Active Voice to Passive Voice

1. Active: The teacher explained the lesson.

Passive: The lesson was explained by the teacher.
2. Active: She wrote a beautiful poem.
Passive: A beautiful poem was written by her.
3. Active: They will complete the project soon.
Passive: The project will be completed soon by them.
4. Active: The chef is cooking delicious food.
Passive: Delicious food is being cooked by the chef.
5. Active: The government launched a new scheme.
Passive: A new scheme was launched by the government.

Simple Present Tense

1. Active: She sings a song.

Passive: A song is sung by her.
2. Active: They help the poor.
Passive: The poor are helped by them.

Simple Past Tense

3. Active: He completed the assignment.

Passive: The assignment was completed by him.
4. Active: The manager approved the project.
Passive: The project was approved by the manager.

Simple Future Tense

5. Active: She will prepare the report.

Passive: The report will be prepared by her.
6. Active: They will announce the results tomorrow.
Passive: The results will be announced by them tomorrow.

Present Continuous Tense

7. Active: The team is organizing the event.

Passive: The event is being organized by the team.
8. Active: She is writing a novel.
Passive: A novel is being written by her.

Past Continuous Tense

9. Active: The students were watching a movie.

Passive: A movie was being watched by the students.
10. Active: They were repairing the road.
Passive: The road was being repaired by them.

Present Perfect Tense

11. Active: She has completed the homework.

Passive: The homework has been completed by her.
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 12. Active: They have built a new bridge.
Passive: A new bridge has been built by them.

Past Perfect Tense

13. Active: He had solved the problem.

Passive: The problem had been solved by him.
14. Active: The police had arrested the thief.
Passive: The thief had been arrested by the police.

Future Perfect Tense

15. Active: They will have finished the project by Monday.

Passive: The project will have been finished by Monday.
16. Active: She will have baked the cake by evening.
Passive: The cake will have been baked by evening.

Figures of speech
1. Simile: A comparison using 'like' or 'as'.
o Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."
2. Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unrelated things.
o Example: "Time is a thief."
3. Personification: Attributing human characteristics to non-human entities.
o Example: "The wind whispered through the trees."
4. Alliteration: Repetition of the initial consonant sounds in a series of words.
o Example: "She sells seashells by the seashore."
5. Hyperbole: Exaggerated statements not meant to be taken literally.
o Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse."

1. Simile (Comparison using 'like' or 'as')

 Example from literature:

o "His words were as sharp as a knife."
o "She danced like a peacock in the rain."
 Example from daily life:
o "The child is as innocent as an angel."
o "Her voice was like music to my ears."

2. Metaphor (Direct comparison without 'like' or 'as')

 Example from literature:

o "The classroom was a zoo during recess."
o "Books are the windows to the world."
 Example from daily life:
o "He is a shining star in our school."
o "Her heart is a stone—she never forgives anyone."

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3. Personification (Giving human qualities to non-living things)

 Example from literature:

o "The trees whispered secrets to the wind."
o "The sun smiled brightly in the morning sky."
 Example from daily life:
o "The alarm clock screamed at me to wake up."
o "The flowers danced in the breeze."

4. Alliteration (Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words)

 Example from literature:

o "The cool breeze calmed the curious cat."
o "Bright birds bathed in the blue brook."
 Example from daily life:
o "Silly snakes slithered slowly in the sand."
o "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."

5. Hyperbole (Extreme exaggeration for effect)

 Example from literature:

o "I have a million things to do today."
o "She cried an ocean of tears after the exam."
 Example from daily life:
o "I was so hungry I could eat a whole cow."
o "He runs faster than the wind."

Articles
1. Indefinite Articles ("A" and "An")

These are used when referring to a general or non-specific noun.

 Raju wanted a bicycle for his birthday.

 She saw an elephant at the zoo.
 There was a beautiful garden near my school.
 He bought an apple from the market.
 My father bought me a bicycle.
 She saw a peacock in the garden.
 He is reading a book about history.
 I ate an apple for breakfast.
 He is an honest man.
 We saw an elephant at the zoo.

🔹 Rule:

 Use "a" before words that start with a consonant sound (e.g., a book, a dog, a
university).
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  Use "an" before words that start with a vowel sound (e.g., an orange, an hour, an
honest man).

2. Definite Article ("The")

This is used when referring to a specific noun or something that has already been mentioned.

 The sun rises in the east.

 I saw the Taj Mahal last year.
 He is the best student in the class.
 The river Ganga is sacred to many people
 he sun rises in the east.
 She placed the book on the table.
 I watched the movie you recommended.
 The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world.
 The teacher explained the lesson well.

🔹 Rule:

 Use "the" for unique things (the moon, the earth, the sky).
 Use "the" for superlatives (the highest mountain, the best player).
 Use "the" when both the speaker and listener know the specific noun being referred
to.

clauses
1. Zero Conditional (General Truths & Scientific Facts)

 If you freeze water, it turns into ice.

 If the sun sets, it gets dark.
 If you mix red and yellow, you get orange.
 If you eat too much junk food, you gain weight.

2. First Conditional (Real Situations in the Present or Future)

 If you help me, I will complete the work faster.

 If she studies, she will pass the exam.
 If it rains, we will stay at home.
 If we leave now, we will reach on time.

3. Second Conditional (Imaginary or Unreal Situations in the Present/Future)

 If I had a lot of money, I would travel the world.

 If she were the teacher, she would make classes fun.
 If he played better, he would win the match.
 If you were a superhero, what would you do?

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4. Third Conditional (Imaginary or Unreal Situations in the Past)

 If I had woken up earlier, I would not have missed the bus.

 If he had studied, he would have passed the test.
 If they had prepared well, they would have won the competition.
 If she had taken an umbrella, she would not have gotten wet.

Question Tags –
What are Question Tags?

A question tag is a short question added at the end of a statement to confirm or check
information.

✅ Basic Rule:

 Positive statement → Negative question tag

 Negative statement → Positive question tag

1. Positive Statement → Negative Question Tag

When the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative.:

 You like ice cream, don’t you?

 She is a teacher, isn’t she?
 They will come to the party, won’t they?
 He can swim well, can’t he?
 We should leave now, shouldn’t we?

2. Negative Statement → Positive Question Tag

When the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

 You don’t like coffee, do you?

 She isn’t at home, is she?
 They won’t be late, will they?
 He can’t drive, can he?
 We shouldn’t waste time, should we?

3. Special Cases in Question Tags

Case 1: "I am" Statements → "Aren’t I?"

 I am your friend, aren’t I?

 I am late, aren’t I?
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Case 2: Imperative Sentences (Commands & Requests)

Use "will you?" or "won’t you?"

 Close the door, will you?

 Pass me the book, won’t you?

Case 3: Sentences with "Let’s" → "Shall we?"

 Let’s go for a walk, shall we?

 Let’s study together, shall we?

Case 4: Sentences with "Nothing, Nobody, None, Never" → Positive Question

Tag

 Nobody called you, did they?

 Nothing is impossible, is it?
 She never lies, does she?

Practice Sentences
Try adding the correct question tags:

1. He plays football, __________?

2. She isn’t coming today, __________?
3. You have finished your homework, __________?
4. Let’s watch a movie, __________?
5. They should respect elders, __________?

(Answers: doesn’t he? | is she? | haven’t you? | shall we? | shouldn’t they?)

Idioms
What Are Idioms?

An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning different from its literal
meaning. Idioms make language more expressive and interesting.

1. Common Idioms with Meanings & Examples

1.1. Idioms Related to Daily Life

 Break the ice → To start a conversation

o Example: The teacher told a joke to break the ice with the new students.
 Hit the nail on the head → To describe exactly what is causing a situation
o Example: When he said the problem was due to a lack of teamwork, he hit the
nail on the head.
 A blessing in disguise → Something that seems bad but turns out to be good
o Example: Losing that job was a blessing in disguise because I found a better
one.

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1.2. Idioms Related to People & Behavior

 A piece of cake → Something very easy

o Example: The English test was a piece of cake for her.
 Cry over spilt milk → To be upset over something that cannot be changed
o Example: There’s no use crying over spilt milk; let’s find a solution.
 Actions speak louder than words → What someone does is more important than
what they say
o Example: He promised to help, but never came. Actions speak louder than
words.

1.3. Idioms Related to Success & Hard Work

 Burn the midnight oil → To work late at night

o Example: She burned the midnight oil to finish her project on time.
 On cloud nine → Extremely happy
o Example: He was on cloud nine after winning the competition.
 The ball is in your court → It’s your turn to make a decision
o Example: I have given you all the information; now the ball is in your court.

1.4. Idioms Related to Difficult Situations

 Bite the bullet → To endure a difficult situation

o Example: He had to bite the bullet and apologize to his teacher.
 Jump on the bandwagon → To follow a trend
o Example: Everyone started using the new app, so I jumped on the
bandwagon.
 A storm in a teacup → A small problem made to seem bigger
o Example: Their argument was just a storm in a teacup; they made up quickly.

2. Practice Exercises
Fill in the blanks with suitable idioms:

1. The final exams are next week, so I have to ________ (work late at night).
2. She was ________ after getting her dream job (very happy).
3. Don’t ________ – what’s done is done (worry over something that cannot be
changed).
4. He solved the puzzle in minutes; it was ________ (very easy).
5. We were nervous at first, but the teacher helped us ________ (start a conversation).

(Answers: burn the midnight oil | on cloud nine | cry over spilt milk | a piece of cake |
break the ice)

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Degrees of Comparison

What Are Degrees of Comparison?

Degrees of comparison are used to compare qualities of people, places, or things. There are three
degrees of comparison:
1. Positive Degree → Describes one person or thing (no comparison).
2. Comparative Degree → Compares two people or things.
3. Superlative Degree → Compares three or more people or things.

1. Degrees of Comparison with Examples

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

big bigger biggest

small smaller smallest

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful

good better best

bad worse worst

intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

happy happier happiest

2. Rules for Forming Degrees of Comparison

Rule 1: Add "-er" and "-est" for Short Adjectives
✅ Examples:
 The boy is tall. (Positive)
 This boy is taller than that one. (Comparative)
 He is the tallest boy in the class. (Superlative)
 This book is short. (Positive)
 That book is shorter than this one. (Comparative)
 This is the shortest book I have ever read. (Superlative)

Rule 2: Use "more" and "most" for Long Adjectives

✅ Examples:
 She is beautiful. (Positive)
 She is more beautiful than her sister. (Comparative)
 She is the most beautiful girl in the class. (Superlative)
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  This story is interesting. (Positive)
 That story is more interesting than this one. (Comparative)
 This is the most interesting story I have ever read. (Superlative)

Rule 3: Irregular Adjectives (Do Not Follow Regular Rules)

✅ Examples:
 This dress is good. (Positive)
 This dress is better than the other one. (Comparative)
 This is the best dress I own. (Superlative)
 This test was bad. (Positive)
 That test was worse than this one. (Comparative)
 This was the worst test of my life! (Superlative)

3. Practice Sentences
Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of comparison:
1. This road is ________ than that one. (wide)
2. She is the ________ student in our class. (intelligent)
3. This house is ________ than my old one. (big)
4. He is ________ at sports than his brother. (good)
5. Today’s weather is the ________ of the week. (bad)
(Answers: wider, most intelligent, bigger, better, worst)

Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree

fast faster fastest

slow slower slowest

bright brighter brightest

strong stronger strongest

easy easier easiest

far farther / further farthest / furthest

little less least

2. Sentences with Degrees of Comparison

✅ Examples with Short Adjectives ("-er" and "-est")
 This road is wide. (Positive)
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  This road is wider than that one. (Comparative)
 This is the widest road in the city. (Superlative)
 The tree is tall. (Positive)
 This tree is taller than the one in my garden. (Comparative)
 That tree is the tallest in the park. (Superlative)

✅ Examples with Long Adjectives ("more" and "most")

 This book is difficult. (Positive)
 That book is more difficult than this one. (Comparative)
 This is the most difficult book I have read. (Superlative)
 The movie was interesting. (Positive)
 That movie was more interesting than the previous one. (Comparative)
 This is the most interesting movie I have seen. (Superlative)

✅ Examples with Irregular Adjectives (Do Not Follow Regular Rules)

 This food is good. (Positive)
 This food is better than yesterday’s meal. (Comparative)
 This is the best food I have ever eaten. (Superlative)
 His handwriting is bad. (Positive)
 His handwriting is worse than mine. (Comparative)
 His handwriting is the worst in the class. (Superlative)

Fill in the blanks with the correct degree of comparison:

1. The giraffe is the ________ animal in the zoo. (tall)
2. This puzzle is ________ than the one I solved yesterday. (easy)
3. My grandmother tells the ________ stories. (interesting)
4. This river is ________ than that one. (deep)
5. He is the ________ player in the team. (good)
(Answers: tallest, easier, most interesting, deeper, best)

Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences –

1. What Are Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences?

1. Simple Sentence → Has only one independent clause (one subject and one verb).

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 2. Compound Sentence → Has two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS – For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So).
3. Complex Sentence → Has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
(using subordinating conjunctions like because, although, when, while, since, unless).

2. Examples of Simple, Compound, and Complex Sentences

(A) Simple Sentence (One Subject + One Verb, Complete Meaning)
✅ Examples:
 She reads a book every day.
 The sun sets in the west.
 He plays football.
 We went to the market.
 The baby cried loudly.

(B) Compound Sentence (Two Independent Clauses + Coordinating Conjunction)

✅ Examples:
 She likes tea, but he prefers coffee.
 I wanted to go outside, so I took my umbrella.
 We waited for the bus, but it didn't come.
 He studied well, and he passed the exam.
 She was tired, yet she continued working.
Formula:
📌 Independent Clause + Coordinating Conjunction (FANBOYS) + Independent Clause

(C) Complex Sentence (One Independent Clause + One or More Dependent Clauses)
✅ Examples:
 I stayed at home because it was raining.
 When the teacher entered, the students stood up.
 She passed the exam although it was difficult.
 We will go for a picnic if the weather is good.
 Since he was late, he missed the train.
Formula:
📌 Independent Clause + Subordinating Conjunction + Dependent Clause

3. More Practice Sentences

🔹 Identify whether the sentence is Simple, Compound, or Complex:
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 1. The dog barked at the stranger.
2. I was tired, but I continued working.
3. If you study well, you will pass the exam.
4. She danced gracefully and won the competition.
5. Although he tried hard, he couldn’t solve the problem.
(Answers: Simple, Compound, Complex, Simple, Complex)

1. Simple Sentences (One Subject + One Verb, Complete Meaning)

✅ Examples:
 The birds are singing.
 She runs every morning.
 We met our teacher at the park.
 He bought a new phone.
 The sun shines brightly.
 They played football in the evening.
 She finished her homework on time.

2. Compound Sentences (Two Independent Clauses + Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS)

✅ Examples:
 I wanted to read a book, but my friend preferred watching TV.
 The sky was dark, so we decided to stay indoors.
 He finished his homework, and he went out to play.
 She was hungry, but there was no food at home.
 We can watch a movie, or we can go for a walk.
 The teacher explained the lesson, yet some students didn’t understand.

3. Complex Sentences (One Independent Clause + One or More Dependent Clauses)

✅ Examples:
 When the rain stopped, we went outside.
 She was happy because she won the prize.
 If you work hard, you will succeed.
 Since he was late, he missed the bus.
 The boy cried because he lost his toy.
 Although she was tired, she completed her work.

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  I cannot go out until I finish my work

🔹 Identify whether the sentence is Simple, Compound, or Complex:

1. She likes coffee but hates tea.
2. I was late because I missed the bus.
3. The baby cried loudly.
4. They studied hard, so they passed the test.
5. When I called her, she was sleeping.
6. The sun sets in the west.
7. I wanted to go outside, but it was raining.
8. Since he was unwell, he didn’t attend school.
(Answers: Compound, Complex, Simple, Compound, Complex, Simple, Compound, Complex)

1. "As Soon As" (Immediate Action)

📌 Structure: As soon as + Subject + Verb (Past Tense), Subject + Verb (Past Tense)
✅ Examples:
 As soon as the teacher entered, the students stood up.
 As soon as I reached the station, the train left.
 As soon as she saw me, she smiled.
 As soon as we heard the news, we started celebrating.
 As soon as the bell rang, the students ran out.

2. "No Sooner…Than" (Immediate Action - Inversion)

📌 Structure: No sooner + had + Subject + Verb (Past Participle) + than + Subject + Verb (Simple
Past)
✅ Examples:
 No sooner had I entered the room than the lights went off.
 No sooner had she finished her exam than the bell rang.
 No sooner had the baby started crying than his mother picked him up.
 No sooner had we reached the airport than the flight took off.
 No sooner had he opened the door than the dog ran out.
3. "Too…To" (Inability or Extreme Condition)
Structure: Subject + Verb + too + Adjective/Adverb + to + Verb
✅ Examples:
 The box was too heavy to lift.
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  She was too tired to continue working.
 The tea was too hot to drink.
 He spoke too fast to understand.
 The road was too crowded to drive easily.
4. "So…That" (Result or Consequence)
Structure: Subject + Verb + so + Adjective/Adverb + that + Subject + Verb
✅ Examples:
 The box was so heavy that I couldn’t lift it.
 She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
 The tea was so hot that I burned my tongue.
 He spoke so fast that I couldn’t understand him.
 The road was so crowded that we got stuck in traffic.
📌 Meaning: "So...that" shows the effect or result of an action.

5. Practice Sentences
Fill in the blanks with "as soon as," "no sooner...than," "too...to," or "so...that":
1. _______ the movie started, the audience became silent. (Immediate action)
2. He was _______ weak _______ he couldn’t stand. (Extreme condition - result)
3. _______ had the rain started _______ we ran for shelter. (Immediate action - inversion)
4. The bag was _______ heavy _______ carry alone. (Extreme condition - inability)
5. _______ we reached home, it started raining. (Immediate action)
(Answers: As soon as, so...that, No sooner...than, too...to, As soon as)

1. "As Soon As"

Definition: Indicates that one action happens immediately after another.

Structure: As soon as + subject + verb (simple present), subject + verb (simple future)

 As soon as the bell rings, the students will leave the classroom.
 As soon as she finishes her homework, she will watch TV.
 As soon as it stops raining, we will go outside.

2. "No Sooner...Than"
Definition: Emphasizes that one action quickly follows another.

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Structure: No sooner + had + subject + verb (past perfect) + than + subject + verb (simple
past)

 No sooner had I reached the station than the train departed.

 No sooner had she entered the room than everyone started clapping.
 No sooner had we sat down to eat than the phone rang.

3. "Too...To"
Definition: Indicates that something is excessive to the point of being impossible or
impractical.

Structure: subject + is/was + too + adjective + to + verb (base form)

 The box is too heavy to lift.

 She was too tired to continue working.
 The soup is too hot to drink.

4. "So...That"
Definition: Indicates that something happens to such an extent that a particular result occurs.

Structure: subject + is/was + so + adjective + that + result clause

 The box is so heavy that I cannot lift it.

 She was so tired that she fell asleep immediately.
 The soup is so hot that I need to wait before drinking it.

Converting Adjectives into Nouns

1. How to Convert an Adjective into a Noun?
Many adjectives can be turned into nouns by adding specific suffixes like:
 "-ness" (for state or quality) → kind → kindness
 "-ity" (for abstract qualities) → active → activity
 "-ance / -ence" (for actions or states) → important → importance
 "-th" (for abstract nouns) → true → truth
 "-y" (for conditions) → honest → honesty

2. Examples of Adjectives Converted to Nouns

Adjective Noun

Happy Happiness Important Importance

Kind Kindness Lazy Laziness

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Adjective Noun

Brave Bravery Patient Patience

Honest Honesty Certain Certainty

Wise Wisdom True Truth

Strong Strength

Active Activity

Weak Weakness

Beautiful Beauty

Lazy Laziness

3. Sentences with Adjectives and Their Noun Forms

✅ Adjective in a sentence:
 She is kind to everyone.
✅ Converted noun:
 Her kindness is admired by all.
✅ Adjective in a sentence:
 He is very brave.
✅ Converted noun:
 His bravery saved many lives.
✅ Adjective in a sentence:
 This decision is very important.
✅ Converted noun:
 The importance of this decision cannot be ignored.
✅ Adjective in a sentence:
 She is always honest.
✅ Converted noun:
 Her honesty makes her trustworthy.

4. Practice Exercise
Convert the adjectives in brackets into nouns:
1. His __________ (wise) helped us solve the problem.
2. She showed great __________ (brave) in the competition.
3. The __________ (beautiful) of the scenery amazed everyone.
4. Your __________ (patient) will be rewarded.
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 5. The __________ (strong) of the bridge was tested.
(Answers: wisdom, bravery, beauty, patience, strength)

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