FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY

TRAINING

Arabian Infotech Training Institute

 FIRE
Combustion happens when fuel reacts with oxygen to release heat
energy.

FIRE TRIANGLE

The fire triangle identifies the three needed components of fire:

• fuel (something that will burn)
• heat (enough to make the fuel burn)and air (oxygen)
• All three components must be present to have a fire. Fire will burn
until one or more of the components are removed. Traditional fire
extinguishing methods involve removing the fuel, heat, or oxygen.
• Fire Tetrahedron
Stages of fire
• Incipient stage: Fuel, oxygen and heat join together in a sustained
chemical reaction. At this stage, a fire extinguisher can control the fire.

• Growth stage: With the initial flame as a heat source, additional fuel
ignites. Convection and radiation ignite more surfaces. The size of the
fire increases and the plume reaches the ceiling. Hot gases collecting at
the ceiling transfer heat, allowing all fuels in a room to come closer to
their ignition temperature at the same time.

• Fully developed stage: Fire has spread over much if not all the available
fuel; temperatures reach their peak, resulting in heat damage. Oxygen is
consumed rapidly.

• Decay (Burnout) stage: The fire consumes available fuel, temperatures

decrease, fire gets less intense.
Four ways to put out a fire
1.Cooling the burning material
2.Smothering-Exclude oxygen
3.Starvation-Remove the fuel
4.Chain Breaking-Break the chemical reaction
INTRODUCTION
• The aim of a fire protection
system is to protect a building's
occupants and minimize the
damage associated with fire.
Overall, the goal is to provide
the widest possible window for
a safe evacuation, whilst also
reducing potential repair costs.
Fire protection systems can be
categorized as either active or
passive.
OBJECTIVE

▪ LIFE SAFETY
▪ PROPERTY PROTECTION
▪ CONTINUITY IN OPERATION
▪ ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
CODES AND STANDARDS

• Life safety code is certain requirements for the design construction and operation of buildings to protect people from fire
and other hazards.
• Fire code is certain requirements for the prevention and control of fire and explosion hazards of buildings and facilities.

• Life safety code focus on protecting people and Fire code focuses on protecting property and environment.

• A code is a model, a set of rules that knowledgeable people recommend for others to follow. It is not a law but can be
adopted into law.
• A standard tends be a more detailed elaboration, the nuts and bolts of meeting a code
• Codes providing requirements for specific activities or processes while Standards are providing guidelines related to design,
installation and maintenance of equipment’s or systems.
• Ex. NFPA-70 E requirements for electrical safety in workplace

NFPA 20-Standard for installation of stationery pumps.

NFPA

• NFPA stands for national fire protection association.

• NFPA is a non profitable organization which is established in 1896 in US.NFPA codes are developed by committees made up
by volunteers who represented variety of back grounds and perspectives members of NFPA committees are experts in their
respective fields including fire protection engineers, building officials, manufactures and other stake holders.

• Intention is to provide the framework for the safe design , installation, operation and maintenance of buildings, facilities and
equipments.The codes and standards are intended to protect people, property and environment from fire and other
hazards.
 CODES AND STANDARDS
Shall
• It is a mandatory requirement by Civil Defense.
Should
• It is a recommendation by Civil Defense, but it is not mandatory

STANDARD NFPA EN54 BS IBC UAE FLS CODE

STANDARD National fire European British International UAE Fire and Life
protection association Standard Standard Building Code safety code-2018
DEVELOPED BY US European UK US UAE
Committee
VITAL CODES Nfpa-1,Nfpa-13,Nfpa- EN- BS5839,BS
101… 12845,EN1350 9999
1
APPICATION US and many other EU Union and UK US and many
countries Many other other
countries countries
FIRE SAFETY CERTIFICATION ORGANIZATIONS

UL( Under Writers Laboratory) FM(Factory Mutual or Global research)

Founded in US Founded in US

Develop standards and conducts testing and Focus on products and services that protect
certification for wide range of products. property from loss.
CODES AND STANDARDS

NFPA Certifications

1. Certified fire protection specialist (CFPS)

2. Certified hazard recognition specialist(CHRS)
3. Certified fire Inspector (CFI-1 & 2 )
4. Certified Fire Planner Examiner( CFPE)
CODES AND STANDARDS

Life safety code

1. Construction
• Type of construction.
• Compartmentation
• Facades
• Fire stopping.

2. Fire service access

3. Means of egress
• Exit access
• Exit
• Exit Discharge
PASSIVE FIRE
SYSTEMS

• CONSTRUCTION
• FIRE SERVICE ACCESS
• MEANS OF EGRESS

• EXTERNAL CLADDING SYSTEM

• FIRE STOPPING
• DOORS
• STAIRS
• CORRIDORS
• ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS
• AREA OF REFUGE
PASSIVE SYSTEMS

• CONSTRUCTION
• FIRE SERVICE ACCESS
• MEANS OF EGRESS
• STAIR-Stairs can be used as a component in the means of egress, whether interior or exteriorto a building,
serve multiple functions, allowing normal occupant movement among floors of building, providing egress
during emergencies and fires and facilitating rescue and fire control operations by Fire fighters. No storage is
allowed in the staircases.
• DOOR-Every door and door assembly shall be designed and constructed so that the way of egress travel is
obvious and direct.
• CORRIDOR-An Exit component that may or may not be separated from other spaces of a building or
structure by fire resistance rated construction and opening protective, providing a path of egress travel in a
horizontal direction to exit or exit passageway.
• ELEVATORS- Unless evacuation is assisted by facility management and Civil Defense rescue team, elevators
shall not be used for evacuation, unless alternatives are approved by Civil Defense.
CODES AND STANDARDS

Fire Code
1. Fire extinguisher
2. Exit Signs
3. Emergency Lightings
4. Fire Detection and Alarm systems
5. Fire protection systems.
6. Smoke Managements systems.
ACTIVE FIRE SYSTEMS
• AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLERS
• FIRE HOSE REEL AND LANDING VALVE
• FIRE HYDRANT
• FIRE ETINGUISHERS
• GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
• FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTS
ACTIVE SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER SYSTEM FIRE HOSE REEL SYSTEM

Automatic sprinkler heads are individually heat Fire hose reel systems are Class II systems,
activated and fixed into a piping network with pressurized with water having a permanent water
water under pressure. When the heat of a fire supply from fire water pumps and fire water storage
raises the sprinkler temperature to its operating tanks. The fire hose reel system comprises of one or
point, a variety of temperature ratings, from 57 to multiple vertical riser pipes or horizontal runs of
260 degrees) a liquid- filled glass bulb will shatter piping that are connected to the 25 mm diameter
or a solder link will melt to open that single outlet valve, 30 m long re-in forced rubber lined (RRL)
sprinkler, allowing water to discharge. The water is hose with hose nozzle that are placed inside the ire
directed onto a diffuser or deflector which is hose cabinet for the use of trained fire fighting
personnel or by occupants as first response if it is safe
designed to not only break the water into droplets to do so.
of a specific size, but also to direct the spray to
cover a specific floor and wall area. occupants can extinguish small fires or when the fire
is at its incipient stages until the arrival of Civil
Defense fire fighters.
Fire Sprinklers
Fire Hose Reel
ACTIVE SYSTEMS

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS GAS SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

• Portable Fire Extinguishers are the best available The Clean agents allowed shall be electrically non-
first response to tackle the fire at its incipient stage. conducting and leave no residue upon evaporation.
However, usage of fire extinguishers shall be Applicable in Electrical,LV,HV,Server rooms.
limited to informed and trained personnel. Any fire
can grow into catastrophe within minutes. It is not
the intention of Civil Defense nor recommendation
for people to stay within fire vicinity to fight fires
with portable extinguishers, unless the fire is
manageable scale and person using the
extinguisher is trained.
Fire Extinguishers
ACTIVE SYSTEMS

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTS

The purpose of fire alarm and signaling systems shall To provide illumination for exit routes during
be primarily to provide notification of alarm, power failure to enable people to find exits
supervisory, and trouble conditions, to alert the swiftly and easily during emergencies.To enable
occupants, to evacuate, to summon aid and to control fire fighters to locate fire fighting equipment,to
emergency control functions. find trapped persons and to maneuver through
building easily during emergencies and power
To provide means of detecting smoke, heat, failures.
flame, fire andprovide means of alarming the
occupants at the earliest. The lighting that is for use to illuminate means
of egress when there is a mains power or circuit
UAE has witnessed many fires casualties where failure.
occupants were asleep and no smoke detectors
were installed in the buildings. Properly installed
and maintained Fire Alarm Systems’ Early
Warning can save lives.
Fire Alarm and Emergency Lighting system
Civil Defense Approvals
• Approval of initial drawings-FLS-Stage-1
• Approval of Shop Drawings-Stage- 2
• Final Safety Certificates
BASIC KNOWLEDGE DESIGN DRAWING APPROVAL PROCEDURE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE DESIGN DRAWING APPROVAL PROCEDURE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE DESIGN DRAWING APPROVAL PROCEDURE
BASIC KNOWLEDGE DESIGN DRAWING APPROVAL PROCEDURE
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
• NFPA-10-STANDARD FOR PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS

• UAE FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY CODE OF PRACTICE-CHAPTER-4

 FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

• Portable Fire Extinguishers are the best available first response to tackle the fire at
its incipient stage. The intention of this section is to provide a guideline about the
types of extinguishers applicable to various natures of fires.

• However, usage of fire extinguishers shall be limited to informed and trained

personnel.

• Any fire can grow into catastrophe within minutes. It is not the intention of Civil
Defence nor recommendation for people to stay within fire vicinity to fight fires
with portable extinguishers, unless the fire is manageable scale and person using
the extinguisher is trained.
Selection of Portable Fire Extinguishers

• The selection of fire extinguishers for a given situation shall be determined by the following factors
• (1) Type of fire most likely to occur
• (2) Size of fire most likely to occur
• (3) Hazards in the area where the fire is most likely to occur
• (4) Energized electrical equipment in the vicinity of the fire
• (5) Ambient temperature conditions

• Portable fire extinguishers shall be installed as a first line of defense to cope with fires of limited size.
• The selection of extinguishers shall be independent of whether the building is equipped with automatic
sprinklers, standpipe and hose, or other fixed protection equipment.
Types of Fires
Class A Fire

Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, cloth, paper, rubber, and many plastics.

Class B Fire

Fires in flammable liquids, combustible liquids, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints, solvents, lacquers,
alcohols, and flammable gases.

Class C Fire

Fires that involve energized electrical equipment.

Class D Fire

Fires in combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potassium.

Class K Fire

Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and fats).
Types of Fire Extinguisher
Carbon Dioxide

A colourless, odourless, electrically nonconductive inert gas that is a suitable medium for extinguishing Class B and Class C fires.

Dry Chemical

A mixture of finely divided solid particles, usually sodium bicarbonate-, potassium bicarbonate-, or ammonium phosphate–based with added particulate material
supplemented by special treatment to provide resistance to packing, and moisture absorption (caking), and to promote proper flow characteristics.

Wet Chemical

Wet chemicals include, but are not limited to, solutions of water and potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, potassium citrate, or any combinations thereof

Dry Powder

Solid materials in powder or granular form designed to extinguish Class D combustible metal fires by crusting, smothering, or heat-transferring means.

Film Forming Foam

The film-forming foam agents referenced in this standard are AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) and FFFP (film-forming fluoroprotein foam).

Halocarbon Agents

Halocarbon agents include hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC), and fluoroiodocarbon (FIC) types of agents.
Types of Fire Extinguishers

WATER TYPE

• Class A fires., Wood, Paper, Textile, Garbage, Furniture, Residential Plastic,

Interior décor.

• NOT SUITABLE FOR

• Class B fires., Flammable Liquids.

• Class C fires., Electrical equipment, Office equipment, computers.

• Class K Fires., Cooking fires, Kitchen, grease, oil fires.

FOAM TYPE

APPLICATION

• Class A fires., Wood, Paper, Textile, Garbage,

Furniture, Residential Plastic, Interior décor.

• Class B fires., Flammable Liquids.

NOT SUITABLE FOR

• Class C fires., Electrical equipment, Office

equipment, Computers.

• Below 40C ambient temperatures

DRY POWDER (MULTI PURPOSE)

• Class A fires., Wood, Paper, Textile, Garbage, Furniture, Residential Plastic, Interior décor.

• Class B fires., Flammable Liquids.

• Class C fires., Electric equipment, office equipment, computers, printing machines,copy

machines.

• Class D fires., Metal fires involving magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium,lithium, and
potassium.
CO2 TYPE

• Class C fires., Electric equipment, office equipment, computers,

printing machines, copy machines.
• Class B fires., Flammable Liquids.
WET CHEMICAL

TYPE
• Class A fires., Wood, Paper, Textile, Garbage, Furniture,
Residential Plastic, Interior décor.
• Class K fires., Kitchen fires, deep seated cooking, fryer oil fires.
HALOCARBON(CLEAN AGENT) TYPE

• Class A fires., Wood, Paper, Textile, Garbage, Furniture, Residential Plastic,

Interior décor.

• Class B fires., Flammable Liquids, excluding pressurized fuels

• Class C fires., Electric equipment, office equipment, computers, printing

machines,copy machines
Extinguisher Classification System
• The classification of fire extinguishers shall consist of a letter that indicates the class of fire on which a fire
extinguisher has been found to be effective.
• Fire extinguishers classified for use on Class A or Class B hazards shall be required to have a rating number
preceding the classification letter that indicates the relative extinguishing effectiveness.
• Fire extinguishers classified for use on Class C, Class D, or Class K hazards shall not be required to have a number
preceding the classification letter.
• Wheeled fire extinguishers shall be considered for hazard protection in areas in which a fire risk assessment has
shown the following:
• 1) High hazard areas are present.
• (2) Limited available personnel are present, thereby requiring an extinguisher that has the following features:
(a) High agent flow rate
(b) Increased agent stream range
(c) Increased agent capacity
LABELING
• An extinguisher labelling for example (UL Listed), “2-A:10-B:C” conveys the
following information.

• Extinguisher is capable of extinguishing Class A fire with equivalency of 2.5 gallons

of water (Number 1=1.25 Gal of water, number 2=2.5 Gal of water, number 3=3.25
Gal of water etc.)

• Extinguisher is capable of extinguishing class B fire with a capacity of 10 ft2 of

coverage. (Number against B implies square foot coverage of extinguisher for class
B fires)

• Extinguisher is also applicable to Class C fires and is non conductive (Usually there
are no numbers against C).
Installation

• Portable fire extinguishers shall be maintained in a fully charged and operable condition and shall be kept in their designated places at all
times when they are not being used.

• Fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located where they will be readily accessible and immediately available in the event of fire.
Preferably, they shall be located along normal paths of travel, including exits from areas.

• Before installing any fire-extinguishing equipment, read and understand the installation and use instructions, including the limitations,
cautions, and warnings contained on the equipment and in the owner’s manual.

• Portable extinguishers shall be installed in an accessible spot, free from blocking by storage and equipment, and near room exits that provide
an escape route. So that the top of the extinguisher is not more than 1.5 m above the floor and not less than 30 cm from the bottom of
extinguisher to the finished floor.

• Fire extinguishers having a gross weight not exceeding 40 lb (18.14 kg) shall be installed so that the top of the fire extinguisher is not more
than 5 ft (1.53 m) above the floor.

• Fire extinguishers having a gross weight greater than 40 lb (18.14 kg) (except wheeled types) shall be installed so that the top of the fire
extinguisher is not more than 31⁄2 ft (1.07 m) above the floor. In no case shall the clearance between the bottom of the hand portable fire
extinguisher and the floor be less than 4 in. (102 mm).

• The extinguisher should be easy to reach and remove and should be placed where it will not be damaged.

• Portable extinguishers shall be installed on hangers or in the brackets supplied by the manufacturer, mounted in cabinets, or placed on
shelves.

• Extinguishers shall be placed so that the operating instructions on the extinguisher.

TRAVEL DISTANCE & TYPES OF EXTINGUISHER USED
Class A-multi-purpose Dry Powder-4kg and CO2 5KG

• Travel Distance – Maximum travel distance to such an extinguisher shall not be more than 30m.That is from
any point of the area, there shall be one extinguisher within a distance of 30m.

CLASS B-Foam Type-9 Litre and multi-purpose Dry Powder-4kg

• Travel distance- Maximum travel distance to such an extinguisher shall not be more than 15m.That is from
any point of the area, there shall be one extinguisher within a distance of 15m.

CLASS C- CO2 5KG OR clean agent 5 kg

• Travel distance- Maximum travel distance to such an extinguisher shall not be more than 9m.That is from
any point of the area, there shall be one extinguisher within a distance of 9m. Extinguisher shall be placed
inside the room next to exit.

• HV ,Transformer room & Heavy electrical equipment and machinery areas-Wheeled- CO2 12KG
TRAVEL DISTANCE & TYPES OF EXTINGUISHER USED

CLASS D- Wheeled D Type-12kg

• Travel distance- Maximum travel distance to such an extinguisher shall not be more than 15m.That is from
any point of the area,there shall be one extinguisher within a distance of 15m
• CLASS K- KITCHEN HOMES- multi-purpose DP-2.5KG and fire blanket
• COMMERCIAL KITCHEN,RESTAURANT JITCHEN- Wet chemical type-9 litre and CO2 -5kg and fire blanket
Extinguishers shall be placed inside kitchen next to Kitchen exit door.
APPLICATIONS
NFPA-10 Standards
• Class- A –Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed
75ft(22.9m)
• Class-B- fire extinguisher travel distances shall not be more than 50 ft( 15.25m)
• Class-C-Class-B- fire extinguisher travel distances shall not be more than 50 ft( 15.25m)
• Class-D-Fire extinguishers shall be located so that the maximum travel distances shall not exceed
75ft(22.9m)
• Class-K- Maximum travel distance shall not exceed 9.1m

Hydrostatic Testing
OPERATION AND USE

• Proper training.
• Where employees have not been trained, operation of fire
extinguishers could be seriously delayed, the extinguishing
material could be wasted due to poor application techniques,
and more fire extinguishers could have to be used, or the fire
could possibly not be extinguished.