1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform that makes it easy

to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop. The major features of this
framework such as declarative templates, dependency injection, end to end tooling,
and many more other features are used to ease the development.

2. What is the difference between AngularJS and Angular?

Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in which an application
is a tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

AngularJS Angular

It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller

This uses use JavaScript to build the application Introduced the typescript to write the applicatio

Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach

Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform

Difficulty in SEO friendly application development Ease to create SEO friendly applications

3. What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional
types, classes, async/await, and many other features, and compiles to plain
JavaScript. Angular built entirely in TypeScript and used as a primary language. You
can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular architecture?

 The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the below
diagram

5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

i. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular application to

control HTML views.
ii. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building blocks like
component, directives, services etc. An application is divided into logical
pieces and each piece of code is called as "module" which perform a single
task.
iii. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular application.
iv. Services: It is used to create components which can be shared across the
entire application.
v. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular class.

6. What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing component
instance.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}
 Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow background as
below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app which formed a
tree of Angular components. These components are subset of directives. Unlike
directives, components always have a template and only one component can be
instantiated per an element in a template. Let's see a simple example of Angular
component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}

8. What are the differences between Component and Directive?

In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive

To register a component we use @Component meta- To register directives we use @Directive

data annotation meta-data annotation

Directive is used to add behavior to an

Components are typically used to create UI widgets
existing DOM element

Component is used to break up the application into Directive is use to design re-usable
smaller components components

Many directives can be used per DOM

Only one component can be present per DOM element
element

@View decorator or templateurl/template are

Directive doesn't use View
mandatory
9. What is a template?
A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding controls to
properties of an Angular component. You can store your component's template in
one of two places. You can define it inline using the template property, or you can
define the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata
using the @Component decorator's templateUrl property. Using inline template
with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

10. What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the application is divided into
separate modules to separate the functionality of your application. Lets take an
example of app.module.ts root module declared with @NgModuledecorator as
below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has three options

i. The imports option is used to import other dependent modules. The

BrowserModule is required by default for any web based angular application
 ii. The declarations option is used to define components in the respective
module
iii. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to bootstrap in the
application

11. What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a lifecycle right
from its initiation to the end of the application. The representation of lifecycle in

pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

i. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property changes, then this
method is called.
ii. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the directive/component
after Angular first displays the data-bound properties happens.
iii. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes that Angular
can't or won't detect on its own.
iv. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular projects
external content into the component's view.
v. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the
content projected into the component.
vi. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular initializes the
component's views and child views.
vii. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after Angular checks the
component's views and child views.
viii. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular destroys the
directive/component.

12. What is a data binding?

Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define communication
between a component and the DOM, making it very easy to define interactive
applications without worrying about pushing and pulling data. There are four forms of
data binding(divided as 3 categories) which differ in the way the data is flowing.
 i. From the Component to the DOM: Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the
value of a property from the component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed from the component to

the specified property or simple HTML attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

ii. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding:

(event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens (eg.: click,
change, keyup), call the specified method in the component

<button (click)="logout()"></button>

iii. Two-way binding: Two-way data binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way

data binding allows to have the data flow both ways. For example, in the
below code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email property
are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

13. What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the expected behavior
of the class. The metadata is represented by decorators

i. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule

import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a component!');
}
}

@NgModule({
imports: [],
declarations: [],
})
export class MyModule {
constructor() {
console.log('Hey I am a module!');
}
}

ii. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g. @Input and
@Output

import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';

 @Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
})

export class MyComponent {

@Input()
title: string;
}

iii. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g. @HostListener

import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
@HostListener('click', ['$event'])
onHostClick(event: Event) {
// clicked, `event` available
}
}

iv. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class constructors, e.g.
@Inject

import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';

import { MyService } from './my-service';

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
})
export class MyComponent {
constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
console.log(myService); // MyService
}
}

14. What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface to scaffold and
build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs) modules. You need to install using
below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while creating angular
projects

i. Creating New Project: ng new

ii. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng generate/g The
different types of commands would be,

o ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your application

 o ng generate component my-new-component: add a component to your
application
o ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive to your application
o ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your application
o ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to your application
o ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your application
o ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to your application

iii. Running the Project: ng serve

2. What is the difference between constructor and ngOnInit?
TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is normally used for
the initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit method is specific to Angular, especially
used to define Angular bindings. Even though constructor getting called first, it is
preferred to move all of your Angular bindings to ngOnInit method. In order to use
ngOnInit, you need to implement OnInit interface as below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first ngOnChanges()
}
}

3. What is a service?
A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided to various
modules. Services allow for greater separation of concerns for your application and
better modularity by allowing you to extract common functionality out of
components. Let's create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency injection to

work
// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app (AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

4. What is dependency injection in Angular?

Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design pattern in which a class
asks for dependencies from external sources rather than creating them itself. Angular
 comes with its own dependency injection framework for resolving
dependencies( services or objects that a class needs to perform its function).So you
can have your services depend on other services throughout your application.

5. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

6. What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns the latest value it
has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the pipe marks the component to be
checked for changes. Let's take a time observable which continuously updates the
view for every 2 seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}

7. What is the option to choose between inline and external

template file?
You can store your component's template in one of two places. You can define it
inline using the template property, or you can define the template in a separate
HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using
the @Component decorator's templateUrl property. The choice between inline and
separate HTML is a matter of taste, circumstances, and organization policy. But
normally we use inline template for small portion of code and external template file
for bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI generates components with a template
file. But you can override that with the below command,

ng generate component hero -it

8. What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item in the list. For
example, here we iterate over list of users,

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>

The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is a template input

variable

9. What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view only under specific
circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts or removes an element based on a
 truthy/falsy condition. Let's take an example to display a message if the user age is
more than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding and removing the
paragraph element from the DOM. That improves performance, especially in the
larger projects with many data bindings.

10. What happens if you use script tag inside template?

Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes it, which removes
the <script> tag but keeps safe content such as the text content of the <script>
tag. This way it eliminates the risk of script injection attacks. If you still use it then it
will be ignored and a warning appears in the browser console. Let's take an example
of innerHtml property binding which causes XSS vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

// For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script> <b>Syntax</b>';
}

11. What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property binding. It’s a
convenient alternative to property binding. It is represented by double curly
braces({{}}). The text between the braces is often the name of a component
property. Angular replaces that name with the string value of the corresponding
component property. Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties and fills in the
blanks, first displaying a bold application title and then a URL.

12. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript expression. Angular
executes the expression and assigns it to a property of a binding target; the target
might be an HTML element, a component, or a directive. In the property binding, a
template expression appears in quotes to the right of the = symbol as in
[property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the template expression is
surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in the below interpolation, the
template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template expression

iii. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

iv. new
v. chaining expressions with ; or ,
vi. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
13. What are template statements?
A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding target such as an
element, component, or directive. The template statements appear in quotes to the
right of the = symbol like (event)="statement". Let's take an example of button
click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The below JavaScript

syntax expressions are not allowed.

iii. new
iv. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
v. operator assignment, such as += and -=
vi. the bitwise operators | and &
vii. the template expression operators

14. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by the direction of
data flow. They are listed as below,

iii. From the source-to-view

iv. From view-to-source
v. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

From the source-to- 1. {{expression}} 2. [target]="expression" 3. Interpolation, Property,

view(One-way) bind-target="expression" Attribute, Class, Style

From view-to- 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-

Event
source(One-way) target="statement"

View-to-source-to- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-

Two-way
view(Two-way) target="expression"

15. What are pipes?

 A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output. For example, let
us take a pipe to transform a component's birthday property into a human-friendly
date using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}

16. What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune its output. The
parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the pipe name with a colon ( : ) and
then the parameter value. If the pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the
values with colons. Let's take a birthday example with a particular
format(dd/mm/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'dd/mm/yyyy'}}</p>` // 18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression, such as a string
literal or a component property.

17. How do you chain pipes?

You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as per the needs.
Let's take a birthday property which uses date pipe(along with parameter) and
uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' | uppercase}}
</p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

18. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with the below key
characteristics,
 iii. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe metadata @Pipe decorator, which you
import from the core Angular library For example,

@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

ii. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's transform method
that accepts an input value followed by optional parameters and returns the
transformed value. The structure of pipeTransform would be as below,

interface PipeTransform {
transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

iii. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that you'll use within
template expressions. It must be a valid JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`

19. Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of existing value. For
example, let us create a custom pipe for finding file size based on an extension,

import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

20. What is the difference between pure and impure pipe?

A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the value or the
parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes to a primitive input value
(String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a changed object reference (Date, Array,
Function, Object). An impure pipe is called for every change detection cycle no
matter whether the value or parameters changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called often,
as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

21. What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module that you
bootstrap to launch the application is called as bootstrapping module. It is commonly
known as AppModule. The default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI
would be as follows,

/* JavaScript imports */
 import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

22. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing messages between
publishers and subscribers in your application. They are mainly used for event
handling, asynchronous programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you
define a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a consumer
subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives notifications until the
function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

23. What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend services over HTTP
protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface or the fetch() API. Angular provides a
simplified client HTTP API known as HttpClient which is based on top of
XMLHttpRequest interface. This client is avaialble from @angular/common/http package.
You can import in your root module as below,
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

iii. Contains testability features

iv. Provides typed request and response objects
v. Intercept request and response
vi. Supports Observalbe APIs
vii. Supports streamlined error handling

24. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an example?

Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.

iii. Import HttpClient into root module:

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
 imports: [
BrowserModule,
// import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
HttpClientModule,
],
......
})
export class AppModule {}

ii. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It also defines get
method of HttpClient

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';

const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';

@Injectable()
export class UserProfileService {
constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

getUserProfile() {
return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
}
}

iii. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a component called
UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject
UserProfileService and invokes the service method,

fetchUserProfile() {
this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
.subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
id: data['userId'],
name: data['firstName'],
city: data['city']
});
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs to be subscribed
in the component.

25. How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data because sometimes
servers also return special headers or status code which which are important for the
application workflow. Inorder to get full response, you should use observe option
from HttpClient,

getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed HttpResponse rather

than just the JSON data.

26. How do you perform Error handling?

 If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to network issues
then HttpClient will return an error object instead of a successful reponse. In this
case, you need to handle in the component by passing error object as a second
callback to subscribe() method. Let's see how it can be handled in the component
with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback instead of
displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient.

27. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based code in a functional,
reactive style using Observables. Many APIs such as HttpClient produce and consume
RxJS Observables and also uses operators for processing observables. For example,
you can import observables and operators for using HttpClient as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

28. What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when someone subscribes to it.
So you need to subscribe by calling the subscribe() method of the instance, passing
an observer object to receive the notifications. Let's take an example of creating and
subscribing to a simple observable, with an observer that logs the received message
to the console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

29. What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help manage async
code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript language so we need to rely on a
 popular Observable library called RxJS. The observables are created using new
keyword. Let see the simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});

30. What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications delivered by an
Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving observable

notifications will be passed as a parameter for observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the observer ignores
notifications of that type.

31. What is the difference between promise and

observable?
Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,

Observable Promise

Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription so that they can Execute immediately on
be run whenever you need the result creation

Provide multiple values over time Provide only one

Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes centralized and Push errors to the child
predictable error handling promises

Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex applications Uses only .then() clause

45. What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple subscribers in a single
execution. Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,
 var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);
var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

46. How do you perform error handling in observables?

You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the observer instead of
relying on try/catch which are ineffective in asynchronous environment. For example,
you can define error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

47. What is the short hand notation for subscribe method?

The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in line, for next,
error, and complete handlers is known as short hand notation or Subscribe method
with positional arguments. For example, you can define subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

48. What are the utility functions provided by RxJS?

The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and working with
observables.

i. Converting existing code for async operations into observables

ii. Iterating through the values in a stream
iii. Mapping values to different types
iv. Filtering streams
v. Composing multiple streams

49. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating observables from things
such as promises, events, timers and Ajax requests. Let us explain each of them with
an example,

i. Create an observable from a promise

 import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function
const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from Promise
data.subscribe({
next(response) { console.log(response); },
error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});

ii. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function

const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
// Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status, res.response));

iii. Create an observable from a counter

import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function

const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter value
secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

iv. Create an observable from an event

import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';

const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * ${e.clientY}`);
});

50. What will happen if you do not supply handler for

observer?
Normally an observer object can define any combination of next, error and complete
notification type handlers. If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the
observer just ignores notifications of that type.

51. What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom elements(a web
standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way). Angular
Elements hosts an Angular component, providing a bridge between the data and
logic defined in the component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to use
Angular components in non-Angular environments.

52. What is the browser support of Angular Elements?

Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the browser support of
angular elements is same as custom elements support. This feature is is currently
supported natively in a number of browsers and pending for other browsers.
 Browse
Angular Element Support
r

Chrome Natively supported

Opera Natively supported

Safari Natively supported

Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable

Firefox dom.webcomponents.enabled and dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older
browsers

Edge Currently it is in progress

53. What are custom elements?

Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature which extends
HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content is created and controlled by
JavaScript code. The browser maintains a CustomElementRegistry of defined custom
elements, which maps an instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this
feature is supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in other
browsers through polyfills.

54. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they are added to the
DOM, and are automatically destroyed when removed from the DOM. Once a custom
element is added to the DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any other HTML
element, and does not require any special knowledge of Angular.

55. Explain how custom elements works internally?

Below are the steps in an order about custom elements functionality,

i. App registers custom element with browser: Use the

createCustomElement() function to convert a component into a class that can
be registered with the browser as a custom element.
ii. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element just like a built-in
HTML element directly into the DOM.
iii. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser creates an
instance of the registered class and adds it to the DOM.
iv. Instance provides content with data binding and change
detection: The content with in template is rendered using the component
and DOM data. The flow chart of the custom elements functionality would be
as
 follows,

56. How to transfer components to custom elements?

Transforming components to custom elements involves two major steps,

i. Build custom element class: Angular provides

the createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular component
(along with its dependencies) to a custom element. The conversion process
implements NgElementConstructor interface, and creates a constructor class
which is used to produce a self-bootstrapping instance of Angular component.
ii. Register element class with browser: It uses customElements.define() JS
function, to register the configured constructor and its associated custom-
element tag with the browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser
encounters the tag for the registered element, it uses the constructor to
create a custom-element instance. The detailed structure would be as
 follows,

57. What are the mapping rules between Angular

component and custom element?
The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML attributes and the
browser's event system. Let us describe them in two steps,

i. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input properties with

corresponding attributes for the custom element. For example, component
@Input('myInputProp') converted as custom element attribute my-input-prop.
ii. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom Events, with the
name of the custom event matching the output name. For example,
component @Output() valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as
custom element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".

58. How do you define typings for custom elements?

You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements. Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular
component, The simple container with input property would be as below,
@Component(...)
class MyContainer {
@Input() message: string;
}

After applying types typescript validates input value and their types,

const container = document.createElement('my-container') as NgElement &

WithProperties<{message: string}>;
 container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this should be a string.
container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there is no `greet`
property on `container`.

59. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components location in the
application is not defined at build time.i.e, They are not used in any angular
template. But the component is instantiated and placed in the application at runtime.

60. What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives.

i. Components — These are directives with a template.

ii. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM layout by adding
and removing DOM elements.
iii. Attribute directives — These directives change the appearance or behavior
of an element, component, or another directive.

61. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the directive class file. It
creates the source file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the
respective test file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.

62. Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for DOM element. You
can create and apply the attribute directive using below steps,

i. Create HighlightDirective class with the file

name src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In this file, we need to
import Directive from core library to apply the metadata and ElementRef in
the directive's constructor to inject a reference to the host DOM element ,

import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({
selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
}
}

ii. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host element(for example,

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

 iii. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on paragraph element

ng serve

63. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from one view to the
next as users perform application tasks. It borrows the concepts or model of
browser's application navigation.

64. What is the purpose of base href tag?

The routing application should add element to the index.html as the first child in the
tag inorder to indicate how to compose navigation URLs. If app folder is the
application root then you can set the href value as below

<base href="/">

65. What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view for a given URL is
not part of Angular Core. It is available in library named @angular/router to import
required router components. For example, we import them in app module as below,
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

66. What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as a placeholder
that marks the spot in the template where the router should display the components
for that outlet. Router outlet is used like a component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<!-- Routed components go here -->

67. What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router control over those
elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed, you can assign string values to
router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

68. What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active RouterLink bindings
based on the current RouterState. i.e, the Router will add CSS classes when this link
is active and and remove when the link is inactive. For example, you can add them to
RouterLinks as below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
 <nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

69. What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree knows about the
"consumed" URL segments, the extracted parameters, and the resolved data. You
can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the application using the Router
service and the routerState property.
@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

70. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through the
Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the route. The sequence
of router events is as below,

i. NavigationStart,
ii. RouteConfigLoadStart,
iii. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
iv. RoutesRecognized,
v. GuardsCheckStart,
vi. ChildActivationStart,
vii. ActivationStart,
viii. GuardsCheckEnd,
ix. ResolveStart,
x. ResolveEnd,
xi. ActivationEnd
xii. ChildActivationEnd
xiii. NavigationEnd,
xiv. NavigationCancel,
xv. NavigationError
xvi. Scroll

71. What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated with a component
loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to traverse the router state tree. The
ActivatedRoute will be injected as a router service to access the information. In the
below example, you can access route path and parameters,
 @Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

72. How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You configures the router
with routes via the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to the
AppModule's imports array.
const appRoutes: Routes = [
{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }

73. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the router to throw an
error and crash the app. In this case, you can use wildcard route. A wildcard route
has a path consisting of two asterisks to match every URL. For example, you can
define PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard route as below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

74. Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing Module (for example,
AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is simple and merge the routing
configuration directly into the companion module (for example, AppModule). But it is
recommended when the configuration is complex and includes specialized guard and
resolver services.
75. What is Angular Universal?
Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular applications in
various scenarios. This is a community driven project and available under
@angular/platform-server package. Recently Angular Universal is integrated with
Angular CLI.

76. What are different types of compilation in Angular?

Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

i. Just-in-Time (JIT)
ii. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

77. What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in the browser at
runtime. JIT compilation is the default when you run the ng build (build only) or ng
serve (build and serve locally) CLI commands. i.e, the below commands used for JIT
compilation,

ng build
ng serve

78. What is AOT?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app at build time.
For AOT compilation, include the --aot option with the ng build or ng serve command
as below,
ng build --aot
ng serve --aot

Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag (ng build --prod) compiles
with AOT by default.

79. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by the browser
directly. Due to that Angular applications require a compilation process before they
can run in a browser. For example, In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML and
TypeScript code converted into efficient JavaScript code during the build phase
before browser runs it.

80. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

i. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled version of the

application. So it can render the application immediately without compiling
the app.
ii. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML templates and CSS
style sheets within the application javascript which eliminates separate ajax
requests.
 iii. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't require downloading
the Angular compiler. Hence it dramatically reduces the application payload.
iv. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports template binding
errors during the build step itself
v. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and components into
JavaScript. So there won't be any injection attacks.

81. What are the ways to control AOT compilation?

You can control your app compilation in two ways

i. By providing template compiler options in the tsconfig.json file

ii. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

82. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general constraints,

i. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of javascript features

ii. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
iii. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
iv. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.

83. What are the two phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

i. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the source

ii. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as places restrictions
on what it interprets.
iii. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses the TypeScript
compiler to validate the binding expressions in templates.

84. Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign values to the
decorator properties. For example, the following snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
 })

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of the function.
When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports an error to turn the arrow
function into an exported function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler
automatically performs this rewriting while emitting the .js file.

85. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall structure of a
decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract syntax tree(AST). During the
analysis phase, the AOT collector scan the metadata recorded in the Angular
decorators and outputs metadata information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts
file.

86. Can I use any javascript feature for expression syntax

in AOT?
No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript features. If an
expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector writes an error node to
the .metadata.json file. Later point of time, the compiler reports an error if it needs
that piece of metadata to generate the application code.

87. What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the metadata.
Where as some of the non-exported members are folded while generating the code.
i.e Folding is a process in which the collector evaluate an expression during collection
and record the result in the .metadata.json instead of the original expression. For
example, the compiler couldn't refer selector reference because it is not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example, spread operator on
arrays, objects created using new keywords and function calls.

88. What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static methods that
return an expression in a single return expression. For example, let us take a below
macro function,
export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {
return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

 @NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

@NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}

89. Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

i. Expression form not supported: Some of the language features outside of

the compiler's restricted expression syntax used in angular metadata can
produce this error. Let's see some of these examples,
ii. 1. export class User { ... }
iii. const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; // bracket notation
is not valid in metadata

iv. ** Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol:** The compiler encountered a

referenced to a locally defined symbol that either wasn't exported or wasn't
initialized. Let's take example of this error,
v. // ERROR
vi. let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized
vii.
viii. @Component({
ix. selector: 'my-component',
x. template: ... ,
xi. providers: [
xii. { provide: User, useValue: username }
xiii. ]
xiv. })
export class MyComponent {}

You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,

export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized

xv. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not currently support
function expressions or lambda functions. For example, you cannot set a
provider's useFactory to an anonymous function or arrow function as below.
xvi. providers: [
xvii. { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
xviii. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]

You can fix this with exported function

export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
 { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

xix. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The compiler does not
support references to variables assigned by destructuring. For example, you
cannot write something like this:
xx. import { user } from './user';
xxi.
xxii. // destructured assignment to name and age
xxiii. const {name, age} = user;
xxiv. ... //metadata
xxv. providers: [
xxvi. {provide: Name, useValue: name},
xxvii. {provide: Age, useValue: age},
]

You can fix this by non-destructured values

import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},
]

90. What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the expression
initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue, useFactory, and data into an
exported variable, which replaces the expression. Remember that the compiler does
this rewriting during the emit of the .js file but not in definition files( .d.ts file).

91. How do you provide configuration inheritance?

Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through extends in the
tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The configuration from the base file(for
example, tsconfig.base.json) are loaded first, then overridden by those in the
inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

92. How do you specify angular template compiler options?

The angular template compiler options are specified as members of
the angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These options will be
specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
 "experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

93. How do you enable binding expression validation?

You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding the compiler
option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the "angularCompilerOptions" of the project's
tsconfig.json. It produces error messages when a type error is detected in a template
binding expression. For example, consider the following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does not exist on type

'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?

94. What is the purpose of any type cast function?

You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type cast function(by
surrounding the expression). In the following example, the error Property contacts
does not exist is suppressed by casting user to the any type.

template: '{{$any(user).contacts.email}}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to undeclared members
of the component.

template: '{{$any(this).contacts.email}}'

95. What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the Object is possibly
'undefined' error. In the following example, the user and contact properties are
always set together, implying that contact is always non-null if user is non-null. The
error is suppressed in the example by using contact!.email.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through {{contact!.email}}
</span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;
 setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {
this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}

96. What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type unions in the Angular
template compiler similar to if expression in typescript. So *ngIf allows the typeScript
compiler to infer that the data used in the binding expression will never be
undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

97. How do you describe various dependencies in angular

application?
The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular application can be
divided as follow,

i. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their package names
begin @angular/.
ii. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be present for Angular
apps to run.
iii. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's JavaScript
implementation.

98. What is zone?

A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks. Angular relies on
zone.js to run Angular's change detection processes when native JavaScript
operations raise events

99. What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by @angular/common
module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is available under
@angular/common/http.

100. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of Angular TypeScript
projects. ou can run the static code analyzer over web apps, NativeScript, Ionic etc.
Angular CLI has support for this and it can be use as below,

ng new codelyzer
ng lint
101. What is angular animation?
Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to animate any
property that the browser considers animatable. These properties includes positions,
sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc. The Angular modules for animations
are @angular/animations and @angular/platform-browser and these
dependencies are automatically added to your project when you create a project
using Angular CLI.

102. What are the steps to use animation module?

You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your angular project,

i. Enabling the animations module: Import BrowserAnimationsModule to add

animation capabilities into your Angular root application module(for example,
src/app/app.module.ts).

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-browser/animations';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
BrowserAnimationsModule
],
declarations: [ ],
bootstrap: [ ]
})
export class AppModule { }

ii. Importing animation functions into component files: Import required

animation functions from @angular/animations in component files(for
example, src/app/app.component.ts).

import {
trigger,
state,
style,
animate,
transition,
// ...
} from '@angular/animations';

iii. Adding the animation metadata property: add a metadata property

called animations: within the @Component() decorator in component files(for
example, src/app/app.component.ts)

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
animations: [
// animation triggers go here
]
})
103. What is State function?
Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at the end of each
transition. This function takes two arguments: a unique name like open or closed and
a style() function. For example, you can write a open state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),

104. What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with a given state
name. You need to use it along with state() function to set CSS style attributes. For
example, in the close state, the button has a height of 100 pixels, an opacity of 0.8,
and a background color of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),

Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase

105. What is the purpose of animate function?

Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated and compelling
animations for your Angular single page web application.

import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from '@angular/animations';

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {
 @Input() currentState;

constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}

106. What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that occur between
one state and another over a period of time. It accepts two arguments: the first
argument accepts an expression that defines the direction between two transition
states, and the second argument accepts an animate() function. Let's take an
example state transition from open to closed with an half second transition between
states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),

107. How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>");
}

108. What is a service worker and its role in Angular?

A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and manages caching for an
application. Starting from 5.0.0 version, Angular ships with a service worker
implementation. Angular service worker is designed to optimize the end user
experience of using an application over a slow or unreliable network connection,
while also minimizing the risks of serving outdated content.

109. What are the design goals of service workers?

Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,

i. It caches an application just like installing a native application

ii. A running application continues to run with the same version of all files
without any incompatible files
iii. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully cached version
iv. When changes are published then it immediately updates in the background
 v. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the resources only when
they changed.

110. What are the differences between AngularJS and

Angular with respect to dependency injection?
Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS and Angular, but
there are some key differences between the two frameworks in how it actually works.
| AngularJS | Angular | |---- | --------- | Dependency injection tokens are always strings |
Tokens can have different types. They are often classes and sometimes can be
strings. | | There is exactly one injector even though it is a multi-module applications
| There is a tree hierarchy of injectors, with a root injector and an additional injector
for each component. |

111. What is Angular Ivy?

Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose to opt in a preview
version of Ivy from Angular version 8.

i. You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy flag with the ng
new command

ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy

ii. You can add it to an existing project by adding enableIvy option in

the angularCompilerOptions in your project's tsconfig.app.json.

{
"compilerOptions": { ... },
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"enableIvy": true
}
}

112. What are the features included in ivy preview?

You can expect below features with Ivy preview,

i. Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime

ii. Faster re-build time
iii. Improved payload size
iv. Improved template type checking

113. Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with Ivy is faster. So
you need set the default build options(with in angular.json) for your project to always
use AOT compilation.

{
"projects": {
"my-project": {
"architect": {
"build": {
 "options": {
...
"aot": true,
}
}
}
}
}
}

114. What is Angular Language Service?

The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors, hints, and
navigation inside your Angular templates whether they are external in an HTML file or
embedded in annotations/decorators in a string. It has the ability to autodetect that
you are opening an Angular file, reads your tsconfig.json file, finds all the templates
you have in your application, and then provides all the language services.

115. How do you install angular language service in the

project?
You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the following npm
command

npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service

After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your project's
tsconfig.json

"plugins": [
{"name": "@angular/language-service"}
]

Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files only. You need to
use custom plugins for supporting HTML files.

116. Is there any editor support for Angular Language

Service?
Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual Studio Code and
WebStorm IDEs. You need to install angular language service using an extension and
devDependency respectively. In sublime editor, you need to install typescript which
has has a language service plugin model.

117. Explain the features provided by Angular Language

Service?
Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language Service,

i. Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your development time by

providing you with contextual possibilities and hints as you type with in an
interpolation and elements.
 ii. Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your code.

iii. Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component, directive, module

and then click and press F12 to go directly to its definition.

118. How do you add web workers in your application?

You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example, If the file that
contains your expensive computation is src/app/app.component.ts, you can add a Web
Worker using ng generate web-worker app command which will
create src/app/app.worker.ts web worker file. This command will perform below
actions,

i. Configure your project to use Web Workers

ii. Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages

addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => {

const response = `worker response to ${data}`;
postMessage(response);
});

iii. The component app.component.ts file updated with web worker file

if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') {

// Create a new
const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type: 'module' });
worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
 console.log('page got message: $\{data\}');
};
worker.postMessage('hello');
} else {
// Web Workers are not supported in this environment.
}

Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker code for sending
messages to and from.

119. What are the limitations with web workers?

You need to remember two important things when using Web Workers in Angular
projects,

i. Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-server) used in

Server-side Rendering, don't support Web Workers. In this case you need to
provide a fallback mechanism to perform the computations to work in this
environments.
ii. Running Angular in web worker using @angular/platform-webworker is not yet
supported in Angular CLI.

120. What is Angular CLI Builder?

In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers who want to
customize the Angular CLI by adding or modifying commands. For example, you could
supply a builder to perform an entirely new task, or to change which third-party tool
is used by an existing command.

121. What is a builder?

A builder function ia a function that uses the Architect API to perform a complex
process such as "build" or "test". The builder code is defined in an npm package. For
example, BrowserBuilder runs a webpack build for a browser target and
KarmaBuilder starts the Karma server and runs a webpack build for unit tests.

122. How do you invoke a builder?

The Angular CLI command ng run is used to invoke a builder with a specific target
configuration. The workspace configuration file, angular.json, contains default
configurations for built-in builders.

123. How do you create app shell in Angular?

An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a route at build time.
This is useful to first paint of your application that appears quickly because the
browser can render static HTML and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript. You
can achieve this using Angular CLI which generates an app shell for running server-
side of your app.

ng generate appShell [options] (or)

ng g appShell [options]

124. What are the case types in Angular?

 Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of various types.
Angular follows the list of the below case types.

i. camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-component

directive selectors, constants uses lowercase on the first letter of the item. For
example, "selectedUser"
ii. UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including classes that
define components, interfaces, NgModules, directives, and pipes uses
uppercase on the first letter of the item.
iii. dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file names,
component selectors uses dashes between the words. For example, "app-
user-list".
iv. UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital letters connected
with underscores. For example, "NUMBER_OF_USERS".

125. What are the class decorators in Angular?

A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a class definition,
which declares the class to be of the given type, and provides metadata suitable to
the type The following list of decorators comes under class decorators,

i. @Component()
ii. @Directive()
iii. @Pipe()
iv. @Injectable()
v. @NgModule()

126. What are class field decorators?

The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately before a field in a
class definition that defines the type of that field. Some of the examples are: @input
and @output,

@Input() myProperty;
@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();

127. What is declarable in Angular?

Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of an NgModule.
The class types such as components, directives, and pipes comes can be declared in
the module.

128. What are the restrictions on declarable classes?

Below classes shouldn't be declared,

i. A class that's already declared in another NgModule

ii. Ngmodule classes
iii. Service classes
iv. Helper classes
129. What is a DI token?
A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider in dependency
injection system. The injector maintains an internal token-provider map that it
references when asked for a dependency and the DI token is the key to the map.
Let's take example of DI Token usage,

const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl');

const injector =
Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue: 'http://some-
domain.com'}]});
const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);

130. What is Angular DSL?

A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language specialized to a particular
application domain. Angular has its own Domain Specific Language (DSL) which
allows us to write Angular specific html-like syntax on top of normal html. It has its
own compiler that compiles this syntax to html that the browser can understand. This
DSL is defined in NgModules such as animations, forms, and routing and navigation.
Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular DSL.

i. (): Used for Output and DOM events.

ii. []: Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.
iii. *: Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the DOM structure.

131. what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to be multicasted
to many Observers. While plain Observables are unicast (each subscribed Observer
owns an independent execution of the Observable), Subjects are multicast.

A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many Observers. Subjects are
like EventEmitters: they maintain a registry of many listeners.

import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`)
});

subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);

132. What is Bazel tool?

Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by Google and it can
keep track of the dependencies between different packages and build targets. In
Angular8, you can build your CLI application with Bazel. Note: The Angular
framework itself is built with Bazel.
133. What are the advantages of Bazel tool?
Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,

i. It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-ends with the
same tool
ii. The incremental build and tests
iii. It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a build farm.

134. How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular CLI to use Bazel
as the build tool.

i. Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using CLI

ng add @angular/bazel

ii. Use in a new application: Install the package and create the application
with collection option

npm install -g @angular/bazel

ng new --collection=@angular/bazel

When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used behind the scenes and
outputs the results in dist/bin folder.

135. How do you run Bazel directly?

Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run Bazel directly
using Bazel CLI. You can install it globally using @bazel/bazel npm package. i.e, Bazel
CLI is available under @bazel/bazel package. After you can apply the below common
commands,

bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts of the given targets.
bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets found in the pattern.
bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target and then run it.

136. What is platform in Angular?

A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The most common
platform for Angular applications is a web browser, but it can also be an operating
system for a mobile device, or a web server. The runtime-platform is provided by the
@angular/platform-* packages and these packages allow applications that make use
of @angular/core and @angular/common to execute in different environments. i.e, Angular
can be used as platform-independent framework in different environments, For
example,

i. While running in the browser, it uses platform-browser package.

ii. When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses platform-server package for
providing web server implementation.

137. What happens if I import the same module twice?

 If multiple modules imports the same module then angular evaluates it only once
(When it encounters the module first time). It follows this condition even the module
appears at any level in a hierarchy of imported NgModules.

138. How do you select an element with in a component

template?
You can use @ViewChild directive to access elements in the view directly. Let's take
input element with a reference,
<input #uname>

and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit lifecycle hook

@ViewChild('uname') input;

ngAfterViewInit() {
console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);
}

139. How do you detect route change in Angular?

In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The subscription for
router events would be as below,

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})

Let's take a simple component to detect router changes

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd, NavigationError } from
'@angular/router';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>`
})
export class AppComponent {

constructor(private router: Router) {

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {

if (event instanceof NavigationStart) {
// Show loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationError) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for debugging
}
});
}
}

140. How do you pass headers for HTTP client?

 You can directly pass object map for http client or create HttpHeaders class to supply
the headers.

constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

this._http.get('someUrl',{
headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'}
});

(or)
let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); // create header
object
headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new header, creating a
new object
headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another header

let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params object

params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param, creating a new object
params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param

return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params: params })

141. What is the purpose of differential loading in CLI?

From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using differential loading
strategy from CLI to build two separate bundles as part of your deployed application.

i. The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the advantage of built-in
support in modern browsers, ships less polyfills, and results in a smaller
bundle size.
ii. The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older browsers with all
necessary polyfills. But this results in a larger bundle size.

Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only load the code
that the browser needs.

142. Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e, You can use the
import statement for lazy loading the module using loadChildren method and it will be
understood by the IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm), webpack, etc. Previously, you have
been written as below to lazily load the feature module. By mistake, if you have typo
in the module name it still accepts the string and throws an error during build time.
{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},

This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are able to find it during
compile time itself.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () => import(‘./users/user.module’).then(m =>

m.UserModule)};

143. What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing. It helps us to
download the web pages in chunks instead of downloading everything in a big
bundle. It is used for lazy loading by asynchronously loading the feature module for
routing whenever required using the property loadChildren. Let's load
both Customer and Orderfeature modules lazily as below,
 const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'customers',
loadChildren: () => import('./customers/customers.module').then(module =>
module.CustomersModule)
},
{
path: 'orders',
loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module =>
module.OrdersModule)
},
{
path: '',
redirectTo: '',
pathMatch: 'full'
}
];

144. What are workspace APIs?

Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for developers to
read and modify the angular.json file instead of manually modifying it. Currently, the
only supported storage3 format is the JSON-based format used by the Angular CLI.
You can enable or add optimization option for build target as below,

import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node';

import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core';

async function addBuildTargetOption() {

const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new NodeJsSyncHost());
const workspace = await workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/directory/',
host);

const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app');

if (!project) {
throw new Error('my-app does not exist');
}

const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build');

if (!buildTarget) {
throw new Error('build target does not exist');
}

buildTarget.options.optimization = true;

await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host);

}

addBuildTargetOption();

145. How do you upgrade angular version?

The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI ng update command as
mentioned below. For example, if you upgrade from Angular 7 to 8 then your lazy
loaded route imports will be migrated to the new import syntax automatically.
$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core

146. What is Angular Material?

 Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for Angular framework
following the Material Design spec. You can apply Material Design very easily using
Angular Material. The installation can be done through npm or yarn,

npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

(OR)
yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The latest version of
Angular material is 8.1.1

147. How do you upgrade location service of angularjs?

If you are using $location service in your old AngularJS application, now you can
use LocationUpgradeModule(unified location service) which puts the responsibilities
of $location service to Location service in Angular. Let's add this module
to AppModule as below,
// Other imports ...
import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade';

@NgModule({
imports: [
// Other NgModule imports...
LocationUpgradeModule.config()
]
})
export class AppModule {}

148. What is NgUpgrade?

NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you can use in your
applications to mix and match AngularJS and Angular components and bridge the
AngularJS and Angular dependency injection systems.

149. How do you test Angular application using CLI?

Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the Jasmine Test
framework. You just need to run ng testto see the test results. By default this
command builds the app in watch mode, and launches the Karma test runner. The
output of test results would be as below,
10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active
...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)

Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in the "Jasmine
HTML Reporter".

150. How to use polyfills in Angular application?

The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you create a new
project with the ng new command, a src/polyfills.ts configuration file is created as
part of your project folder. This file includes the mandatory and many of the optional
polyfills as JavaScript import statements. Let's categorize the polyfills,
 i. Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when you create your
project with ng new command and the respective import statements enabled
in 'src/polyfills.ts' file.
ii. Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and then create
import statement in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For example, first you need to install
below npm package for adding web animations (optional) polyfill.

npm install --save web-animations-js

and create import statement in polyfill file.

import 'web-animations-js';

151. What are the ways to trigger change detection in

Angular?
You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or ChangeDetectorRef into your
component and apply below specific methods to trigger change detection in Angular.
i.e, There are 3 possible ways,

i. ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly process change

detection and its side-effects. It check the full component tree.
ii. NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function inside the Angular
zone.
iii. ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the components and it's
children.

152. What are the differences of various versions of

Angular?
i. Angular 1 • Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework released in
the year 2010. • AngularJS is not built for mobile devices. • It is based on
controllers with MVC architecture.
ii. Angular 2 • Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a complete
rewrite of Angular1 version. • The performance issues that Angular 1 version
had has been addressed in Angular 2 version. • Angular 2 is built from scratch
for mobile devices unlike Angular 1 version. • Angular 2 is components based.
iii. Angular 3 The following are the different package versions in Angular 2. •
@angular/core v2.3.0 • @angular/compiler v2.3.0 • @angular/http v2.3.0 •
@angular/router v3.3.0 The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid
confusion switched to Angular 4 version and skipped 3 version.
iv. Angular 4 • The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is very much
reduced. • With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced by hundreds
of KB’s. • Animation features are removed from angular/core and formed as a
separate package. • Supports Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
v. Angular 5 • Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading time and
execution time. • Shipped with new build optimizer. • Supports Typescript 2.5.
vi. Angular 6 • It is released in May 2018. • Includes Angular Command Line
Interface (CLI), Component Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material Package.
vii. Angular 7 • It is released in October 2018. • TypeScript 3.1 • RxJS 6.3 • New
Angular CLI • CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask questions to the
user before they run. It is like interactive dialog between the user and the CLI
• With the improved CLI Prompts capability, it helps developers to make the
decision. New ng commands ask users for routing and CSS styles types(SCSS)
and ng add @angular/material asks for themes and gestures or animations.