaction. During the reaction, negative and positive ions trade positions as a result of the
formation of white silver chloride precipitate. The chemical reaction is given below.

Ag+ + NO3– + Na+ + Cl– → AgCl + Na+ + NO3–

3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and that are reduced in the following equation.

i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

Solution:

The Sodium (Na) in the first equation is getting oxidized with the addition of Oxygen (O 2), and the
Copper (Cu) in the second equation is reduced due to the addition of Hydrogen (H2).

Exercise Questions Page number – 14-16

1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?

2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)

(a) Lead is getting reduced

(b) Carbon Dioxide is getting oxidised

(c) Carbon is getting oxidised

(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced

(i) (a) and (b)

(ii) (a) and (c)

(iii) (a), (b) and (c)

(iv) all the above

Solution:

(i) (a) and (b)

Explanation: (a) Because Oxygen is being removed and (b) Because the removed oxygen from Lead is
added to the elemental Carbon.

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2. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

The above reaction is an example of a

1. Combination reaction

2. Double displacement reaction

3. Decomposition reaction

4. Displacement reaction

Solution:

The answer is 4. Displacement reaction.

Explanation: The Oxygen from the Ferrous oxide is getting displaced to the Aluminium metal to form
Aluminium Oxide. In this reaction, Aluminum is a more reactive metal than Fe. Therefore, Al will displace
Fe from its oxide. This type of chemical reaction, called displacement reaction, is in which one of the
elements displaces another. Here, less reactive metal is displaced by more reactive metal. Since one-
time displacement is occurring, it is called a single displacement reaction.

3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick the correct answer.

1. Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.

2. Chlorine gas and Iron hydroxide are produced.

3. No reaction takes place.

4. Iron salt and water are produced.

Solution:
 1. Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.

Explanation: The Chlorine from Hydrogen chloride is displaced by the Iron fillings to undergo the
following reaction.

2HCl + Fe → FeCl2 + H2

4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should a chemical equation be balanced?

Solution:

A balanced equation is the one in which number of different atoms on both the reactant and product
sides are equal. Balancing chemical equations is necessary for the reaction should obey The Law of
Conservation of mass. Balancing the chemical equation has no defined method and is purely a trial-and-
error attempt.

5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and balance them.

(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in the air to give water and sulphur dioxide.

(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give Aluminium chloride and a precipitate of
barium sulphate.

(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and Hydrogen gas.

Solution:

(a) Unbalanced: H2 + N2 → NH3

Balanced: 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

(b) Unbalanced: H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2

Balanced: 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2

(c) Unbalanced:

BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → AlCl3 + BaSO4

Balanced: 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4

(d) Unbalanced: K + H2O → KOH + H2

Balanced: 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

6. Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl

Solution:

(a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

7. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reactions.

Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide —-> Calcium carbonate + Water

Zinc + Silver nitrate —-> Zinc nitrate + Silver

Aluminium + Copper chloride —-> Aluminium chloride + Copper

Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate —-> Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride

Solution:

2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu

BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl

8. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction of each case.

KBr + BaI2 → KI + BaBr2

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

H2 + Cl → HCl

Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Solution:

2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2 (Double Displacement Reaction)

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 (Decomposition Reaction)

H2 + Cl → 2HCl (Combination Reaction)

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 (Displacement Reaction)

380

9. What is meant by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Solution:

An endothermic reaction occurs when energy is absorbed from the surroundings in the form of heat (For
example, Photosynthesis, melting of ice, evaporation). Conversely, an exothermic reaction is one in
which energy is released from the system into the surroundings (Examples: Explosions, concrete setting,
nuclear fission and fusion).

10. Why is respiration considered to be an exothermic reaction?

Solution:

For the survival of life, we require energy. We obtain this energy from the food we eat. The food
molecules, through the process of digestion, is broken down into simpler molecule like glucose. These
substances come in contact with the Oxygen present in our body cells to form Carbon dioxide and water
along with a certain amount of energy (Respiration process). Since the energy is in the form of heat (that
maintains our body temperature), respiration is considered to be an exothermic reaction. The reaction
taking place is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of Combination reactions? Write equations
for decomposition reactions.

Solution:

Combination reaction is said to be the reaction between two or more molecules to form a larger
molecule; whereas the decomposition reaction is defined as the splitting of larger molecules into two or
more smaller molecules. This essentially explains that the decomposition reaction is the opposite of the
combination reaction.

In most cases, the decomposition reaction is endothermic since the heat from the surrounding or
induced heat is used to break the bonds of the larger molecule. A few examples of decomposition
reactions are

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

CaCO3 + Energy → CaO + CO2

2HgO → 2Hg + O2

12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions in which energy is supplied in the form of
heat, light or electricity.

Solution:

(a) Thermal decomposition reaction (Thermolysis)

Decomposition of potassium chlorate: When heated strongly, potassium chlorate decomposes into
potassium chloride and oxygen. This reaction is used for the preparation of oxygen.

2KClO3 + Heat → 2KCl + 3O2

(b) Electrolytic decomposition reaction (Electrolysis)

Decomposition of sodium chloride: On passing electricity through molten sodium chloride, it

decomposes into sodium and chlorine.

(c) Photodecomposition reaction (Photolysis)

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: In the presence of light, hydrogen peroxide decomposes into
water and oxygen.

13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write relevant
equations for the above.

Solution:

A displacement reaction is one when a more reactive substance displaces a less reactive one from its salt
solution, whereas a double displacement reaction is one where a mutual exchange of ions happens
between two compounds.

In a displacement reaction, only a single displacement takes place, whereas in the double displacement
reaction, as the name suggests, two displacement takes place between the molecules.

Example:

Displacement reaction

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Double displacement reaction

2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2

14. In the refining of Silver, the recovery of silver from Silver nitrate solution involves displacement
reaction by Copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.

Solution:

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

Solution:

When two solutions containing soluble salts are combined, a double displacement reaction takes place
in which the ions are exchanged between the compounds. When one of such compounds formed is in
solid form (that is insoluble in aqua), then it settles down at the bottom of the container. This solid is
known as the precipitate and the respective reaction is termed as the precipitation reaction. A few
examples of precipitation reactions are

CdSO4(aq) + K2S(aq) → CdS(s) + K2SO4(aq)

2NaOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

16. Explain the following in terms of the gain of oxygen with two examples each.

(a) Oxidation

(b) Reduction

Solution:

(a) In a chemical reaction, when the oxygen is added to the element to form its respective oxide it is the
element being oxidised. Example:

4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2

(b) In a chemical reaction, when the oxygen is removed from the compound, then it is said to be
reduced. Example:

CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

2HgO → 2Hg + O2

17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in the air becomes black in colour. Name the
element ‘X’ and the black-coloured compound formed.

Solution:

The shiny brown-coloured element is Copper metal (Cu). When the metal is heated in air, it reacts with
atmospheric oxygen to form copper oxide. Hence, the black-coloured compound is copper oxide.

2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)

18) Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

Solution:

Iron articles are painted to prevent them from rusting. When left unpainted, the metal surface comes in
contact with the atmospheric oxygen and in the presence of moisture it from Iron(III) oxide. But if
painted, the surface does not come in contact with moisture and air, thus prevents Rusting.
9) Oil and Fat containing food items are flushed with Nitrogen. Why?

Solution:

The main purpose of flushing Nitrogen into food packets that contain oil and fat items is to prevent
Rancidity which occurs when the oil or fat reacts with the oxygen letting out an unpleasant smell and
taste. Therefore, by flushing Nitrogen, an unreactive surrounding is created, thus preventing rancidity.

20) Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion

(b) Rancidity

Solution:

(a) Corrosion is a process where a refined metal is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to form a more stable
compound, such as oxides. The metal gradually degrades during the corrosion process. Rusting of iron is
a good example of corrosion where the iron is converted to Iron oxide. Millions of dollars are spent
annually in preventing rusting from bridges and other monuments.

(b) The condition produced by the aerial oxidation of the oil and fat present in the food material that
produces an unpleasant taste and smell. The rancidity is retarded when the food is kept inside the
refrigerator since the low temperature does not promote the oxidation reaction.

Topics Covered under Class 10 Chapter 1 Science Chemical Reactions and Equations

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chemical Reactions and equations is a very fundamental chapter that deals with basic knowledge of
chemical reactions and equations. Students are advised to get tuned in with this chapter to avoid any
sort of difficulty in understanding advanced topics of chemistry. If you are planning to take science in
your higher secondary school, this is one of the important chapters you have to memorise for a very
long period of time.

Features of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Chapter 1 Science Chemical Reactions and Equations

 Students can get comprehensive practice in balancing different kinds of equations.

 NCERT Solutions will help students write different chemical equations appropriately

 Help them get a thorough practice of solving questions of varied difficulty before facing the CBSE
examination.

A chemical reaction is an important phenomenon in our lives. We come across various chemical
reactions like rusting of iron, curdling of milk, respiration, digestion and growth. In order to score good
marks in the CBSE Class 10 examination, students must practise the NCERT Solution for Class 10
Science Chapter 1 provided here.

At BYJU’S, students get free NCERT Solutions for all the classes, subjects and chapters. To help them
with CBSE exam preparation, BYJU’S also provides NCERT notes, videos, animations, previous years’
question papers, sample papers, NCERT exemplar solutions and textbooks.
To get access to all the resource material provided by us, students should register with BYJU’S site or
download BYJU’S – The Learning App.

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1

List out the topics and subtopics covered in the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1.

The topics and subtopics covered in the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 are
1.1 – Chemical Equations
1.1.1 – Writing a Chemical Equation
1.1.2 – Balanced Chemical Equations
1.2 – Types of Chemical Reactions
1.2.1 – Combination Reaction
1.2.2 – Decomposition Reaction
1.2.3 – Displacement Reaction
1.2.4 – Double Displacement Reaction
1.3 – Have you observed the effects of oxidation reactions in everyday life?
1.3.1 – Corrosion
1.3.2 – Rancidity

What are the key features of the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1?

The key features of the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 are
1. Students will get enough practice in balancing different kinds of equations.
2. The solutions help students to write chemical equations effortlessly.
3. Provides a lot of practice questions of different difficulty levels to face the board exams without fear.
4. Each and every question is answered in a comprehensive way to help students with their CBSE exam
preparation.

What is the concept of decomposition and combination reaction in the NCERT Solutions for Class 10
Science Chapter 1?

The reaction between two or more molecules to form a larger molecule is called a combination reaction,
whereas the splitting up of larger molecules into two or more smaller molecules is called the
decomposition reaction. To understand these concepts in a better way, students are recommended to
refer to the chapter-wise solutions created by the subject matter experts at BYJU’S. The solutions are
prepared after conducting vast research on each concept to boost the exam preparation of students.

1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in the air?

Solution:

Magnesium ribbon should be cleaned before burning in air because Magnesium metal reacts with the
atmospheric oxygen and forms Magnesium Oxide (MgO) layer which is a very stable compound. In order
to prevent further reactions with Oxygen, it is therefore necessary to clean the ribbon by to remove the
layer of MgO.

2. Write a balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.

i) Hydrogen + Chloride —-> Hydrogen chloride

ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate —-> Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride

iii) Sodium + Water —-> Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen

Solution:

i) H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl

ii) 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 →3BaSO4 + 2AlCl3

iii) 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2

3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions

i) Solutions of Barium chloride and Sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble Barium sulphate
and solution of Sodium chloride.

ii) Sodium hydroxide solution in water reacts with the hydrochloric acid solution to produce Sodium
chloride solution and water.

Solution:

i) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2NaCl

ii) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

In-text questions set 2 Page number – 10

1. A solution of a substance, ‘X,’ is used for whitewashing.

(i) Name the substance ‘X’ and write its formula.

(ii) Write the reaction of the substance ‘X’ named in (i) above with water.

Solution:

i) The substance ‘X’ which is used in whitewashing is quick lime or Calcium Oxide and its formula is CaO.

ii) CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

2. Why is the amount of gas collected in one of the test tubes in Activity 1.7 double the amount
collected in the other? Name this gas.

Solution:

In activity 1.7, gas collected in one of the test tubes is double of the amount collected in the other
because water gets hydrolysed to release H2 and O2 gas. Here, after electrolysis two molecules of
Hydrogen and one molecule of oxygen gas are released; hence, the amount of Hydrogen collected
would be double than that of oxygen.

In-text questions set 3 Page number – 13

1. Why does the colour of copper sulphate solution change when an iron nail is dipped in it?
Solution:

When an iron nail is dipped in the copper sulphate solution, iron displaces copper from the copper
sulphate because iron is more reactive than copper. Therefore, the colour of the copper sulphate
solution changes. The reaction is

Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu

2. Give an example of a double displacement reaction other than the one given in Activity 1.10.

Solution:

Reaction Between silver nitrate (AgNO3) and Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an example of a double
displacement reaction. During the reaction, negative and positive ions trade positions as a result of the
formation of white silver chloride precipitate. The chemical reaction is given below.

Ag+ + NO3– + Na+ + Cl– → AgCl + Na+ + NO3–

3. Identify the substances that are oxidised and that are reduced in the following equation.

i) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

ii) CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

Solution:

The Sodium (Na) in the first equation is getting oxidized with the addition of Oxygen (O 2), and the
Copper (Cu) in the second equation is reduced due to the addition of Hydrogen (H2).

Exercise Questions Page number – 14-16

1. Which of the statements about the reaction below are incorrect?

2PbO(s) + C(s) → 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)

(a) Lead is getting reduced

(b) Carbon Dioxide is getting oxidised

(c) Carbon is getting oxidised

(d) Lead oxide is getting reduced

(i) (a) and (b)

(ii) (a) and (c)

(iii) (a), (b) and (c)

(iv) all the above

Solution:

(i) (a) and (b)

Explanation: (a) Because Oxygen is being removed and (b) Because the removed oxygen from Lead is
added to the elemental Carbon.

822

2. Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe

The above reaction is an example of a

1. Combination reaction

2. Double displacement reaction

3. Decomposition reaction

4. Displacement reaction

Solution:

The answer is 4. Displacement reaction.

Explanation: The Oxygen from the Ferrous oxide is getting displaced to the Aluminium metal to form
Aluminium Oxide. In this reaction, Aluminum is a more reactive metal than Fe. Therefore, Al will displace
Fe from its oxide. This type of chemical reaction, called displacement reaction, is in which one of the
elements displaces another. Here, less reactive metal is displaced by more reactive metal. Since one-
time displacement is occurring, it is called a single displacement reaction.

452

3. What happens when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to iron fillings? Tick the correct answer.

1. Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.

2. Chlorine gas and Iron hydroxide are produced.

3. No reaction takes place.

4. Iron salt and water are produced.

Solution:

1. Hydrogen gas and Iron chloride are produced.

Explanation: The Chlorine from Hydrogen chloride is displaced by the Iron fillings to undergo the
following reaction.

2HCl + Fe → FeCl2 + H2

480

4. What is a balanced chemical equation? Why should a chemical equation be balanced?

Solution:
A balanced equation is the one in which number of different atoms on both the reactant and product
sides are equal. Balancing chemical equations is necessary for the reaction should obey The Law of
Conservation of mass. Balancing the chemical equation has no defined method and is purely a trial-and-
error attempt.

442

5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and balance them.

(a) Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.

(b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in the air to give water and sulphur dioxide.

(c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give Aluminium chloride and a precipitate of
barium sulphate.

(d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and Hydrogen gas.

Solution:

(a) Unbalanced: H2 + N2 → NH3

Balanced: 3H2 + N2 → 2NH3

861

(b) Unbalanced: H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2

Balanced: 2H2S + 3O2 → 2H2O + 2SO2

1,488

(c) Unbalanced:

BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → AlCl3 + BaSO4

Balanced: 3BaCl2 + Al2(SO4)3 → 2AlCl3 + 3BaSO4

993

(d) Unbalanced: K + H2O → KOH + H2

Balanced: 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2

995

6. Balance the following chemical equations.

(a) HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

(b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O

(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl

Solution:

(a) 2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O

(b) 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

(c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3

(d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2HCl

7. Write the balanced chemical equation for the following reactions.

Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide —-> Calcium carbonate + Water

Zinc + Silver nitrate —-> Zinc nitrate + Silver

Aluminium + Copper chloride —-> Aluminium chloride + Copper

Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate —-> Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride

Solution:

2Ca(OH)2 + 2CO2 → 2CaCO3 + 2H2O

Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag

2Al + 3CuCl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3Cu

BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl

8. Write a balanced chemical equation for the following and identify the type of reaction of each case.

KBr + BaI2 → KI + BaBr2

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

H2 + Cl → HCl

Mg + HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Solution:

2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2 (Double Displacement Reaction)

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2 (Decomposition Reaction)

H2 + Cl → 2HCl (Combination Reaction)

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2 (Displacement Reaction)

9. What is meant by exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give examples.

Solution:

An endothermic reaction occurs when energy is absorbed from the surroundings in the form of heat (For
example, Photosynthesis, melting of ice, evaporation). Conversely, an exothermic reaction is one in
which energy is released from the system into the surroundings (Examples: Explosions, concrete setting,
nuclear fission and fusion).

10. Why is respiration considered to be an exothermic reaction?

Solution:

For the survival of life, we require energy. We obtain this energy from the food we eat. The food
molecules, through the process of digestion, is broken down into simpler molecule like glucose. These
substances come in contact with the Oxygen present in our body cells to form Carbon dioxide and water
along with a certain amount of energy (Respiration process). Since the energy is in the form of heat (that
maintains our body temperature), respiration is considered to be an exothermic reaction. The reaction
taking place is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

11. Why are decomposition reactions called the opposite of Combination reactions? Write equations
for decomposition reactions.

Solution:

Combination reaction is said to be the reaction between two or more molecules to form a larger
molecule; whereas the decomposition reaction is defined as the splitting of larger molecules into two or
more smaller molecules. This essentially explains that the decomposition reaction is the opposite of the
combination reaction.

In most cases, the decomposition reaction is endothermic since the heat from the surrounding or
induced heat is used to break the bonds of the larger molecule. A few examples of decomposition
reactions are

ZnCO3 → ZnO + CO2

CaCO3 + Energy → CaO + CO2

2HgO → 2Hg + O2

12. Write one equation each for decomposition reactions in which energy is supplied in the form of
heat, light or electricity.

Solution:

(a) Thermal decomposition reaction (Thermolysis)

Decomposition of potassium chlorate: When heated strongly, potassium chlorate decomposes into
potassium chloride and oxygen. This reaction is used for the preparation of oxygen.

2KClO3 + Heat → 2KCl + 3O2

(b) Electrolytic decomposition reaction (Electrolysis)

Decomposition of sodium chloride: On passing electricity through molten sodium chloride, it

decomposes into sodium and chlorine.
(c) Photodecomposition reaction (Photolysis)

Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: In the presence of light, hydrogen peroxide decomposes into
water and oxygen.

13. What is the difference between displacement and double displacement reactions? Write relevant
equations for the above.

Solution:

A displacement reaction is one when a more reactive substance displaces a less reactive one from its salt
solution, whereas a double displacement reaction is one where a mutual exchange of ions happens
between two compounds.

In a displacement reaction, only a single displacement takes place, whereas in the double displacement
reaction, as the name suggests, two displacement takes place between the molecules.

Example:

Displacement reaction

Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2

Double displacement reaction

2KBr + BaI2 → 2KI + BaBr2

14. In the refining of Silver, the recovery of silver from Silver nitrate solution involves displacement
reaction by Copper metal. Write down the reaction involved.

Solution:

Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

15. What do you mean by a precipitation reaction? Explain by giving examples.

Solution:

When two solutions containing soluble salts are combined, a double displacement reaction takes place
in which the ions are exchanged between the compounds. When one of such compounds formed is in
solid form (that is insoluble in aqua), then it settles down at the bottom of the container. This solid is
known as the precipitate and the respective reaction is termed as the precipitation reaction. A few
examples of precipitation reactions are

CdSO4(aq) + K2S(aq) → CdS(s) + K2SO4(aq)

2NaOH(aq) + MgCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

16. Explain the following in terms of the gain of oxygen with two examples each.

(a) Oxidation

(b) Reduction

Solution:

(a) In a chemical reaction, when the oxygen is added to the element to form its respective oxide it is the
element being oxidised. Example:

4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)

H2S + O2 → H2O + SO2

(b) In a chemical reaction, when the oxygen is removed from the compound, then it is said to be
reduced. Example:

CuO(s) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + H2O(l)

2HgO → 2Hg + O2

17. A shiny brown coloured element ‘X’ on heating in the air becomes black in colour. Name the
element ‘X’ and the black-coloured compound formed.

Solution:

The shiny brown-coloured element is Copper metal (Cu). When the metal is heated in air, it reacts with
atmospheric oxygen to form copper oxide. Hence, the black-coloured compound is copper oxide.

2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)

18) Why do we apply paint on iron articles?

Solution:

Iron articles are painted to prevent them from rusting. When left unpainted, the metal surface comes in
contact with the atmospheric oxygen and in the presence of moisture it from Iron(III) oxide. But if
painted, the surface does not come in contact with moisture and air, thus prevents Rusting.

19) Oil and Fat containing food items are flushed with Nitrogen. Why?

Solution:

The main purpose of flushing Nitrogen into food packets that contain oil and fat items is to prevent
Rancidity which occurs when the oil or fat reacts with the oxygen letting out an unpleasant smell and
taste. Therefore, by flushing Nitrogen, an unreactive surrounding is created, thus preventing rancidity.

20) Explain the following terms with one example each.

(a) Corrosion

(b) Rancidity
Solution:

(a) Corrosion is a process where a refined metal is oxidised by atmospheric oxygen to form a more stable
compound, such as oxides. The metal gradually degrades during the corrosion process. Rusting of iron is
a good example of corrosion where the iron is converted to Iron oxide. Millions of dollars are spent
annually in preventing rusting from bridges and other monuments.

(b) The condition produced by the aerial oxidation of the oil and fat present in the food material that
produces an unpleasant taste and smell. The rancidity is retarded when the food is kept inside the
refrigerator since the low temperature does not promote the oxidation reaction.

Q3

What is the concept of decomposition and combination reaction in the NCERT Solutions for Class 10
Science Chapter 1?

The reaction between two or more molecules to form a larger molecule is called a combination reaction,
whereas the splitting up of larger molecules into two or more smaller molecules is called the
decomposition reaction. To understand these concepts in a better way, students are recommended to
refer to the chapter-wise solutions created by the subject matter experts at BYJU’S. The solutions are
prepared after conducting vast research on each concept to boost the exam preparation of students.