Quantitative Research with Survey Design: Concept, Characteristics, and Applications

This paper was composed to fulfill the assignment for the course of
“Quantitative Research in Language Education”

Lecturer :
Dr. ESTI YULI WIDAYANTI, M.Pd.

Group 1 :
1. Aida Nurdiana (2042200)
2. Alfina Khoirul Rohmatin (204220005)
3. Bagus Adi Saputra (2042200)
4. Edi Kurniawan (2042200)

DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL

FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC INTITUTE OF PONOROGO
2025
 PREFACE

First of all, thanks to Allah SWT because of the help of Allah, the writer finished writing the
paper entitled “Quantitative Research with Survey Design: Concept, Characteristics, and
Applications” right on time. Therefore, the writer says thank you to all individuals who helped
in the process of writing this paper. Hopefully,Allah replies to all help and blesses you all.
On this occasion let us extend our heartfelt thanks to Dr. Esti Yuli Widayanti, M.Pd., and fellow
students who had helped and provided the motivation in completing this paper.
The writer realized that this paper was still imperfect in arrangement and then the writer
hoped the criticism from to readers cloud help the writer perfect the next paper. Last but not
least Hopefully, this paper can help the readers to gain more knowledge about strengths and
weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Ponorogo, 16th of February 2025

Writers

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Question ................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Purpose ................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Definition of Quantitative Research and Survey Design ......................................................... 2
2.1.1 Definition of Quantitative Research................................................................................ 2
2.1.2 Definition of Survey Design ........................................................................................... 2
2.1.3 Relationship Between Quantitative Research and Survey Design .................................. 2
2.2 Characteristics of Quantitative Research with Survey Design................................................. 3
2.2.1 Research Structure .......................................................................................................... 3
2.2.2 Population and Sample.................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Data Collection Process .................................................................................................. 5
2.2.4 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Design in Quantitative Research .......................... 7
2.3.1 Advantages of Survey Design ......................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Survey Design .................................................................................... 8
2.4 Applications of Quantitative Research with Survey Design : Examples in Various Fields ..... 10
2.4.1 Education: Understanding Student Satisfaction with Online Learning ........................ 10
2.4.2 Business: Analyzing Consumer Preferences for Digital Products ................................ 10
2.4.3 Social Studies: Measuring Public Opinion on Government Policies ............................ 11
CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 12
3.2 Suggestion ............................................................................................................................. 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................. 14

ii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Quantitative research is a methodical study that mostly uses numerical data analysis to
measure variables, test hypotheses, and find patterns in a population. In order to identify trends,
attitudes, or correlations between variables, survey research—one of the most popular
quantitative research designs—collects data from a sample of the public.(1)

In many disciplines, including the social sciences, education, health, and business, survey
research is used extensively. For instance, surveys are used in education to evaluate institutional
policies, instructional efficacy, and student learning results.(2) Surveys are used in business to
analyze consumer behavior, do market research, and conduct employee satisfaction surveys.

1.2 Problem Question

This research aims to address the following questions:

1 What is survey-based quantitative research?
2 What are the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of this research design?

2.1 Purpose

The objectives of this study are:

1 To explain the fundamental concepts of quantitative research with a survey design.
2 To discuss the practical applications of survey research across various disciplines.

1
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of Quantitative Research and Survey Design

2.1.1 Definition of Quantitative Research

In quantitative research, numerical data is systematically gathered and statistically

analyzed to characterize, explain, or forecast occurrences.1 It employs a methodical strategy
founded on statistical instruments and objective measurements.
Among the essential features of quantitative research are:

• utilizing organized tools, such as questionnaires, assessments, and surveys.

• To guarantee generalizability, use large sample sizes.
• data analysis using statistics.
• Measurements that are unbiased and repeatable.

2.1.2 Definition of Survey Design

Survey design is a research methodology that measures trends, opinions, and behaviors
within a population by gathering data using structured questionnaires or interviews.2 This style
is frequently employed for:
• descriptive research, which gives a general picture of the traits of a population.
• correlational research, which looks at how variables relate to one another.
• Predictive research uses historical data to estimate future trends.
Survey design types include:
• Cross-sectional surveys: Gather information all at once.
• Longitudinal surveys: Collect information throughout time to track changes.3
2.1.3 Relationship Between Quantitative Research and Survey
Design

Survey design facilitates quantitative research by offering uniform and organized

techniques for gathering data. It enables scientists to methodically examine correlations

1
John W. Creswell and J. David Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches (SAGE Publications, 2022).
2
Creswell and Creswell.
3
Donald Ary, ‘Introduction to Research in Education’, 2012.

2
between variables and extrapolate results to broader populations.4
To find out how students feel about online learning and how it affects their academic
performance, for instance, a survey might be used in an educational setting.5

2.2 Characteristics of Quantitative Research with Survey Design

Quantitative research is an approach that focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical

data to test hypotheses or answer research questions. In a survey design, data is collected
through instruments such as questionnaires or structured interviews, which are then
statistically analyzed to obtain conclusions that can be generalized to a wider population.
Survey research aims to describe population characteristics, test relationships between
variables, or make predictions based on the data collected6. Surveys can be conducted in
various forms, either face-to-face, over the phone, or online. In addition, survey research
can also be conducted in various time frames. If data is collected at one specific point in
time, the study is called cross-sectional, while if data is collected periodically over a period
of time, it is called longitudinal.7 In quantitative research with a survey design, there are
several characteristics that need to be known, namely as follows:

2.2.1 Research Structure

In survey-based quantitative research, the research structure must be

systematically designed so that the data obtained is valid and reliable. One important
aspect of this research structure is the use of standardized instruments such as
questionnaires or structured interviews.8 A questionnaire is a data collection tool that
contains a series of questions designed to obtain information from respondents.
Questionnaires can take the form of closed or open-ended questions, but in quantitative
research, closed-ended questions are more often used because they allow data to be
collected in numerical form that is easy to analyze statistically. The advantage of
questionnaires in survey research is their ability to collect data from many respondents
in a short time. With the advent of digital technology, distributing questionnaires can
be done online using platforms such as Google Forms or SurveyMonkey, thus
simplifying the data collection process and increasing research efficiency.

4
Creswell and Creswell, Research Design.
5
Ary, ‘Introduction to Research in Education’.
6
Creswell and Creswell, Research Design.
7
P. D. Sugiyono, ‘Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, R&D Dan Penelitian
Pendidikan)’, Metode Penelitian Pendidikan 67 (2019): 18.
8
Sugiyono.

3
 However, questionnaires also have limitations, such as the possibility of
respondents giving inaccurate answers due to a lack of understanding of the questions
or the presence of social bias that makes them choose answers that are considered more
socially acceptable. Therefore, questionnaires should be clearly designed and easy to
understand to avoid misinterpretation.
In addition to questionnaires, survey-based quantitative research can also use
structured interviews as a data collection instrument. Structured interviews are
conducted using a list of questions that have been prepared in advance and asked to
respondents in the same order. The advantage of structured interviews over
questionnaires is their ability to address ambiguities in questions, as the interviewer can
provide clarification directly to the respondent. However, this method is also more time-
and labor-intensive than online questionnaires.
Structured interviews are often used in research that requires more in-depth data
but remains in a format that can be analyzed quantitatively. For example, interviews
with organizational leaders or faculty regarding the effectiveness of a particular policy
can generate data that can be categorized and analyzed using statistics.

2.2.2 Population and Sample

Determining the target population and sampling techniques is a crucial step in

survey research. The target population is the group of individuals who are the focus of
the research, while the sample is a subset of that population selected to represent the
overall population. Commonly used sampling techniques include:
• Random Sampling: Every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected as a sample, increasing the generalizability of the findings. For example,
in a study on college students' reading habits, every student has an equal chance of
being selected as a respondent.
• Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on
certain characteristics, such as age, gender, or education level. A sample is then
randomly drawn from each stratum to ensure proportional representation. For
example, in a study on music preferences, the population may be divided by age

4
 group, and samples drawn from each group to ensure all age groups are
represented.9

Choosing the right sampling technique ensures that the sample is representative of the
population, so that the results of the study can be generalized. In addition, an adequate
sample size is important to improve the accuracy and reliability of the findings.

2.2.3 Data Collection Process

The data collection process in survey research can be done in various ways, depending
on the availability of resources and the characteristics of the population under study. Some
commonly used methods in surveys include:

1. Face-to-Face: In this method, researchers meet directly with respondents to

ask questions in a questionnaire or structured interview. The main advantage of this
method is the opportunity for the researcher to clarify questions that may be confusing
to the respondents. However, this method tends to be more expensive and time-
consuming than other methods.

2. Online Surveys: With the development of technology, online surveys are

becoming an increasingly popular option. Researchers can use platforms such as
Google Forms or SurveyMonkey to distribute questionnaires to respondents. Online
surveys have advantages in terms of speed and wider reach, but also have challenges
such as low response rates and possible bias in sample selection.

3. Telephone: Telephone surveys are another method that can be used to collect
data quickly. It is more cost-effective than face-to-face, but has limitations in terms of
the depth of information that can be obtained, as the time available for interviews is
usually shorter.10

In addition to the survey distribution method, it is also important to determine

the timing of data collection. If the research only aims to get an overview of a
phenomenon at one particular time, then a cross-sectional design is more suitable.

9
William Lawrence Neuman, Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches
(Pearson, 2006).
10
Jack R. Fraenkel and Norman E. Wallen, How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education
(McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000).

5
 However, if the research wants to look at changes or trends over time, then a
longitudinal design is more advisable.11

2.2.4 Data Analysis

Once the data has been collected, the next step is to analyze the data using
appropriate statistical techniques. In quantitative research with a survey design, data
analysis usually includes two main types, namely descriptive statistics and inferential
statistics.12

1. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the characteristics of the data

that has been collected. This technique includes calculating the average (mean),
median, mode, as well as data distribution using standard deviation and
percentage. Descriptive statistics help researchers understand general patterns
in data before conducting more complex analysis.
2. Inferential statistics are used to make broader conclusions about the
population based on sample data. Some analytical techniques often used in
survey research include:
• Regression: Used to analyze the relationship between one or more
independent variables and the dependent variable.
• Correlation: Measures the strength and direction of the relationship between
two variables.
• T-test: Used to compare the means of two sample groups and determine if
the difference is statistically significant.13
The selection of an appropriate analytical technique depends on the purpose of
the study and the type of data collected. By using appropriate statistical
methods, researchers can draw more accurate and meaningful conclusions from
the survey data obtained.

11
Sugiyono, ‘Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, R&D Dan Penelitian
Pendidikan)’.
12
Neuman, Social Research Methods.
13
Sugiyono, ‘Metode Penelitian Pendidikan (Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, R&D Dan Penelitian
Pendidikan)’.

6
 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Design in Quantitative Research

Survey design is a prevalent method in quantitative research, offering a structured

approach to data collection from a broad audience. A survey design provides a quantitative
description of trends, attitudes, and opinions of a population, or tests for associations among
variables of a population, by studying a sample of that population.14 According from Ary While
surveys present numerous advantages, they also come with certain limitations that researchers
discusses various advantages and disadvantages of survey design in quantitative research.15
2.3.1 Advantages of Survey Design

1. Reaches a Large and Diverse Audience

The biggest advantage of survey design is the capacity to collect information from a large
number of respondents and to cover a wide range of sites. Not limited to face-to-face
interviewing, surveys conveniently allow researchers to gather information from a much wider
population than surveys, which are usually limited to smaller samples. This is especially helpful
for wide-view research with an international reach that requires a variety of viewpoints.
2. Saves Time and Money to Collecting Data
Compared to other data collection methods, surveys are relatively inexpensive. Online
surveys, in particular, reduce costs by eliminating the need for printed materials or in-person
interviews. Survey design is more flexible in terms of data collection, making the process much
more efficient. According to Ronald D. Fricker, Jr. and Matthias Schonlau surveys can be
conducted more quickly, effectively and cheaply.16
3. Provides Standardized and Reliable Data
By designing a structured questionnaire researchers can directly focus on specific
variables, thus increasing the reliability of the results.Population, sample size, effect size, and
validity measures should be calculated that can enable the survey to provide answers to the
research questions.17 Since all respondents answer the same questions, surveys ensure
consistency in data collection. This standardization reduces the risk of bias and makes it easier
to compare responses across different groups.

14
John W Creswell and J David Creswell, “Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed
Methods Approaches,” n.d.
15
Ary, ‘Introduction to Research in Education’.
16
“Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Research Surveys: Evidence from the Literature - Ronald
D. Fricker, Matthias Schonlau, 2002,” accessed March 15, 2025,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/152582202237725.
17
Lynda T. Goodfellow, “An Overview of Survey Research,” Respiratory Care 68, no. 9 (September 2023):
1309–13, https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.11041.

7
 4. Offers Flexibility in Data Collection
Online media, face-to-face, by telephone, or by mail are methods of data collection in
surveys. Technological advancements present variations of data collection done using research
instruments can be developed online using Google Forms in class WhatsApp groups.18 This
flexibility allows researchers to choose the method that best suits their target audience.
Indirectly, researchers can choose the most effective survey method to achieve their research
objectives.
5. Easy to Analyze and Interpret
As technology develops, data processing becomes more efficient with the help of
statistical tools, survey data can be processed more easily. Researchers can use software such
as SPSS and Excel where these statistical applications can perform research data processing
such as education management data and classroom action research data and even identify
trends, relationships and patterns in the data.19 This allows surveys to process and present
robust statistical data, thus increasing the reliability and depth of their studies.
6. Encourages Honest Responses on Sensitive Topics
Respondents' willingness to disclose sensitive information in surveys is usually influenced by
anonymity. Research shows that anonymous survey methods encourage greater disclosure of
sensitive or stigmatizing information compared to non-anonymous methods.20 In general, this
research supports the idea that anonymity encourages more honest and open responses,
especially about sensitive matters such as health, income or political perspectives.
2.3.2 Disadvantages of Survey Design

1. Low Response Rates Can Skew Results

Getting respondents to complete surveys is one of the most difficult tasks, particularly
when they are conducted online or by mail. Low response rates result from people ignoring
survey inquiries. The accuracy of the results may be impacted by nonresponse bias, which
occurs when the opinions of those who opt out differ from those of those who do.
2. Limited Ability to Capture Deep Insights

18
Dyah Helen Permatasari, Siti Fitriana, and Ariswati Ariswati, “Tingkat Penyesuaian Diri Siswa di SMK
Negeri 2 Semarang,” Jurnal Wahana Konseling 7, no. 2 (September 4, 2024): 248–54,
https://doi.org/10.31851/juang.v7i2.15038.
19
M. Y. Matdoan et al., “PENERAPAN METODE DAN APLIKASI STATISTIK (SPSS dan Excel) UNTUK
MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI GURU DALAM PENELITIAN DAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH,” Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat
Waradin 1, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 92–100, https://doi.org/10.56910/wrd.v1i2.184.
20
Maureen Murdoch et al., “Impact of Different Privacy Conditions and Incentives on Survey Response
Rate, Participant Representativeness, and Disclosure of Sensitive Information: A Randomized Controlled Trial,”
BMC Medical Research Methodology 14 (July 16, 2014): 90, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-14-90.

8
 Common limitations of surveys, including their inability to probe deeper into
responses.21 Survey are great for collecting numerical data, but they aren’t always the best at
capturing complex thoughts or emotions. Unlike interviews, which allow for follow-up
questions and deeper discussions, surveys typically rely on structured questions with
predefined answer choices. This can limit the richness of the responses.
3. Risk of Biased or Inaccurate Responses
Getting respondents to fill out surveys is one of the most difficult tasks, especially when
done online or by mail. Low response rates result from people ignoring survey questions. The
accuracy of the results can be affected by nonresponse bias, which occurs when the opinions
of those who do not participate differ from those of those who do.22
4. Lack of Control Over Who Responds
In online or mailed surveys, researchers have little control over who actually fills out
the questionnaire. There’s a chance that some respondents might not belong to the intended
target group, leading to unreliable data. For instance, a survey meant for business professionals
might end up being completed by students or casual internet users.
5. Difficult to Modify Questions Once Distributed
Once a survey has been sent out, it’s difficult to change or clarify questions. If
respondents interpret a question differently than intended, researchers may end up with
inconsistent or misleading data. This is why pilot testing a survey before full distribution is
crucial.
6. Potential for Sampling Errors
Even if a survey reaches a large audience, there’s always a risk that the sample may not
perfectly represent the broader population. If the sample is too small or not diverse enough, the
results may not be generalizable. Ensuring proper sampling techniques can help minimize this
issue, but it remains a challenge in survey research. This clarity reduces the risk of sampling
errors arising from an ill-defined population.23
For quantitative research, surveys are an efficient and cost-effective method of
collecting data from sizable populations. Researchers must be aware of the possible drawbacks,
though, including response bias, poor participation rates, and difficulties gathering in-depth

21
“Behind the Numbers: Questioning Questionnaires - Katja Einola, Mats Alvesson, 2021,” accessed
March 16, 2025, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1056492620938139?utm.
22
Michael Davern, “Nonresponse Rates Are a Problematic Indicator of Nonresponse Bias in Survey
Research,” Health Services Research 48, no. 3 (June 2013): 905–12, https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12070.
23
Elizabeth Tipton, “Enhancing the Generalizability of Impact Studies in Education,” n.d.

9
insights. Through meticulous survey design, question pre-testing, and suitable sample
techniques, researchers can optimize the validity and dependability of their findings.

2.4 Applications of Quantitative Research with Survey Design : Examples in

Various Fields

2.4.1 Education: Understanding Student Satisfaction with Online

Learning

With the rapid adoption of online learning, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic,
there has been growing interest in evaluating its effectiveness and how students perceive it. A
quantitative approach using surveys allows researchers to gather insights into student
experiences, engagement levels, and areas needing improvement. Surveys help measure
satisfaction levels, identify technical challenges, and assess student motivation in virtual
classrooms.
A study conducted by Ho, Cheong, and Weldon investigated key predictors of student
satisfaction with emergency remote learning (ERL) in higher education.24 Using survey data
from 425 undergraduate students, the study applied multiple regression and machine learning
models to analyze student responses. Findings indicated that students showed only neutral
satisfaction with ERL, despite having sufficient access to technology and internet resources.
The most significant factors influencing satisfaction included preference for face-to-face
learning, instructor efforts, appropriateness of assessment methods, and perceived
effectiveness of online lesson delivery. These insights highlight the importance of structured
online class delivery, interactive learning, and assessment modifications to enhance student
satisfaction with online education.

2.4.2 Business: Analyzing Consumer Preferences for Digital

Products

The rise of digital technology has transformed consumer behavior, particularly among
millennials. Companies increasingly rely on surveys to assess consumer preferences and

24
Indy Man Kit Ho, Kai Yuen Cheong, and Anthony Weldon, “Predicting Student Satisfaction of
Emergency Remote Learning in Higher Education during COVID-19 Using Machine Learning Techniques,” Plos
One 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249423.

10
behaviors to tailor their digital marketing strategies and enhance brand engagement. A study
conducted by Asmara et al. explored how digital technology influences millennial consumer
behavior in Indonesia.25 The research used survey data to examine key factors affecting digital
product purchases, including brand trust, social media influence, and online purchasing habits.
The study found that millennials are highly influenced by digital platforms, with social
media playing a crucial role in shaping their purchasing decisions. Personalized
advertisements, online reviews, and influencer endorsements significantly impact consumer
trust and brand loyalty. Additionally, ease of transaction and digital payment options were
identified as important factors that contribute to increased online purchases. These findings
emphasize the importance of businesses adapting their digital marketing strategies to appeal to
tech-savvy consumers and optimize their e-commerce platforms for better user experiences.

2.4.3 Social Studies: Measuring Public Opinion on Government

Policies

Public opinion surveys play a crucial role in understanding how people perceive
government policies and initiatives. Policymakers can use survey data to gauge public
sentiment and adjust policies accordingly. A study conducted by Latief et al. examined the
anomaly of high public approval ratings for President Joko Widodo despite ongoing democratic
regression in Indonesia.26 Using survey data from multiple political research institutions, the
study analyzed why public trust in leadership remained strong even when democratic standards
declined.
Latief et al. argued that Jokowi’s ability to maintain public support despite democratic
setbacks stemmed from a strategic consolidation of power.27 The study highlighted how Jokowi
expanded his political base by integrating opposition parties, increasing state control over
media narratives, and leveraging nationalist development projects to appeal to the masses.
Additionally, the research suggested that democratic fatigue among the Indonesian public
played a role in sustaining Jokowi’s popularity, as many citizens prioritized stability and
economic security over democratic ideals.

25
Indahingwati Asmara et al., “How Digital Technology Driven Millennial Consumer Behaviour in
Indonesia,” Journal of Distribution Science, 2019, http://repository.nobel.ac.id/id/eprint/108/.
26
Azhari M. Latief, M. Arif Nasution, and Bengkel Ginting, ‘Democratic Fatigue in Indonesia: The
Anomaly of Jokowi’s Approval Rating Amidst Democratic Regression’, Jurnal Public Policy 10, no. 4 (2024): 311–
18.
27
Latief, Nasution, and Ginting.

11
 Quantitative research using survey design is a powerful tool for gathering data across
various fields, from education and business to social studies. By systematically collecting and
analyzing responses, researchers can identify trends, assess public sentiment, and support data-
driven decision-making. Ensuring well-structured survey methods and representative sampling
enhances the reliability of the findings, making survey research a valuable approach for
understanding and addressing real-world issues.

CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

3.1 Conclusion

This paper has explored the fundamentals of quantitative research using survey
design, emphasizing its capacity to systematically collect and analyze numerical data. The
discussion outlined key aspects including the definition and structure of survey-based
research, the importance of a representative sample, and the methods of data collection and
analysis. Furthermore, the advantages—such as broad reach, cost efficiency, standardized
data, and the facilitation of honest responses—were balanced against challenges like low
response rates, potential biases, and limited depth in capturing complex insights. Overall,
survey design remains an indispensable tool in quantitative research, offering clear pathways
for understanding trends and behaviors across various disciplines. By carefully addressing its
limitations, researchers can leverage survey design to produce reliable, generalizable, and
actionable findings.

3.2 Suggestion

Based on the insights discussed, future research using survey design should prioritize
enhancing instrument design by rigorously pilot testing questionnaires to ensure clarity,
reduce ambiguity, and minimize biases, thereby ensuring accurate and reliable data
collection. In addition, efforts to increase response rates through the use of engaging digital
platforms, incentives, and timely reminders will improve both the representativeness and
validity of the findings. Integrating mixed methods, such as follow-up interviews or focus
groups alongside quantitative surveys, can further enrich data interpretation by providing
deeper insights into respondents’ perspectives. Moreover, employing advanced sampling
techniques—through careful stratification and random selection—will help ensure that the
sample accurately reflects the target population while mitigating potential sampling errors.
Finally, leveraging modern software and digital tools for data collection and analysis can
12
streamline the research process, reduce costs, and enhance statistical precision. Implementing
these recommendations can optimize the strengths of survey research, effectively addressing
its inherent challenges and contributing to more robust and impactful outcomes.

13
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

‘Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Research Surveys: Evidence from the Literature -
Ronald D. Fricker, Matthias Schonlau, 2002’. Accessed 15 March 2025.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/152582202237725.
Ary, Donald. ‘Introduction to Research in Education’, 2012.
Asmara, Indahingwati, Launtu Ansir, Tamsah Hasmin, Firman Ahmad, Halim Perdana
Kusuma Putra Aditya, and Aswari Aan. ‘How Digital Technology Driven Millennial
Consumer Behaviour in Indonesia’. Journal of Distribution Science, 2019.
http://repository.nobel.ac.id/id/eprint/108/.
‘Behind the Numbers: Questioning Questionnaires - Katja Einola, Mats Alvesson, 2021’.
Accessed 16 March 2025.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1056492620938139?utm_source=chatgpt.c
om.
Creswell, John W., and J. David Creswell. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and
Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications, 2022.
Creswell, John W, and J David Creswell. ‘Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and
Mixed Methods Approaches’, n.d.
Davern, Michael. ‘Nonresponse Rates Are a Problematic Indicator of Nonresponse Bias in
Survey Research’. Health Services Research 48, no. 3 (June 2013): 905–12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12070.
Fraenkel, Jack R., and Norman E. Wallen. How to Design and Evaluate Research in
Education. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2000.
Goodfellow, Lynda T. ‘An Overview of Survey Research’. Respiratory Care 68, no. 9
(September 2023): 1309–13. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.11041.
Ho, Indy Man Kit, Kai Yuen Cheong, and Anthony Weldon. ‘Predicting Student Satisfaction
of Emergency Remote Learning in Higher Education during COVID-19 Using
Machine Learning Techniques’. Plos One 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249423.
Latief, Azhari M., M. Arif Nasution, and Bengkel Ginting. ‘Democratic Fatigue in Indonesia:
The Anomaly of Jokowi’s Approval Rating Amidst Democratic Regression’. Jurnal
Public Policy 10, no. 4 (2024): 311–18.
M. Y. Matdoan, M. W. Talakua, N. Lewaherilla, S. J. Latupeirissa, and J. E. T. Radjabaycolle.
‘PENERAPAN METODE DAN APLIKASI STATISTIK (SPSS dan Excel) UNTUK
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14
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Murdoch, Maureen, Alisha Baines Simon, Melissa Anderson Polusny, Ann Kay Bangerter,
Joseph Patrick Grill, Siamak Noorbaloochi, and Melissa Ruth Partin. ‘Impact of
Different Privacy Conditions and Incentives on Survey Response Rate, Participant
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