The document outlines various aspects of Human Resource Management, including HR planning, recruitment, selection, training, and performance appraisal. It consists of multiple-choice questions covering key concepts such as job performance, employee training benefits, and methods of performance evaluation. The content serves as a study guide for understanding fundamental HR principles and practices.
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CHAPTER 1a HRM
The document outlines various aspects of Human Resource Management, including HR planning, recruitment, selection, training, and performance appraisal. It consists of multiple-choice questions covering key concepts such as job performance, employee training benefits, and methods of performance evaluation. The content serves as a study guide for understanding fundamental HR principles and practices.
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Human Resource Management and HR planning
1. The basic managerial skill(s) is (are)
A. To supervise B. To motivate C. To stimulate D. All of these 2. The actual achievements compared with the objectives of the job is A. Job Performance B. Job evaluation C. Job description D. None of these 3. HR Planning involves four distinct phases ONE of these stages is A. business scanning B. Forecasting human resource records C. Organisation development D. planning 4. Strategic Human Resource management A. proactive B. reactive C. both D. None of these 5. Job evaluation is based on the: A. Complexity of the job to perform B. Conceptual skill required by the job C. Relative job worth for an organization D. Physical skills required by the job
6. ______________ is a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness.
A. Organisational behaviour B. Organisational citizenship C. Employee productivity D. None of these 7. Which performance appraisal methods consumes a lot of time? A. Essay method B. Rating Scales C. Critical incident D. Tests And Observation 8. Which of the following is a benefit of employee training? A. Improves morale B. Helps people identify with organisational goals C. Provides a good climate for learning, growth and co - ordination D. None of these 9. Which of the following is a method used in group or organisational training needs assessment? A. Consideration of current and projected changes B. Rating scales C. Interviews D. Questionnaires 10. Which of these is a hindrance to effective training? A. Career planning workshop B. Aggregate spending on training is inadequate C. Mentoring D. Career counselling 11. Which of the forecasting technique is the fastest? A. Work study technique B. Flow models C. Ratio trend analysis D. HR demand Forecast 12. When appraisals are made by superiors, peers, subordinates and clients then it is called ______________. A. 360 degree feedback B. 180 degree feedback C. Self - appraisal D. All of these 13. The human resource Manangement helps toi improve the ______________ A. Production B. Productivity C. power D. Produce 14. The solution to many so-called 'people problems' is often associated with improving the effectiveness of the recruitment process by: A. Having a robust HR department to carry out the process B. Outsourcing the HR department C. Careful selection of the right people for the job D. Devolving to line managers 15. Human Resource Information system A. Integrates core process into streamline systems B. Collaborates core process into streamline systems C. Plans core process into streamline systems D. All of these 16. e-HRM stands for A. Electronic B. Economic C. Equal D. None of these 17. One of the most popular methods of increasing employee responsibility and control is ______________. A. Outsourcing B. "Military model" of management C. Work teams D. Manpower planning 18. What are the main aims of Employee Assistance Programmes? A. To alter the organizational culture. B. To address team and individual performance and well-being in the workplace. C. To focus the attention of employees to the power structures of an organization. D. To establish effective methods of care and support for everyone in an organization. 19. The focuses of psychological appraisals are on ______________ . A. Future potential B. Actual performance C. Past performance D. None of these 20. Which of these is the benefit of needs assessment? A. Assessment makes training department more accountable B. Higher training costs C. Loss of business D. Increased overtime working 21. What techniques are used while analysing the internal supply? A. Inflows and outflows B. Turnover rate C. Conditions of work and absenteeism D. All of the these 22. Which of these is one of the seven criteria for assessing performance? A. Community service B. Interpersonal contact C. Need for supervision D. All of these 23. Recruitment and selection must be effective to ensure it A. Offsets high labour turnover B. Delivers the highest calibre of individuals at optimum most C. To have a surplus in case of sickness and absence D. Encourages new blood into the organization 24. Performance appraisals are designed to motivate workers by providing them with feedback, recognition, and what? A. Better work facilities B. Equal opportunities C. Greater work autonomy D. Praise 25. What do you understand "S in the defining SMART Goals A. Solution B. specific C. standard D. soft 26. Training increases the employees A. market value B. earning power C. job security D. All of these 28. Which of the following is a need that motivates human behaviour as per the achievement motivation theory? A. Power B. Affiliation C. Achievement D. All of these 29. ______________ refers to the learning opportunities designed to help employees grow. A. Training B. Development C. Education D. All of these 30. Which of these is an off - the - job training method? A. Television B. Job rotation C. Orientation training D. Coaching 31. The ______________ refers incentives to variable pay. A. National Tribunal B. International Labour office C. Labour Court D. None of the above 32. Which of the following is a barrier while doing human resource planning? A. HR information often is incompatible with the information used in strategy formulation B. Implementing human resource information system C. Managing inventories D. Supply forecast 33. The following is (are) concerned with developing a pool of candidates in line with the human resources plan A. Development B. Training C. Recruitment D. All of these 34. Competencies are the A. Knowledge B. Skills C. Behaviour D. All of these 35. The voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organisation is called ______________. A. Turnover B. Behaviour C. Misbehaviour D. None of these 36. How does training and development offer competitive advantage to an organisation? A. Removing performance decencies B. Individuals have the aptitude and motivation to learn C. Deficiency is caused by a lack of a f ability D. None of these 37. ______________ seeks to examine the goals of the organisation and the trends that are likely to affect these goals. A. Organisational Support B. Organisational analysis C. Person analysis D. Key skill abilities analysis 38. Which of the below given options is a pre - requisite for an effective incentive system? A. Increased need for planning B. Co-operation of workers C. Management's commitment to the cost and time necessary to administer incentive schemes D. All of the these 39. What are the pre - requisites for successful human resource planning? A. Backing of top management B. Personal records must be complete C. Techniques of planning should be the best D. All of these Answer :(D) All of these 40. Performance development plan is set for the employee by his immediate boss. A. Employer B. Department Head C. Immediate boss D. None of these Unit 2 : HR Recruitment and Selection 41. ______________ is a formal & detailed study of jobs A. Job enrichment B. Job evaluation C. Job classification D. Job analysis 42. The process of gathering information about job ______________ A. Job Analysis B. Job Description C. Job Simplification D. Job Enrichment 43. ______________ Act prohibits the employment of child below 14 years of age A. Child labour B. Contract labour C. Bonded labour D. Wages contract 44. Grievances affect the employees ______________. A. Promotion B. Training. C. Wages. D. Morale 45. The promotion criteria is always based on ______________ A. Merit B. Merit and seniority C. Seniority D. Recommendations 46. The process of providing the trainees the information about their performance A. Feedback B. Observation C. Suggestion D. Research 47. Forces affecting organisational behaviour are A. People B. Environment C. Technology D. All of the above 48. Too great a reliance on internal recruitment can result in ______________. A. Reduced job performance B. Higher labour turnover C. Internal conflict D. Poor group dynamics Answer :(A) Reduced job performance 49. A portrayal of replacing the employees is A. Job chart B. Replacement chart C. Workers chart D. Employees chart 50. HRM is ______________ in nature A. Pervasive B. Evasive C. Decisive D. Inclusive 51. The effect of ______________ on the emergence of aggressive behavior patterns is as yet up proven. A. Environmental factors B. Genetics. C. Ethological Factors D. Hormones 52. In depth description of a particular situation _________ A. Group Discussion B. Personal Interview C. Case D. Survey 53. The test which compare employee performance with job requirements ______________ A. Selection test B. Preference test C. Achievement test D. Simulation 54. The role in which a manager lead his subordinates and motivating them for willing cooperation is called as ______________. A. Monitoring role. B. Disseminator role. C. Entrepreneur role. D. Leader role. 55. Which is the scientific method in accumulating knowledge aabout mans social behavior? A. Anthropology. B. Social work. C. Sociology. D. Psychology. 56. Job enlargement expands ______________ A. Upward B. Downward C. Horizontally D. Vertically 57. Job analysis is a formal and detailed study of ______________. A. Salary B. Raw materials C. Machines D. Jobs 58. Job description is helpful in ______________ grading and classification. A. Salary B. Position C. Job D. People 59. ______________ interview is conducted by a group of interviewers. A. Non directional B. Structured C. Panel D. Stress 60. Many colleges and universities have arranged for students to work part-time in a special training program as part of their education. This training is called ______________ A. College trainee experience B. Educational credits program C. Coordinated education D. An internship 61. Which test is conducted to measure the likes, dislikes & habits? A. Vocational test. B. Temperament test. C. Skills test. D. Interest test. 62. Which of the following helps the employee to improve their efficiency? A. Development B. Training. C. Promotion. D. Transfer. 63. Good employer employee relations are the backbone of all ______________ A. Personal activities B. Human activities. C. Personnel activities D. Personnel policies. 64. Identify the personnel management functions from the following ______________. A. Advertisement. B. Quality control. C. Capital budgeting. D. Compensation. 65. The way of action which are accepted as legitimate by group members is called ______________ A. Values B. Norms C. Conformity. D. Decision 66. Group established by the organisation to do its work and usually identifiable on an organisation chart ______________. A. Task Group B. Primary Group C. Formal group. D. Informal Group. 67. Dispute between employees at different levels in an organization is known as ______________ A. Horizontal conflict B. over all conflict C. Vertical conflict D. Organizational conflict. 68. The process of efficiently achieving the objectives of the organisation with and through people A. Management B. Administration C. Decision Making D. Controlling 69. The objective of salary administration is to offer ______________. A. More wages B. . Lesser wages C. Poor wages D. Fair wages 70. Breaking down of job into smaller parts covering few operations ______________ A. Job Enlargement B. Job Cycle C. Job Empowerment D. Job Simplification 71. WAB's Refers to ___________ A. Weighted allotment blanks B. Weighted application blanks C. Weighted average blanks D. Weighted assimilation blanks 72. In the time organization, the authority flow and from ______________. A. top to bottom. B. bottom to top C. left to right D. right to left. 73. Halo Effect is related with ______________. A. performance appraisal. B. wage & salary administration C. selection. D. transfer 74. Whatever an individual does, there is always some amount of______________ on him A. satisfaction. B. stress. C. profit D. benefit 75. Adding more responsibilities, autonomy and control of a job ______________ A. Job enrichment B. Jod design C. Job requirement D. Job analysis 76. Movement of an employee from a low level to the higher level is ______________ A. Transfer B. Promotion C. Rotation D. Shifting 77. A kind of future oriented training ______________ A. Employee training B. Employee development C. Employability D. Employee potential 78. Picking up suitable candidates by rejecting the unsuitable ______________ A. Recruitment B. Training C. Selection D. Development 79. Violation of established rules ______________ A. Misconduct B. Dismissal C. Memo D. Bad behaviour 80. ______________ is a worker oriented job analysis. A. Functional Job analysis B. Job description C. Job analysis D. Job seeking Unit 3 : Training, development and evaluation 81. Manager represents his organization or unit while interacting with outsiders is called as ______________. A. Disseminator role. B. Spokes person C. Resource allocator. D. Entrepreneur role 82. A test interprets problems or situations for employees is ______________ A. Projective tests B. Interest tests C. Preference tests D. Simulation tests 83. Oral examination of candidates for employment is ______________ A. Placement B. Screening C. Interview D. Selection 84. HR plans should be ______________ with the corporate plans of the enterprise. A. Balanced B. Not related C. Mixed D. Not balanced 85. ______________ interview is a type of interview which is pre planned and is held in a formal atmosphere. A. Informal B. Patterned C. Formal D. Structured 86. ______________ method of job evaluation is otherwise called classification method A. Silent B. College C. Grading D. Home 87. When the organization gives option to its employees to retire even before superannuation it is called ______________. A. Forced retirement. B. Compulsory retirements. C. Voluntary retirement. D. Premature retirement. 88. What helps for the exchange of ideas, facts, opinions or emotions between two or more persons? A. Communication B. Written communication. C. Upward communication D. Downward communication. 89. Businessmen could get an opportunity to earn huge profits as the cost of ______________. A. Employee. B. Employee & employer. C. employer D. Superior. 90. It is intended to reveal what is actually done opposed to what should be done.what is this? A. Job Specification. B. Job Evaluation. C. Job Description. D. Job Analysis. 91. Performance appraisal refers to ______________ of an employee A. training. B. placement. C. assessment. D. induction. 92. A group of persons in an organization for making or recommending certain decisions is ______________ termed as ______________. A. Committee. B. Formal Group. C. Task Group D. Performing Group 93. When expectation about a persons role in the group contradict one another, it becomes? A. Down Ward Conflict B. Up Ward Conflict C. Role Conflict D. Role Ambiquity 94. A group created by management to accomplish certain organizational goal is called as ______________. A. Performance group. B. Task group. C. Prime group. D. In group. 95. The ratio of an organisation's outputs to inputs A. Productivity B. Re engineering C. Achievement D. In tegration 96. Human Resource Planning is ______________ Looking function A. Forward B. Backward C. Simple D. Cross 97. A lateral movement within the same grade from one job to another A. Promotion B. Transfer C. Recruitment D. Retrenchment 98. Employees can be appraisal against ______________. A. Relative standards B. Objective C. Absolute standards D. Group 99. Traditional and direct method of instruction _________ A. Programme B. Demonstration C. Lecture D. Role playing 100. ______________ is the tendency of highly cohesive groups to value consensus at the price of decision quality: A. Group think B. Group process C. Group norm D. Group development 101. It refers to an employee general attitude towards his job ______________ A. job specification B. communication. C. motivation. D. . job specification 102. Position Analysis Questionnaire is A. Quantitative Approach B. Qualitative Approach C. Economic Approach D. Managerial Approach 103. What are the types of industrial action a union is most likely to engage in? A. unofficial action B. strike action C. action short of a strike D. absence. 104. Informing vacancies of employees internally ______________ A. Advertising B. Internal Advertising C. External Advertising D. Modelling 5. Temporary closure of a unit ______________ A. Strike B. Lockout C. Layoff D. Closure 106. An activity carried out for a specific purpose ______________ A. Duty B. Job C. Task D. Code 107. The physical environment of a job is ______________ A. Working condition B. Economic condition C. Social condition D. Political condition 108. Division of work to take the advantage of ______________. A. Discipline. B. Specialization. C. Aptitude. D. Productivity. 109. Motivational devices used to encourage special workers ______________ A. Compensation B. Wages C. Salaries D. Incentives 110. Discharge may or may not be punishment but dismissal certainly means ______________. A. Promotion. B. Punishment. C. Demotion. D. Transfer. 111. Frequency of ______________ can be reduced by training the people. A. Production B. Damage C. Accidents D. Sickness 112. Which test is conducted to develop the skills & abilities of the candidate? A. Aptitude test. B. Intelligence test. C. Trade test. D. Personality test. 113. Sources of recruitment & methods, procedures, techniques for ______________ A. Selection. B. Promotion. C. Transfer. D. Training. 114. This should cover responsibility for the maintenance of children during the entire period of contingency ______________. A. Medical benefit. B. Family benefit. C. Old age benefit 115. A ______________ takes place when an employee moves to a position higher than the one formerly occupied. A. transfer B. demotion. C. punishment. D. promotion 116. The anxiety a person experiences when two sets of knowledge are contradictory or incongruent lead to ______________. A. Cognitive Dissonance B. Negative Attitude. C. Stress. D. Perception disorder. 117. Failure to report work is called ______________. A. Lack of commitment. B. Absenteeism. C. Burnout D. Immoral Activity. 118. A person who is responsbilbe for managing the change effort in the organisation is called A. Manager. B. entrepreneur. C. Change agent D. Leader. 119. Rotation is otherwise called as ______________. A. replacement transfer B. shift transfer C. versatility transfer D. remedial transfer 120. Movement of an employee from one job to another A. Job Enlargement B. Retrenchment C. Job Rotation D. Job Design
Unit 4 : Personnel records reports and audit
121. Non-financial motivator is ______________. A. Bonus B. Job security C. Medical reimbursement D. Leave with pay 122. Method of copying someone else's behaviour ______________ A. Education B. Training C. Mentoring D. Modelling 123. ______________ are the rules of pattern and behaviour that are expected from all team members. A. Norms. B. Policies. C. Procedures. D. Role 124. Set of proposals and actions for managers dealing with the employees __________ A. Personnel Policies B. Personnel Procedure C. Personnel duties D. Personnel roles 125. Apart from pay what is the second most common reason for an employee to join a trade union? A. group solidarity B. friendship groups C. political reasons D. wide range of personal benefits. 126. Employees hired for limited time to a specific job ______________ A. Permanent employees B. Temporary employees C. Contract employees D. Employee hiring 127. A written statement of what the job holder does ______________ A. Job description B. Job cycle C. Job seeking D. Job sharing 128. psyche means ______________. A. Biology. B. Spirit. C. Behaviour. D. Attitude. 129. Flexitime work system is a ______________ system. A. Operational B. Logical C. Functional D. Scheduling 130. Job analysis is the outcome of Job description and ______________. A. Job design B. Job specification C. Job evaluation D. Job content 131. A human relation seeks to emphasis employee aspects of work rather than ______________ A. Technical aspects B. Economic aspects. C. Technical or economic aspects. D. workers aspects. 132. ______________ training seeks to adjust newly appointed employees to the work environment. A. Production B. Induction C. Safety D. Refresher 133. Employees general attitude is referred to as ______________. A. Job satisfaction B. Job analysis C. Job description. D. Job evaluation. 134. Education brought the changes in the attitude of labour towards their______________. A. Work. B. Interest. C. Labour. D. Job. 135. Job ______________ is a statement of the minimum acceptable human qualities necessary to perform a job satisfactorily. A. Evaluation. B. Specification. C. Description. D. Analysis. 136. An organization may choose to do all of the following to motivate a plateaued worker, except ______________ A. Lateral moves B. Promotion C. Temporary assignments D. Committee assignments 137. The process by which older members of a society transmit to younger members the social skilled is termed as ______________. A. Literature. B. Norms C. Values. D. Socialization. 139. Job satisfaction is high when there is A. Low morale B. High wage. C. Low wage D. High Morale. 140. PAQ stands for ______________ A. Position Alteration Quotient B. Position Analysis Questionnaire C. Position activity question D. Program analytical questionnaire 141. Activities that prepare employee for future responsibility ______________ A. Inducement B. Development C. Education D. Motivation 142. It is the tendency of a superior to rate people lower than their performance ______________ A. Horns Effect. B. Central tendency C. Halo effect D. static. 143. What did the whitely councils establish? A. Tripartite employee relations B. Collective bargaining framework C. Trade union D. Employer associations. 144. Audit done by employees within is A. External B. Internal C. Inter branch D. Inter units 145. Prohibiting an employee from attending work ______________ A. Suspension B. Dismissal C. Exit D. Retrenchment 146. Under which role the manager does perform activities which are of ceremonial and symbolic nature______________. A. Liason role. B. Leaders role. C. Figure head role D. spokes person role. 147. A test which measures employees honesty ______________ A. Simulator tests B. Integrity tests C. Polygraph tests D. Graph tests 148. ______________ is a discontent or dissatisfaction. A. Punishment B. Grievance C. Discipline D. Suspension 149. Job specification is otherwise called as ______________ specification. A. Position B. Role C. Content D. Physical 150. Recruitment is one of the HR ______________ function. A. Acquisition B. Development C. Maintenance D. Compensation 151. deals with the contents & characteristics of each job? A. job analysis B. Job rating. C. Job evaluation. D. Job description. Answer :(A) job analysis 152. Problems of unemployment & wage fixation had their direct link with the A. population B. Value of labour C. Attitude of management. D. Co-ordination. 153. The downward movement of employee in organizational hierarchy with lower pay status responsibilities means ______________. A. Demotion. B. Job change C. Promotion. D. Transfer 154. A group which is established by it members is called ______________ A. social group. B. reference group C. performing group. D. Informal group. 155. Authority being conferred based on technical knowledge or skill of ______________. A. Technical Power B. Competence authority. C. Machiavellianism D. Power Distribution. 156. A situation that occurs when it is unclear or uncertain what behaviour is expected of role occupants ______________ A. Role conflict B. Role ambiquity. C. Role analysis D. Role overload. 157. Psychology oriented factor of production is ______________. A. Land. B. Finance. C. Machine D. labour. 158. Direct compensation towards the contribution of labour is _____ A. Money B. pay C. reward D. wagers 159. Collective bargaining is an action of ______________. A. An individual B. Manager C. State D. Group 160. Training received directly on the job ______________ A. Job Instruction training B. Job Intimation C. Job Application D. Job Intelligence training Unit 5 : New trends in HRM and exit policy 161. Systematic method of determining value / worth of a job A. Job description B. Job design C. Job evaluation D. Job simplification 162. More difficult jobs are paid more are ensured by A. Internal equity B. External equity C. Equity D. Factor 163. The skills available within the company ______________ A. Human Resource Inventory B. Human planning Inventory C. Manpower Inventory D. Employee inventory 164. What was the traditional term used for HRP and the one often associated with personnel management? A. Gap analysis B. Human resource planning C. Employee planning D. Manpower planning. 165. Method of predicting organisation future demand for employees ______________ A. HR Forecast B. Labour Forecast C. Manpower Forecast D. Job Forecast 166. A collection of several tasks in sequence ______________ A. Group B. Duty C. Position D. Sharing 167. The systems model of training contains three phases ______________, A. Preparation B. Assessment. C. Introduction D. Organizing 168. The test which measures individual potential to learn is _________ A. Aptitude tests B. Attitude tests C. Personality tests D. Intelligence tests 169. Amount of remuneration received during a period is ______________ A. Wages B. Earnings C. Minimum wage D. Wage structure 170. ______________ implies jobs of a similar nature. A. Job family B. Job status C. Job enrichment D. Job design 171. Majority of the grievances in industries is related to the problem of ______________. A. Wages B. Salaries C. Benefits D. All of the above 172. Training helps to improve and give higher ______________. A. Productivity B. Mobility C. Viability D. Vitality 173. Voluntary retirement is also known as ______________ A. Silver hand shake B. Golden hand shake C. diamond hand shake D. Crystal hand shake 174. Industrial revolution played an important role in the development of ______________ A. Industries. B. Production. C. Sales. D. Finished goods. 175. The modern term for personnel management is ______________ A. HRD. B. HRP. C. HRM. D. HSM. 176. The degree of attachment of the members to their group is known as ______________ A. Group cohesiveness B. Group conformity C. Group attachment D. Group loyalty. 177. A statement containing the details of works to be performed & responsibilities involved is known as ______________. A. Job analysis B. Job evaluation C. Job specification D. Job description 178. ______________ Test is a mental ability test A. Intelligence B. Aptitude C. Personality D. Interest 179. The time required to complete every task in the job A. Job ratio B. Job design C. Job cycles D. Job phase 180. ______________ is the ideal or target to achieve through higher productivity A. Fair wages B. Minimum wages C. Living wages D. Normal wages 181. Method of job evaluation which ranks the employees from highest to the lowest levels ______________ A. Ranking method B. Scoring method C. Analytical method D. Average method 182. The employment contract provides a set of rights, responsibilities and obligations that structure the behavior of whom? A. Both parties B. The employee. C. The employer D. Trade unions 183. Method of publicising the job openings is ______________ A. Job scheduling B. Job hiring C. Job posting D. Staffing 184. Enriching jobs create A. Halo effect B. Snowball effect C. negative effect D. positive effect 185. timescale for performance appraisals are usuall ______________: A. One year. B. Biannually. C. 3 monthly. D. At irregular intervals. 186. ______________ indicates type of people required. A. Training plan B. Recruitment plan C. Retention plan D. Deployment plan 187. ______________ interview in which candidate is allowed to speak his mind freely A. Non directed B. Structured C. Formal D. Depth 188. Industrial relation include ______________. A. Labour relation. B. Public relation. C. Customer relation. D. Labour, customer & public relation. 189. what creates an advancement with an organization? A. Demotion. B. Promotion. C. Transfer. D. Redemote. 190. Identify the retirement benefit form the following? A. Wages B. Bonus. C. Incentive. D. Gratuity 191. Personnel administration includes A. Employment B. Recruitment C. Interview & selection D. Induction E. All of these 192. ______________ is the study of people as individuals and in groups of relationships between individual and groups A. Financial management B. Wages C. Manpower planning D. Industrial psychology 193. Which one of the following does not include under the function of human resource management A. Planning B. Organizing C. Recruitment D. Profitability E. Cost 194. Type of selection test consist of A. Personality test B. Interest test C. Aptitude test D. Mental ability test E. All of these 195. Training information system includes A. Annual Review of years training plans B. Monthly review of budget and plans C. Real time review of specific projects D. All of these E. None of these 196. The origin of personnel management was an outcome of A. Welfare workers B. Legislation relating factory Reform C. The govt. notification D. The work of 19th century social reformers and employee 197. ______________ is prepared on the basis of job description A. Job specification B. Job description C. Both 'a' and 'b' D. None of these 198. Experience, education, skills and knowledge are the main components of ______________, which need to be specified A. Job specification B. Job analysis C. Job description D. None of these 199. Total training cost include A. Participants on going salaries B. Overheads during training C. Cost of R & D in training needs analysis D. All of above 200. ______________ are usually provided to reduce the no:of accidents A. Safety training B. Precaution training C. Training for improvement D. None of above