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What Is Petroleum?

Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon that is found underground or in oil seeps. It is refined to produce fuel for transportation and a variety of other products. Crude oil was formed from ancient plant and animal remains that sank to the ocean floor, became buried under layers of sediment, and were subjected to high temperatures and pressure over millions of years, transforming the organic material into crude oil.

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40 views

What Is Petroleum?

Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon that is found underground or in oil seeps. It is refined to produce fuel for transportation and a variety of other products. Crude oil was formed from ancient plant and animal remains that sank to the ocean floor, became buried under layers of sediment, and were subjected to high temperatures and pressure over millions of years, transforming the organic material into crude oil.

Uploaded by

rajsehsingh_tpm
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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What is Crude Oil?

Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid composed mostly of hydrogen and carbon. It is usually found underground but can also be found above ground in oil seeps or tar pits. Crude oil is used to produce fuel for cars, trucks, airplanes, boats and trains. It is also used for a wide variety of other products including asphalt for roads, lubricants for all kinds of machines, plastics for toys, bottles, food wrap and computers. Crude oil is believed to have been formed from very small plants and animals that lived in ancient seas and oceans a very long time ago. As these plants and animals die, they sink to the bottom of the sea where they mix with mud, sand, and clay. This mixture of mud and organic (once-living) material is rich in hydrogen and carbon, the building blocks of crude oil. Year-after-year more mud and sediments are deposited on the sea floor. Over millions of years this layer of organic-rich mud becomes buried thousands of feet deep in the earth. The temperature of the earth becomes hotter as you go deeper into the earth and the weight of all the mud and rocks above increase the pressure. This combination of increased temperature and pressure causes the organic material to change into crude oil. As the temperature increases the crude oil can be changed into natural gas. .

What Is Petroleum?
petroleum A thick, flammable, yellow-to-black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. (American Heritage Dictionary) The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning rock, and oleum, meaning oil.

The oil industry classifies "crude" by the location of its origin and by its relative weight or viscosity ("light", "intermediate" or "heavy"). The relative content of sulfur in natural oil deposits also results in referring to oil as "sweet," which means it contains relatively little sulfur, or as "sour," which means it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.

DIESEL

Diesel oil redirects here. Sometimes "diesel oil" is used to mean lubricating oil for diesel engines.

Diesel fuel ( /dizl/) in general is any liquid fuel used in diesel engines. The most common is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel, are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleumderived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel.[1] Ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) is a standard for defining diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As of 2007, almost all diesel fuel available in the United States of America, Canada and Europe is the ULSD type. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for Diesel Engined Road Vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use (see Taxation).[2]

Octane number

Definition
Measure of the ignition quality of gas (gasoline or petrol). Higher this number, the less susceptible is the gas to 'knocking' (explosion caused by its premature burning in the combustion chamber) when burnt in a standard (spark-ignition internal combustion) engine. Octane number denotes the percentage (by volume) of iso-octane (a type of octane) in a combustible mixture (containing iso-octane and normal-heptane) whose 'anti-knocking' characteristics match those of the gas being tested. In the older vehicles, high octane numbers were achieved by adding lead tetraethyl to the gas (the 'leaded gas'), a pollutant that contributes to lead poisoning (see Lead). In the newer vehicles, the same result is achieved by the engine design that increases turbulence in the combustion chamber, and/or by adding aromatic hydrocarbons (such as xylenes) and oxygenates (oxygen-containing compounds such as alcohols) to the gas (the 'unleaded gas'). Also called Octane rating. See also cetane number.

Cetane number

Definition
Measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel; higher this number, the easier it is to start a standard (direct-injection) diesel engine. It denotes the percentage (by volume) of cetane (chemical name Hexadecane) in a combustible mixture (containing cetane and 1-

methylnapthalene) whose ignition characteristics match those of the diesel fuel being tested. See also Octane number.

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