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2024_Differential_Equation_Lecture24

The document discusses the application of Laplace Transforms in solving differential equations with discontinuous forcing functions, particularly focusing on step functions. It includes definitions, examples, and theorems related to the Laplace Transform, emphasizing the transformation of initial value problems into algebraic problems. The content is aimed at students in a differential equations course for Fall 2024.

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16 views27 pages

2024_Differential_Equation_Lecture24

The document discusses the application of Laplace Transforms in solving differential equations with discontinuous forcing functions, particularly focusing on step functions. It includes definitions, examples, and theorems related to the Laplace Transform, emphasizing the transformation of initial value problems into algebraic problems. The content is aimed at students in a differential equations course for Fall 2024.

Uploaded by

Ьazzara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Equations

微分方程
Jerry Tai
戴立嘉
Fall 2024

Step Functions and


Discontinuous Forcing
Functions
Applications of Laplace Transforms
Last time
Using the Laplace Transform, we changed
Initial Value Problems into Algebra Problems

Example:

Becomes:

Inverse Transform:
Laplace Transform With
Discontinuous ODEs

Models a system where “forces” change suddenly

Need The Laplace Transform of

Can Use This To Compute Inverse Transforms Too


Laplace Transform With
Discontinuous ODEs

Examples
Laplace Transform With
Discontinuous ODEs

Examples

Or
Laplace Transform With
Discontinuous ODEs

Where
Laplace Transform With
Discontinuous ODEs

Where

Laplace Transform
Step Functions
• Some of the most interesting elementary applications of the
Laplace Transform method occur in the solution of linear
equations with discontinuous or impulsive forcing functions.
• In this section, we will assume that all functions considered are
piecewise continuous and of exponential order, so that their
Laplace Transforms all exist, for s large enough.
Step Function definition
• Let c ≥ 0. The unit step function, or Heaviside function, is
defined by

• A negative step can be represented by


Example 1
•Sketch the graph of

Just some notation first


Example 1
•Sketch the graph of

•Solution: Recall that uc(t) is defined by

•Thus

and hence the graph of h(t) is a rectangular pulse.


Laplace Transform of Step Function
• The Laplace Transform of uc(t) is
Translated Functions
• Given a function f (t) defined for t ≥ 0, we will often want to
consider the related function g(t) = uc(t) f (t - c):

• Thus g represents a translation of f a distance c in the


positive t direction.
• In the figure below, the graph of f is given on the left, and the
graph of g on the right.
Example 2
• Sketch the graph of

Please solve!
Example 2
•Sketch the graph of

•Solution: Recall that uc(t) is defined by

•Thus

and hence the graph of g(t) is a shifted parabola.


Theorem
• If F(s) = L{f (t)} exists for s > a ≥ 0, and if c > 0, then

• Conversely, if f (t) = L-1{F(s)}, then

• Thus the translation of f (t) a distance c in the positive t


direction corresponds to a multiplication of F(s) by e-cs.
Theorem: Proof Outline
• We need to show

• Using the definition of the Laplace Transform, we have


Example 3
• Find the Laplace transform of

You Try!
Example 3
• Find the Laplace transform of

• Solution: Note that

• Thus
Example 4
• Find L{ f (t)}, where f is defined by

You Try!
Example 4
• Find L{ f (t)}, where f is defined by

• Note that f (t) = sin(t) + uπ/4(t) cos(t - π/4), and


Example 5
• Find L-1{F(s)}, where
Example 5
• Find L-1{F(s)}, where

• Solution:
Theorem
• If F(s) = L{f (t)} exists for s > a ≥ 0, and if c is a constant, then

• Conversely, if f (t) = L-1{F(s)}, then

• Thus multiplication f (t) by ect results in translating F(s) a


distance c in the positive t direction, and conversely.
• Proof Outline:
Example 6
• Find the inverse transform of
Example 6

•Find the inverse transform of

•To solve, we first complete the square:

•Since

it follows that
Questions?

I’ll see you guys next time!

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