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CONTENTS
KHU 701/KHU801:RuralDevelopment:
Administration and Planning

UNIT-1 RURALPLANNING&DEVELOPMENT (1-1 P to 1-19 P)

Concepts of Rural Development, Basicelements of rural Development,
d Importance of Rural Development for creation of Sustainable
Livelihoods, An overview of Policies and Programmes for Rural
Development-Programmesin the agriculturalsector,Programmes
in the Social Security, Programmes in area of Social Sector.

UNIT-2:RURALDEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
Sriniketan experiment, Gurgaon experiment,
(2-1 Pto 2-20 P)
Marthandam
experiment, Baroda experiment, Firkha development scheme, Etawa
pilot project,Nilokheriexperiment,approachesto rural community
development: Tagore, Gandhi etc.

UNIT-3:PANCHAYATIRAJ & RURAL ADMINISTRATION

(3-1 P to 3-23 P)
Administrative Structure: bureaucracy, structure of administration;
Panchayati Raj Institutions Emergence and Growth of Panchayati
Raj Institutions in India; People and Panchayati Raj; Financial
Organizations in Panchayati Raj Institutions, Structure of rural
finanoe,Govemment & Non-Govemment Organizations/Community
Based Organizations, Concept of Self help group.

UNIT-4:HUMANRESOURCEDEVELOPMENTIN RURAL SECTOR

(4-1 P to 4-12 P)
Need for Human ResourceDevelopment,Elemerntsof Human Resource
Developmentin RuralSectorDimensionsof HRD for rural development
Health, Education, Energy, Skill Development, Training, Nutritional
Status access to basic amenities - Population composition.

UNIT-5 RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

(5-1 P to 5-20 P)
Concept of Rural Industrialization, Gandhian approach to Rural
Industrialization, Appropriate Technology for Rural Industries,
Entrepreneurship and Rural Industrialization, Problems and
diagnosis of Rural Entrepreneurship in India, with special reference
to Women Entrepreneurship; Development of Small Entrepreneurs
in India, need for and scope of entrepreneurship in Rural area.

SHORT QUESTIONS (SQ-1 P to SQ-31 P)

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1 UNITT
Rural Planning
and Development

CONTENTS
Part-1: Concepts of Rural Development. . 1-2P to 1-4P
Part-2: Basic Elements of . ..14P to 1-5P
Rural Development
Part-3 Importance of Rural . ****** ... 1-5P to 1-5P
*******se*aronseneo

Development for Creation

of SustainableLivelihoods

Part-4: An Overview of Policies and. .. 1-6P to 1-11P

Programmes for Rural Development
Programmes in the Agricultural
Sector,
Part-5 : Programmes in the Social ..1-11P to 1-13PP
Becurity,
Part-6 Programmes in area of. 1-13P to -19P

1-1P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
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1-2P(HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning&Development

PART1
Concepts of Rural Development.

Questions-Answers
gAnswer Type and Medium Answer Type Queetion

Que1.l. What is Rural Development ? Give the seope and

importanoee of Rural Development.

Answer
1 Rural development usually refers to the process of improving the quality
of life and financial well-being of people living outside the urbanized
areas.
Rural development isa strategy designed to improve the economic and
2
social life of rural poor.
Scope of RuralDevelopment:
Rural development is a term that concentrates on the actions taken for
1
the development of rural areas to improve the economy.
2 Scope of rural development include
Agriculturalgrowth,
Putting up of economicand social infrastructure,
Housing and house sites for the landless,
iv. Village planning,
v. Public health,
vi. Education and functional literacy.
Importance of Rural Development: Rural development is a national
necessity and has considerable importance in India because of the
followingreasons
1. About three-fourth of India's population live in rural areas,
2 Nearly halfof the country's national income is derived from agriculture,
3. Around 70 %of Indian populationget employmentthroughagriculture
4. Bulk of raw materials for industries come from agriculture and rural
sector,
5. Growing disparity between the urban elite and the rural poor can lead
to political instability.

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Que 1.2.Explain the need of rural development.

Answer
Rural development is needed in the context of the overall growth and
development of Indian economy due to the following reasons:
1. A major share of populationlives in rural areas, and their
development
and contributions are much supportive for the nation
very building
activities.
2. The rural economy supports the urban sectors by way of supplyingmilk,
food and raw materials. Hence, the backwardness of the rural sector is
a major
impedimentto the overall progress of the economy.
3 Improvements in education, health and sanitation in
villagescan help
avoid many urban problemsnamely, a n
begging, rack picking and road side
slumming.
Development of agriculture and allied activities are necessary for
providinggainfulemploymentin rural areas and improvingoverallfood
production.
5. Rural-urban migration can be reduced if rural areas are
developed.
6 In order to better utilise the unused and under-utilised
resources, there
is a need to develop the rural
economy.
Que 1.3. Discuss the major objectives of rural development.
Answer
The major objectivesof rural developmentare as follows:
1. To improve productivityand wages of rural people,
2. To bring about a greater socio-economicequity,
3 To bring about a spatial balance in social and economic
4
4. To guaranteean increase in the standard oflivingof the
development,
population underprivileged
5. To provide the basic needs: elementaryeducation,healthcare, clean
drinking water, rural roads, etc.

Que 14. Bring out the key issues in rural development.

Answer
The key issues in rural development are
Development of infrastructure: There is a lack ofinfrastructure in
rural areas. Infrastructure development like
electricity,irrigation,
transportfacilities,etc., needs to be addressed.

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14P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning& Development

Reduetion of poverty : The reduction of poverty is important because
rural areas have the maximum poverty.
3 Development of health facilities : Rural areas lack proper health
facilities. Better health facilities are necessary for physical growth of
individuals.
Development of productive resources: Productive resources of
each locality need to be developedto enhance employmentopportunities.
This will help in finding an alternative means other than crop cultivation
to sustain life.
5 Development of human There is a need to improve the
resources:
quality of human resources in rural areas. It can be done by improving
the literacy rate (especially female literacy), skill development, industrial
training, etc.

PART-2
Basic Elements of Rural Development.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

?
Que 1.5.What are the basie elements of rural development
Answer
Following are the three basic elements ofrural development:
A Basic Necessities of Life:
have certain basic needs, which include food, clothes, shelter,
1. People
basic literacy, primary health care and security of life and property.

2. When any one or all of them are absent, we may state that a

condition of'underdevelopment' exists.

Provision of the basic necessities of life to everybody is the primary
3.
responsibility of government

4 Thus economic growth is a necessary condition forimprovement of.

the 'quality of life' ofrural people, which is rural development.
B. SelfRespect:
sort of self-respect, dignity or honour.
1. Every person seeks some

Absence or denial of self-respect indicates lack of development.

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C. Freedom
1. Here freedom refers to political or ideological
freedom, economic
freedom and freedom from social servitude.
2. As long as society is bound by the servitude of
ignorance, other men, it can not claim to have achieved the goal of
men to nature
development'.
3. Servitude in any from reflects a state of underdevelopment.

PART-3
Importance of Rural Development
Creation of Sustainable Livelihoods.

questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

for creation
Que 1.6. What is the importance ofruraldevelopment
of sustainable livelihoods ?

Answer
of sustainable livelihoods.
1. Rural development is vital for creation
eradication.
2. It is essential for poverty
There is great value to be gained by
coordinating rural development
3.
sustainable livelihoods.
initiatives that contribute to
foundation of
agricultural sector is an important
4. Ahealthy and dynamic sectors.
linkages to other economic
rural development, generating strong
effective participation of rural
livelihoods are enhanced through
Rural economie and
own social,
in the management of their
people
environmental objectives.
of rural areaswith neighbouring urban
6. Close economic integration sustainable
narrow
rural-urban disparities and expand
areas can
in rural areas.
livelihoods opportunities rural
creation in building
There is considerable potential for rural job natural resources,
7. sustainable management of
infrastructure, in the
waste and residues. making
livelihoods in rural area depends on

of sustainable infrastructure and in

The success
protection,
rural
environmental
investments in
education.
rural health and

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1-6P(HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning & Development

PART-4|
An overviewof Policies and Programmes for Rural Development
Programmes in the Agricultural Sector.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.7. Enlist various policies and programmes undertaken by

government of India for rural development in the agricultural
sector.

Answer
1. Agriculture remains the main avenue for providing incomes and
employment in rural areas.

2. Needless to say, agricultural planning is vital for rural development

strategies.
3. The balanced growth of the agricultural sector can play an important
role in creating better conditions for those depending on this sector
4. Therefore, the government has rolled out new policies and programmes
to benefit all the farmers.
Following are some important government policies and programmes in
agriculture
1. Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)
3. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
4. Rainfed Area DevelopmentProgramme(RADP
National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
6. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

Que 1.8. Explain Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)

and its objective.

Answer
PradhanMantri Fasal BimaYojana(PMFBY):
1 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) is the government
sponsored crop insuranee scheme that integrates multiple stakeholders
on a
single platform.

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2 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMPBY) scheme was
launchedin
India by Ministry of Agriculture& Farmers welfare, New Delhi
Kharif 2016 season onwards.
from
3. It is actuarial premiumbased scheme under which farmer has to pay
an
maximum premium of 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi food & oilseed crone
and 5% for annual commercial/horticultural
crops.
4. The remainingpart of the actuarial/biddedpremium is shared equaly
by the Centre and State Government.
5. An of the scheme is to facilitate
important purpose quick elaim
settlement.
6. The claims should be settled within 2 months of harvest subject to
timely provision of both yield data and share of premium subsidy by
State Government.
Objectivesof the Scheme:
1. To provide insurance coverage and financial support to the farmers in
the event of failure of any of the notified crop as a resuit of naturai
calamities, pests and diseases.
2 To stabilise the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming
3. To encourage farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural
practices.
4. To ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector.

Que1.9.Explain Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

(PMKSY) and its objective.

Answer
1 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has been formulated
with the vision of extending the coverage of irrigation and improving
water use efficiency in a focused manner.
2. This scheme provides end to end solution on souree creation, distribution
management, ficld application and extension activities.
3. The CabinetCommitteeon EconomicAffairs approvedPradhanManti
Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)in its meeting held on lst July. 2013
4. It was launched for providing end-to end solutions in irrigation suppl
chain, viz., water sources, distribution network and farm level
applications.
but also
5. It not only focuses on creatingsources for assured irrigation,
micro level.
creating protectiveirrigation by harnessing rain water at
are as follows
Objectives ofthe Seheme: The major objectivesof PMKSY
1. To achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level.
2. Expand cultivable area under assured irrigation.

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1-8P (HSMC-Sem-7 & 8) Rural Planning& Development

3. Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage of water.

Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving
technologies(More crop per drop).
5. Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sust.ainable water
conservation practices by exploring the feasibility of reusing treated
municipal waste water for peri-urban agriculture.
6 Atract greater private investment in precision irrigation syste

Que 1.10. Explain Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY and

its objective.

Answer
1. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) is a sub-component of Soil
Health Management (SHM) scheme under National Mission of
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSAA).
2. It aims at development of sustainable models of organic farming through
a mix of traditional wisdom and modern science to ensure long term soil
fertility buildup, resource conservation and helps in climate change
adapatation and mitigation.
3. It primarily aims to increase soil fertility and thereby helps in production
of healthy food through organic practices without the use of agro-
chemicals.
4 PKVY also aims at empowering farmers through institutional
development through clusters approch.
5. PKVY trains farmers in farm practice management, input production,
quality assurance, value addition and direct marketing thrvugh innovative
means.

6. Participatory Gurantee System (PGS)-India programme is the key

approach for quality assurances under the PKVY.
7. The farmers have option to adopt any form of organie farming in
compliance of PGS-India standards.

Objectivesof the Scheme:

Promote organie farming among rural youth/farmers/consumers
traders.
2. Disseminate latest technologies in organie farming
3. Utilize the services ofexperts from public agricultural research system
in India
4. Organize a minimum of one cluster demonstration in a village.

9ue1.11. Explain Rainfed Area DevelopmentProgramme (RADP)

and its objective.

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Answer
1. Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP) was launched in the
year 2011-12 as a sub-scheme under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
(RKVY).
It aims at improving quality of life of farmers' especially, small and
marginal farmers by offering a complete package of activities to maximize
farm returns.
3. RADPfocuses on integrated farming system for enhancing produetivity
and minimizing risks associated with climatic variabilities.
Objectives of the Scheme: The broad objectivesof the scheme are:
1. Increasingagricultural productivityof rainfed areas in a sustainable
manner by adopting appropriate farming system based approaches.
2. To minimise the adverse impact of possible crop failure due to drought
flood or uneven rainfall distribution through diversified and composite
farming system.
3. Enhancement of farmer's income and livelihood support for reduction
of poverty in rainfed areas.
4. Convergence of relevant developmental programmes in project area for
optimal utilisation of resources by establishing an integrated and
coordinated system involving different sectors and institutions.

gue 1.12. Explain National Watershed Development Project in

Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) and its objective.

Answer
1. National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)
is a special central assistance programme for the benefit of cutivators
families living below poverty line.
2. The scheme of National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed
Areas (NWDPRA) was launched in 1990-91.

3 National Watershed Development Project in Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)

focus on the field activities for uplifting of the land use pattern of the
area and development of land and water resources.
Objectives of the Seheme: Objectives ofthe scheme are as follows
1. Natural Resource Management such as Soil & Water Conservation
Activities, Agronomie Conservation Practices, Run-off Management
Structures, Water HarvestingStructure.
2. To enhance cash flow through employmentgeneration.
To strengthen people's participation in project planning, implementation
3
and monitoring.

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1-10P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning& Development

To restore ecological balance of the catchments area through promotion

of in situ moisture conservation.
cultivators.
5. To improve the socio-economic status of the
6. Farm Production System.
7 Livelihood Support System.

National Mission for Sustainable Agricuture

Que1.13.| Explain
(NMSA) and its objective.

Answer
1. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) has been
formulated for enhancing agriculturalproductivity especiallyin rainfed
areas focusing on integrated farming,
water use efficiency, soil health
conservation.
management and synergizing resource
Mission which
2. NMSA derives its mandate from Sustainable Agriculture
is one of the eight Missions outlined under National Action Plan on

Climate Change (NAPCC).

Objectivesofthe Scheme:
remunerative and
1. To make agriculture more productive, sustainable,
climate resilient by promoting location specific Integrated/Composite
FarmingSystems.
natural through appropriate soil and moisture
2. To conserve resources

conservation measures.
based soil
adopt comprehensive soil health management practices
on
3. To
micro nutrients,
fertility maps, soil test based application of macro and
judicious use offertilizersetc.
efficient water
To optimize utilization of water resources through
management to expand coverage for achieving more crop per drop.
with
5. To develop capacity of farmers and stakeholders, in conjunction
other on-going missions.
of rainfed
6. To pilot models in select blocks for improving productivity NICRA
farmingby mainstreaming rainfed technologies refined through
and by leveragingresources from other schemes.
7. To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial
co-ordination for accomplishing key deliverables of National Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture under the aegis of National Action Plan on
Climate Change (NAPCC).

National Rural
Que 114. What is the mandate of MahatmaGandhi
Act (MGNREGA) ? What are the core
EmploymentGuarantee
of MGNREGA ?
objectives and goals

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Rural Development:A &P 1-11 P

(HSMC-Sem-7&8
Answer
Mandate of MGNREGA: The mandateof the MGNREGAisto
least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial yearrovide
to a
rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unakilaevery
work. anual
Core objectivesof MGNREGA : The core
objectivesof the MGNRPC
are:

1. Providingnot less than one hundred days of unskilled

a uaranteed employment in a financial
to
manual work as
year
rural areas per demand, resultingin creation of
as household in every
prescribed quality and durability; productiveasseta
2.
2. Strengtheningthe livelihood resource base of the
poor;
3. Proactivelyensuring social inclusionand
4. StrengtheningPanchayatiRaj
4.
Institutions.
Goals of MGNREGA:
The goals are:
1. Social protectionfor the most
vulnerablepeople living in rural India
guaranteeingwage employmentopportunities. by
2. Enhance livelihood security of the rural
wage employmentopportunitiesin works poor through generation of
assets. leadingto creation of durable
3. Rejuvenatenatural resource base of rural areas.
4. Create a durable and productiverural asset base.
5.
Empowerment of the socially
disadvantaged,especially,women
Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), through the
processes of arights-basedlegislation.
6. Strengthendecentralised,participatory
ofvarious anti-povertyand livelihoods planningthroughconvergence
initiatives.
7. Deepen democracy at the grassrootsby
Institutions. strengtheningPanchayatia

PART-5
Programmesin the Soeial Security.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

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1-12 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning& Deveiopment

Que 115. Enlist various policies and programmes undertaken by

government of India for the social security of rural sector.

Answer
1. Social Security is both a concept as well as a system.
2 It represents a system of protection of individuals who are in need of
such protection by the State as an agent of the society.
3. In 2015 Budget the government had announced following three social
security schemes in a bid to move towards creating a universal social
security system, targeted especially towards the poor and the
underprivileged. The three social security schemes are
A Atal Pension Yojana (APY) :
L APYcurrently is open to all Indian citizens in the 18-40 age group.
2 Under APY, there is a guaranteed minimum monthly pension for
the subscribers ranging between Rs. 1,000 and Rs. 5,000.
After the subscriber's demise, the spouse of the subscriber shall be
entitled to receive the same pension amount as that of the
subscriber until the death of the spouse.
After the demise of both the subscriber and the spouse, the nominee
of the subscriber shall be entitled to receive the pension wealth, as
accumulated till age 60 of the subscriber.
B. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY):
1 PMSBY offers accidental death and disability cover. A one-year
cover, it can be renewed annually.
2 Under PMSBY, the risk coverage available is Rs. 2 lakh for
accidental death and permanent total disability and Rs. 1 lakh for
permanent partial disability.
All individual (single or joint) bank account holders in the 18-70
year age group are eligible to join PMSBY.
The premium of Rs. 12 per annum is to be paid by the account
holder.
5. The scheme is being offered by Public Sector General Insurance
Companies or any other General Insurance Company.
C. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY):
PMJJBY is a one-year life insurance scheme, with a cover of Rs. 2
lakh.
2. It offers coverage for death due to any reason, and is available to
people in the 18-50 age group (life cover up to age 55) having a
savings bank account.
3. It comes at a premium of Rs. 330 per annum per member and is
renewable every year.

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4. The scheme is being offered by Life Insurance Corporationand
other life insurers

PART-6
Programmes in the Areaof Social Sector.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 1.16.| Enlist various policies and programmes undertaken

by government of India for the social sector.

Answer
Following are some rural development programmes in area of social sector
undertaken in India
1. 20-Point Programme.
2. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP).
3. Food For Work Programme (FFW).
4. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP).
5. Rural LandlessEmploymentGuarantee Programme(RLEGP)
6. Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY).
7. Selt Employment for the Educated UnemployedYouths(SEEUY
8. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP).
9 Indira Awas Yojana (TAY).

Que 1.17. Explain Twenty Point Programme (TPP) andi

objective.
Answer
and ws
. The Twenty Point Programme was initially launched in 1975
subsequentlyrestructured in 1982 and again on 1986. beer
2. With the introduction of new policies and programmes it has
finally restructured in 2006 and it has been in operation at prese

3.
Under this programme priority areas were identified, which requ
positive and immediate action. w

TPP-2006 are in harmony

4.
The Programmes and Schemes under
the prioritiescontainedin the NationalCommon Minimum Progr
amme

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the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations and SAARC

Social Charter.
5. The restructured Programme, called Twenty Point Programme - 2006
TPP-2006), was approved by the Cabinet on 5th October, 2006.
6 The 20 points of the Programme and its 66 items have been carefully
designed and selected to achieve the various objectives.
7. Many of the items of the 20-point programme fall within the preview
of State sector.
Objective of Twenty Point Programme:
The basic objective of the 20-Point Programme is to eradicate poverty
and to improve the quality of life of the poor and the under privileged
population of the country.
2 The programme covers various socio-economic
aspects like poverty,
employment, education, housing, health, agriculture and land reforms,
irrigation, drinking water, protection and empowerment of weaker
sections, consumer protection, environment etc.

Que 1.18. | Explain Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) and its

objective.
Answer
The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) was launched in the Fifth
Five Year Plan.
Its objective was to ensure a basic minimum standard of life for all
sections of people living in the rural areas of the country.
The strategy was to establish a network of facilities to attain an
acceptablelevel ofsocial consumptionin respect of selected items within
a stipulated time-frame.

Initially, there were eight components of MNP, viz., elementary

ducation, rural health, rural water supply, rural electrification, rural
roads, rural housing, environmental improvement of urban slums and
nutrition.
Adult education was added to the list of MNP components in the Sixth
Plan.
Rural domestic energy, rural
sanitation and public distribution system
were added during the
Seventh Plan.
While in some areas of MNP, great strides have been made since the
launching of the programme, for certain other components of the
programme, the extent of achievement are below acceptable levels.
Further, the inter -State differences in the levels of achievement still
remained very high.

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Objectives : The objectives to be achieved by the end of the Eighth Five
Year Plan are:
A Rural health :
1. One peripheral health centre for 30,000 population in plains and
20,000 population in tribal and hilly areas.
2. One sub-centre for a population of 5000 people in the plains and
for 3000 in tribal and hilly areas
3. One community health centre for a population of 100,000.
The establishmentof peripheral health centres, their up gradation
also come under MNP.
B. Nutrition:
1. To extend support of nutrition to 11 million eligible persons.
2. To consolidate mid-day meal program and link it to health, potable
water and sanitation.

Que 1.19. Explain Food For Work Programme (FFw) and its
objective.
Answer
1 The Food for Work Programme was launched in April 1977
2. The programme aims at generation of additional employme
opportunities in rural areas and creation of durable community assets
which would strengthen the rural infrastructure.
3. The workers were paid in food grains for the job performed by them
4. The scheme was for manual unskilled labor implemented with th
assistance of the Central Government by supplying free food grains
5. The enactment of this scheme is done by the Planning Commission a
consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development along with Sta
Governments.
6 The District Collector was the officer in charge at the district level an
will oversee planning, coordination and implenmentation of this schem
7. In 2006 the Food for Work Programme got merged with Mahatm
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act with many change
in policy enactment, implementation and control
Objectives of the Food For Work:
1. The primary objective was to save the lives of the poor by givingthe
food grains.
2. Secondary objective was to make thenm do some work for natio
building such as construction of roads Kacha to sem1 Kacha, clear
of debris and cleaning of historical monuments, ground work on so
irrigation and agriculture work etc.

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& 8)
1-16 P (HSMC-Sem-7 Rural Planning& Development

Que 1.20.| Explain National Rural Employment Programme

(NREP) and its objective.

Answer
1, The NREP was launched in 1980 with a view to significantly increase
employment opportunities in rural areas.
2. This was viewed as a major step towards poverty alleviation.
3. The NREP replaced the food for work (FFW) programme.
4. The function of NREP was:
i Creation of a large quantum of man days of work per year for the
unemployed and under employed in rural areas.
Creation of durable community assets to strengthen
infrastructural facilities in rural areas.
5. In all works under NREP, preference was given to landless labour.
6. NREP was centrally sponsored programme with equal sharing of the
expenditure by the centre and the states.
Objectives:
1 Generation of additional gainful employment for unemployed and under
employed persons (both men and women) in rural areas.
2. Creation of productive community assets for direct and continuing
benefits to the poor.
3. Improvement in the overall quality of life in the rural areas.

Que 1.21.| Explain Rural Landless Employment Guarantee

Programme (RLEGP) and its objective.

Answer
The RLEGP was launched in 1983-84.
2 While most of the objectives and stipulations under this were similar to
those of NREP, it was to be limited only to the landless, with guaranteed
employment of 100 days.
3. Programme design and implementation is almost identical to the NREP.
4. This was a centrally sponsored programme.
5. There was earmarking of funds specifically for certain activities
25 per cent for social forestry, 10 per cent for works benefitting only
the Scheduled Castes/Scheduled Tribes and 20 per cent for housing
under Indira Awaas Yojana.
6. The RLEGP was merged with the NREP in the 1989-90 annual plan.
Objectives: The RLEGP was launched with the objective of:

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1-17 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development: A &P
for the rural
expanding employment opportunities
1. Improving and to at least
guarantee of employment
landless with a view to providing to 100 days in a year.
landless household up
one member of every
the infrastructure so as to
2. Creating durable assets for strengthening
of the rural economy.
meet the growing requirements

Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY)

and its objeetive
Que 1.22.Explain

Answer
launched on 1989 by merging
April 1,
was
1 Jawahar Rozgar Yojna
1.
Program (NREP) and Rural Landless
National Rural Employment
Employment Programme (RLEGP).
Guarantee
central and state in 80: 20 ratios.
2 Expenditures were born by
line were the target group
for
3. The people below the poverty
employment.
Tribes
The preference was given to
the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
4.
and freed bonded labourers.
for
of the employment opportunities were reserved
5. Thirty percent
women in rural areas.
involved in the planning and implementation
6. Gram Panchayats were

of the programme.
Gram samridhi
7. Since April 1, 1999 this Yojna was replaced by Jawahar
Yojna.
Gram Samridhi Yojna was
8.
8. Later from September 25, 2001, Jawahar
Grameen Rozgar Yojna
merged with Sampoorna
Objectives:
yojana was additional gainful employment
1.
. main objectiveofandtheunder-employed
Thethe persons in rural areas
for unemployed
sustained employment by
2. The other objective was the creation of
favour
strengthening rural economic infrastructure and assets in
rural poor for their direct and continuing benefits.

for the Educated Unemploye

Que 1.28. ExplainSelf-Employment
Youths (8EEUY) and its objeotive.

Answer
for ta
1. During 1983-84, Govt. of India started Self-Employment
Educated Unemployed Youth (SEEUY) scheme.

2. This scheme was implementedwith cleargidelines regardingeligb

criteria and institutional mechanism.
rgets
Apart from this, the state-wise, district-wise and bank-wise targ
3
were also indicated.

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1-18 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Planning& Development

It introduced effective monitoring and evaluation of the scheme at
4.
various levels in order to promote self-employment for the educated
unemployed youth in the country through setting up of industry, service
and business enterprises of their own.
under the to the beneficiaries
5. Package of assistance made available
scheme include the provision of subsidy, loan on easy terms and
conditions, and provision of necessary information and guidance for
setting up of self-employedventures.
6. This scheme was implemented as a central scheme for a period of 11
and 1993-94.
years between 1983-84
(SEEUY) was
7. Self-Employment for the Educated UnemployedYouths
1994-95.
merged with Prime Minister's RozgarYojana (PMRY) from
Objective:
The objective of the scheme is to encourage the educated unemployed
1 in Industry, Services
youth to undertake self-employment ventures assistance.
and Business through a provision of a package of

Integrated Rural Development Programme

Que 124.| Explain
(IRDP) and its objective.

Answer
was first
The concept of an Integrated Rural Development Programme
for 1976-77. However
proposed in the Central Government Budget
1978-79.
the programme came into operation in
to the
2. The aim of the program is to provide employmentopportunities
to develop their skill sets so as to improve
poor as well as opportunities
their living conditions.
to people below poverty line,
3. Besides providing the necessary subsidies
their living standards.
this scheme also helps them to enhance
best yojanas to do away with
4 The program is considered one of the
those who fell below the poverty
poverty related problems by offering
opportunities.
line the necessary subsidies in tandem with employment
Rural Development Program (IRDP):
Objectives of the Integrated to enhance their
1. To help families who lie below the poverty line and
state of living.
To empower the poor by helping them develop at every level.
2
and inputs to its target groups.
3. Providing productiveassets
(1AY) and its objective.
Que 1.25.| Explain IndiraAwaas Yojana

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Rural Development:A&P 1-19P (HSMC-Sem-7&8

Answer
1. Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) was a sub-schemeof Rural Landless
the
Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP) and a social welfare
programme that was launched in 1985.
2 It was the flagship housing programme of the Ministry of Rural
Development and worked toward constructing houses for the below
poverty-line (BPL) population in rural India.
3. It provided grant for the construction of houses to members of Scheduled
Caste/Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labours and to non-SC/ST
category below the poverty line.
The beneficiaries are selected from the Below Poverty Line (BPL) list
approved by the Grama Sabha.
Objectives : The objectives of the Indira Awaas Yojana are listed below:
1. To provide support during the construction of houses in rural areas.
2. To support the construction of houses with adequate provisions,
including workplaces within the house.
3. To design the houses based on the requirements of the dweller.
use of and material that is affordable,
4 To
promote the technology
conductive for generating employment, environment-friendly and
sustainable.
5. To empower and encourage Panchayats to take a lead role at the
village level for the implementation of this housing scheme.

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2
UNIT
Rural Development
Programmes

CONTENTS
Part-1 : Sriniketan Experiment. *************°*********** ... 2-2P to 2-3P

Part-2 : Gurgaon Experiment .. *******°***********°***°*°°****** ...2-3P to 2-4P

Part-3 : Marthandam Experiment * **********...24P to 2-5P

Part-4 : Baroda Experiment... 2-5P to 2-6P

Part-5 : Firkha Development Scheme 2-6P to 2-7P

Part-6 : Etawah Pilot Project.. .2-7P to 2-8P

Part-7: Nilokheri Experiment.. .. 2-8P to 2-9P

Part-8 :
Approaches to Rural... *******o**************. 2-9P to 2-16P
Community Development
Part-9 : Approaches to Rural Community... 2-16P to 2-18P
Development : Tagore Approach
Part-10 Approaches to Rural Community. 2-18P to 2-20P
Development Gandhian Approach
Part-11 :
Approaches to
Rural Community. 2-20P to 2-20P
Development C. Subramanian
Approach

2-1P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

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2-2 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Development Programme

PART-1
Sriniketan Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.1. Write a short note on : Sriniketan Experiment.

Answer
1 During the time when Tagore was in charge of the family's estates i
East Bengal he was exposed to the poverty and oppression engulfing
the rural mass.
This whole scenario made him keenly sensitive towards these people
and he decided to pull them out from this poverty and oppression.
3. Tagore's ideological framework attracted Leonard Elmhirst, a Britisi
agronomist to come to India upon the invitation of Tagore to work witi
him.
They both began to formulate methods for social and economic change
To translate his dream into reality, the Institute of Rural Reconstructian
in Sriniketan was established in 1920.
The object of Sriniketan programme is to bring back life in its
completeness into the villages making them self-reliant and self
respectful. The objectives of the mission were
i. To win the friendship and affection of villagers and cultivators by
talking a real interest in all that concerns their lives and welfare
and by making a lively effort to assist them in solving their mos
pressingproblems.
1. To take the problem of the village and the field to the class room fot
study and diseussion and to the experimental farm for solution.
i. To put the students in the way of acquiring practical experience in

cultivation,dairy, animal husbandry,poultry keeping,carpentrs

and smithing, weaving and tannery; in practical sanitation wors
and in the art and sprit of cooperation.
iv. To give the students elementary instruction in the science connecte
with their practical work.
V. To encourage in the staff and students of the department itsell
spirit of sincereservice and willing sacrifice for the people of
surrounding villages.

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Rural Development: A &P 2-3P (HSMC-Sem-1& 8)

V1. To train the students toa due sense of
their own intrinsic
physical moral and in particularto teach them
and worth,
to do with their
own hands
everythingwhich a village householderor a cultivator
does or should do for a living, if
possible, more efficiently.
7 The experiment was
strongly supported by a team of
Bengalis. foreigners and
8. The Sriniketan programme covered
broadly four general areas:
agriculture, crafts and industries, village welfare and education.
9 The agriculturalactivities were based onthreephases
1. experiment;
.training, and
11. extension.
10. Extension activities were
given much priority. A DemonstrationPlot
was created to
imparttrainingand education to all the farmers through
real life situation.
11. One two
or
agriculturalworkers
from Sriniketan often used to go to
the villagesand farmers to
superviseall activities.
12. Dairy, poultry,pisicultureand
bee-keepingwere also some ofthe salient
activities associated with the experiment in view of augmenting the
rural resources and over all developmentof the villagers.
Significanceof Sriniketanprogramme
. The Cooperativemovement was a
significantaspect of the experiment.
2. Another con.cept Dharmagola'
reflectingthe principle of cooperative
was introduced in 1928 for the benefit of the villagers. During the
barvesting time, every family used to deposit some amount of paddy in
the respective Dharmagolaand in time of exigencies
they could buy
some after paying minimum interest within their affordability.
3. Mahila Samities (Women's Association) played a considerable role in the
economic and social welfare of the community.
Drawbacks:
This institute could not get Government help and support.
2. It could not do research work and hence the programmes remained
limited.

PART-2
Gurgaon Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

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2-4P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural DevelopmentProgrammes

Que 2.2. Write a short note on :Gurgaon Experiment.

Answer
1 Rural upliftment movement on a mass scale was first started by Mr. p
L. Brayne in 1920.
2. He was prompted by the backwardness, poverty and misery of the people
3. After seven years of study he developed a scheme called "The Gurgaon
scheme" with the following objectives:
i. To increase crop production,
i. To control extra expenditure,
ii. To improve the health,
iv. To develop the feeling of
women-education,and
v. Home development work.
4. He took the whole district as the field of
operationand approachedthe
area with every form of
propagandaand publicity.
5. Under his programme village guides'were
posted in each village, who
acted as the channel to pass on the information to
6. The programme introduced
villagers.
improved seeds, implements,methods of
cultivation,etc.
7. The activities introducedby
Brayne were
i A school of rural economy to train the
i. A domestic school of
village guides in 1925.
economy to train groups of women under
women and children welfare work in
1926.
ii. Health association,which ran five
health centres in the district.
iv. A women's Institute at
Gurgaon manage the ladies' garden in
to
Gurgaon.
Drawbacks:
1. As the village guides were not technical men, very little
value was achieved. permanent
2. The project could not develop
continue work when the village
leadership in the villages that would
3.
guides had left the villages.
This projectwas based upon the sentiments of
F.L. Brayne and when he
was transferred,
graduallythis programme stopped.
4. The main reason for the failure of this
were impOsed on the
programme was that the reforms
people, rather than initiated by themselves.

PART-3
MarthandamExperiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
Questions

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Rural Development : A &P 2-6P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)

Que 2.3. Write a short note on : Marthandam Experiment.

Answer
The work was commenced by Dr. Spencer Hatch an American
1
Agriculturalexpert in Travancore under the auspicious of YMCA in
1921.
The villages in Marthandam area were undeveloped economically and
2. the economic condition of the native majority was poor.
The main objectives of this project were:
3.
Spiritualdevelopment i. Mental development
ii. Physical development iv. Socialdevelopment
v.Economic development
Dr. Hatch implemented an all round development in agriculture, publie
health and education.
For this project, the extension secretary was appointed to supervise the
5.
activities of the group.
6. Marthandam was in a strategic position to serve the villages.
It kept prize bulls and goats, model bee-ives, demonstration plots for
improving grain and vegetable seeds, poultry runs with prize laying-
hens, a weaving shed, etc.
Inside the centre, there was equipment like honey extractors, health
charts and the items needed for other cottage vocations.
At the centre, cottage vocations were taught and agricultural implements
tested. The emphasis throughout was on self-help and co-operation.
In 1939
10. The suecessful output of this projectwas the Eeg-sellingClub.
which became a self governing body.
1. Another co-operative society was honey club, where the villagers were
taught the use of modern bee-hivesand extracted honey scientifically.
The honey was cured and marketed co-operatively.

Drawbacks:
The main shortcomings of the project were inadequate funds and
governmental help.
The whole programme was centred on a person and after the death of
Dr. Hatch, there was a conflict on the question of leadership.
Due to no economic advantage to the non-paid workers, this programme
could not survive.

PART-4
Baroda Experiment.

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2-6P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8) Rural DevelopmentProgramme

Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Question

Que 24.Write a short note on: Baroda Experiment.

Answer
1. This movement was started by V.T. Krishnachari in 1932 in the Baroe
state where he was Dewan at that time.
2. The first objective was to bring about a rapid increase in standards
living, industrialization and rapid expansion of the educational syste
3. The second objectivewas to increase agriculturalproduction
the provision of basic necessities.
throu
4. This Projectwas started in the district of Navsari in the Gujarat
State
5. Many programmessuch as gardening, poultry-farming,bee-keepin
spinning and weaving were organized.
6. Re-stabilization of Panchayatsand other programmes
were organized.
ofvillageprogree
7. The adult education had been extended.
Working System
By personaleducation and contact by the village guides.
2. To use the school teacher of village in the extension of
programme.
3 To use the traditional means of extension.

PART-5
Firkha DevelopmentScheme.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.5. Write short note

a on: Firkha DevelopmentScheme
Answer
The Firka DevelopmentScheme launched
by Madras Government
1946 aimed at the attainment ofthe Gandhian ideal of"Village
Swar
2. This schemeaimed at bringingeducational,economic,sanitaryandothe
a
of the
developmental activities in villagesand also revitalise the spiritou
people and make them self-confident and self-reliant.
3. Among Pre-Independenceproject,this was the biggestproject.

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Rural Development: A &P 2-7P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

4. The short term objectives of the scheme was to develop basic amenities
and an institutional framework for carrying out communication, water
supply, sanitation, formation of panchayats and cooperatives.
5 The long term objectives were to attain self-sufficiency in food, clothing,
shelter, developmentof agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi and village
industries.
6. The administrative machinery consisted of Director of Rural Welfare at
the State level, the Collector at District level, the Rural Welfare Officer
at Firka level and 5 to 10 Gramasevaks under him. Besides these, staffs
for Agriculture and Public Works were also provided for every Firka.
7. In 1953-54, when the Community Development Programme and
National Extension Service Programme were adopted by Madras State,
the Firka Development Scheme was merged with it.

PART-6
Etawah Pilot Project.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.6. Describe Etawah Pilot Project.

Answer
This project was started in 1948 by Mr. Albert Mayer of USA who came
to India with the American forces in 1944.
He was the originator of this project at a village called Mahewa in UP.
A pilot project for development of Etawah district in UP was formulated
by him with the following objectives:
i To know the degree of productive and social improvements, through
self confidence and cooperatives
ii. To find how quickly these results could be attained;
i. To know whether the results remain permanent even atter the
special pressure is withdrawn; and
iv. To assess how far the results were reproductive in other places.
4. In the project, development officers at various levels were posted.
5. At village level, there was a 'multi-purpose' village level worker (VL)
with four or five villages under him.
6. This programme works were, by and large, similar to earlier projects;
introduction of improved variety seeds, chemical fertilizers, improved
implements, plant protection measures, horticultural development, soil
conservation, improvedcultural practicesand the like.

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2-8 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development Programm

animal husbandry,cooperation, provi credit

7. There were projects in of roads, water supply,drain
narketing and supply,
improvements
aina
etc.
tour for farmers, villageleo
3. There were adult literacy programmes, etc.
mass contact programes,
training camps,
started in 64 villages. After one year the numk
9 Initially the work was went up to 97. In 1951, another t
of villages covered by the project
villages were included.
the National Extension Servin
10. This project was finally merged with
(NES) block.
in agricultu
convincingachievement of this project
was
11. The most
ticularly in wheat production due to adoption of improved productie
technologies.
12. This project solved the problem of unemployment and under
employments.
13. Successgainedin Etawah couldnot be maintained after Mayer'sdepartu
in 1957.

PART-7

Nilokheri Experiment.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.7. Describe Nilokheri Experiment.

Answer
1. It started during 1948 under the leadership of s.K.Dey who was thes
the Minister of Community
Development.
2. Its primary purpose was to develop a new township to rehabilita"
displacedpersons from West Pakistan.
3. The project was built in a swampy barren land around the
vocatio
training centre on the highway of Delhi and Ambala.
4.
4. S.K.Dey launched the scheme called 'Mazdoor
construction of township at Nilokheri.
new
Manzil'
5. This scheme gave
the
people
i. Training agriculturalimplementspreparation,
on

ii. Trainingon cottageindustries,

i. Training on carpentry etc.

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Development: A & P 2-9P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

Rural

6. Alongsidetechnical and vocational training, work centres were started

in the crafts like weaving calico printing, soap making, laundry, bakery,
tinsmithy,blacksmithy,general mechanies,leatherand a multitudeof
other crafts and trades.
7. The Nilokheri project was unlike any other village development project.
S. Its objective was to rehabilitate the refugees in a planned settlement
where they could get everything which is required for a town or a
village.
9. The colony had school, an agricultural farm, polytechnic training centre,
dairy. poultry farm, piggery farm, horticulture garden, printing press,
garment factory, engineering workshop, soap factory, etc.
10. Nilokheri was an excellent exercise in the planning of a town.

PART-8
Approaches to Rural Community Development.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.8.What do you understand by Rural Development?

Answer
1. Rural Development is the process of improving the quality of life and
economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively
isolated and sparsely populated areas.
2 Traditionally, rural development was centred on the misuse of land-
intensive naturai resources such as forestry and agriculture
3. However today, the increasing urbanisation and the change in global
production networks have transformed the nature of rural areas
4. Rural development still remains the core of the overall development of
the country.
5. More than two-third of the country's people are dependent on agriculture
for their livelihood.
6 One-third of rural India is still below the poverty line. Therefore, it is
important for the government to be productive and provide enough
facilities to upgrade their standard of living.
7 Rural development is a term that concentrates on the actions taken for
the development of rural areas to improve the economy.
8 However,followingfew areas demand more focused attention:
Education.

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Rural DevelopmentProgramme
(HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
2-10 P
Sanitation.
and
Public health
Women empowerment.
ii.
development (electricity, irrigation, etc.).
Infrastructure
iv. extension and research.
Facilities for agriculture
v.
Availability of credit.
vi.
vii. Employment opportunities.

and objectives of Rural

the importance
Que 2.9. Give

Development.

Answer
Development:
Importance of Rural not for the majority of the
only
Rural development is important overall economie
1.
in rural areas, but also for the
population residing
nation.
expansion of the
noticeable importance in the
is considered to be of
2. Rural development
nation.
process of the evolution of the
productivity, higher socio

3.
3. Itis a strategy that tries to obtainimproved economie development.
and in social and
stability
economic equality,
exists in roughily about
task is to decrease the famine that
The primary
. and to make suficient and healtay
70 percent of the rural population,
food available.
and footwear
task is to ensure the availability of clothing
5. The secondary recreational provision
environment and house,
medical attention,
a clean
communication.
education, transport, and
Development:
Objectives of Rural
and wages of rural people.
1 To improve productivity
increased and quick employment
possibiities
2. To guarantee
2. notable decline a
unemployment and bring
a
3.
3. To demolish
underemployment.
an increase in the standard of living of the underprivileges
4.
A. Toguarantee
population. healthcare. clesa
education,
the basic needs: elementary
6.
b. To provide
drinking water, rural roads, etc.
to rural development
Que2,10.| What aredifferentapproaches
India ?

Answer
There are no universally accepted approaches to rural development
1 time, space and culture.
is a choice influenced by of
overall development ru
The term rural development connotes
areas to improve the quality
oflife of rural people.

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Rural Development A &P 2-11 P (HSMC-Sem-7 & 8)

3. It encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village

and cottage industries and crafts, socioeconomic infrastructure,
community services and facilities and, above all, human resources in
rural areas.

4. Hence the types of approaches to rural development are as follows:

i. Broad front Approach.
. Sectoral Approach.
ii. ParticipatoryApproach.
iv. Area Development Approach.
V. Target Approach.
vi. Basic Needs Approach.
vii. Employment-oriented Integrated Approach to Rural Development.
.vii. Integrated DevelopmentApproach.
ix. Growth Center Approach.
X. Community-Driven Development (CDD) or Approach.
xi. Gandhian Approach.
xii. Tagore Approach.

Que 2.11.| Write a short note on : broad-front development

approach.

Answer
1. Community Development and Panchayat Raj were often described as
broad-front development strategies as they aimed at development of
villages covering all the major spheres like Agriculture, Animal
Husbandry, Rural Industries, Communication, Health, Education,
Women Welfare and Social Welfare.
2. In early fifties, rural development efforts began with broad-front
developmentapproach.
The Community Development Programmes (CDP) and National
Extension Service (NES) initiated in 1952 fell under this approach.
Though CDP, as a holistic approach, did not succeed as expected. The
impact of programme was ephemeral.
5. It could not make a dent into social fabric as was expected. The critics
also point out that:
i It brought about a great disparity between the rich and the poor,
. It hardly touched the problem of meeting the felt needs of the
people,
iii. It failed to bring about the process of modernization through social
education, and
iv. Lack of people'sparticipation.
In spite of the criticisms these programme's added a new dimension to
the process of change and generated community consciousness to solve
communityproblems

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Rural DevelopmentProgra
2-12 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Programm
broad-front development approach
was a significantapproaelh, wh
The
7
laid the foundation stone for
the upliftment of ruralIndia,
on: Sectoral Approach.
short note
Que2.12.Write a

Answer
in individual sectors like ed.
1. Sectoral development planning
health, housing and social security
are included in sectoral appre
development.
advocates compartmentalization of develom
This approach nent
2
different sectors.
this compartmentalized approach
3 Its inadequacies stem from
was rather critical on the food front. The
4 By 1960's the situation led to strategy for loes
for great concentration on food production
districts and areas capableofriel
potentialsectors and well-endowed
higher agricultural production.
More attention was paid in improving productivity per acre than
5.
extending the acreage.
6. For this purposeIntensiveAgricultureDevelopmentProgrammeAD
and Intensive Agricultural Area Programme (LAAP) were launched
7. Both IADP and IAAP constituted landmarks in the developmenm
agriculture.
8. The programmes placed agriculture on a qualitatively different fota
with wide ranging repercussions on rural scenario.
9. The programmes resulted in a spectacular breakthrough in a
agricultural production and productivity per hectare but at theex
of social equality and social justice.
Que 2.13.Write a short note on: Participatory Approach.

Angwer
1. This concept has been developed from Participatory Development
2. Participatorydevelopmentis a processthrough whichstakeholders
influence and share control over development initiatives, and over
decisions and resources that affect themselves.
3. ParticipatoryDevelopment(PD) is a processto engagelocalpopulatio
in development projects.
4 PD uses local decision making and capacitiesto steer
s anddefine
nature of an intervention.
5. PD aims at achievinga localized based
capitalaccumulation process
the skills developmentand local resources
6.
generation.
The essential feature of PD is social mobilization.
eng

7 PDgives a new self-confidencethroughwhich the community agemer

in more ambitious projectsinvolvingcollective action and man

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Development A & P 2-13 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

Rural

2.14. | Write a short note on : Area Development Approach.

Que

Answer
This approach contemplates that development of an area depends not
.
only the development of an
on adequate infrastructure network but
activated around the
also the way factors of the local economy
are

production infrastructure.

of spatial and functional

In other words, for development an area,
2 integration is necessary.
centers provide ideal locations for the provision
Thus, while rural growth are regarded as basic
their hinterlands
of infrastructural facilities,
multi-sectoral planning to achieve
planning units for integrated
integrated development of
an area.

area poverty into

consideration, provides a
The approach, while taking pattern of
4 sectoral activities as well as spatial
balance between various economic growth is being
however, it does not ensure that
growth; communities of the rural
areas.
classes and
shared by all
short note on: Target Approach.
Que 2.15. | Write a

Answer rural development

the lagging sectors/regions
of the social and
accommodate
In order to
1. re-conceptualized to highlight the improvement
was
life of a specialized group of
people. landless
economic
of marginal and small farmers,
The target group
comprised such as Small
2. labourers for whom special programmes
Farmers
agricultural and Marginal
Development Agency (SFDA)
Farmer were started.
(MFALDA)
Development Agency showed a better
results
group approach and
It was noticed that the target and
administrative

were satisfactory
information
facilities
where were reasonably strong.
arrangements imbalance.
organizational
correction of regional
was for the Area Development
This approach like Tribal
programmes
of Target Approach Programme
(HADP),
Many Area Development
(TADP), Hill
Development
Desert
Programme (DPAP),
Programme Programme
Prone Area Area Development
Drought Command
(DDP), and implementation.
Programme
in terms of
successful
CADP) were fairly
Needs Approach.
Write a short
note on : Basic
Que 2.16. |
minimum
the need for
a
Answer gives primacy to development
of
needs approach central
concern

The basic as a
the poor
standard of living of

planning
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2-14P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural Development

Prograe
armme
2. It therefore contributes to the formulation of a development st.
which aims at reducing poverty and inequality, promoting gr strate
employment and distributive justice.
3 The basic needs concept is a wider scope covering personal and .
consumption and also human rights, peoples participatio 306
tion, employme
and growth with justice.
4. The Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) in India was introd
1974 during the first year of fifth plan period.
5. The fifth plan proposedMNP with the objectivesofestablishing
netwo
of basic services and facilities of social consumptionin all areas
nationally accepted norms within in a specified time frame. up
6. It is essentially a programme of investment in human reson
development and seeks to improve the consumption of thosel
below povertyline and therebyimprovingproductiveeftficiencyof
and their quality of life.
pen
Que 2.17. Write a short note on: Employment-orientedIntegrte
Approach to Rural Development.

AnswerT
1. With a view to
overcome the limitations of earlier
approachesand
improvethe quality oflife of the poor livingin the rural areas, a muitilen
multi-sector,with multi-section conceptof integratedrural
developme
was launched in 1978-79.
2. The different programmes were
brought under single umbrella
IntegratedRural DevelopmentProgramme(IRDP).
3. It aimed at ensuringaccelerated welfare and
of the poor based on Gandhian developmentofthe poors
concept of Antyodaya.
4 Several programmes for providing
employmentto rural poor, namel
rural works programme, rural
employment
TRDP, Developmentof Women and Children inguarantee program
Rural Areas (DWER
and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) were
introduced.
Que2.18, Write a short note on :
Integrated Developme
Approach.
Answer
1. The developmentapproachby and large failed to addressthe que
area
ofinequalitiesin the distributionof employment,incomes and assel
2. In the context
been developed.
of this problemthe integrated
developmentappro
3. A mere
geographicalemphasis,as is the case with the area develo pme

approach, has been found to be inadequatein solvingthe prode

The Indianeconomy and social
structureare characterizedby despre
poverty, poor health conditions, illiteracy, wit
distributionof land and lack of exploitation,ine
infrastructureand public utilhue

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Rural Development :A & P 2-16P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

5 This means that the problem requires an approach that will take into
account all these factors in devising a comprehensive strategy to further
rural development.
6 The concept of"integrated rural development" came into vogue with the
need for a multipurpose thrust to rural planning.
7. It stresses that various facets of rural development, which have an
impact on rural life, are interrelated and cannot be looked at in isolation.
Thus, an integrated approach towards rural development is essential.
Que 2.19.| Write a short note on: Growth Center Approach.

Answer
1 It is most appropriate for planning integrated rural development.
2 Based on the principle of "equal accessibility"', this approach brings all
facilities, services and local administration within easy reach of the
population.
3. The growth center are equipped with the following facilities:
i Training center to impart practical training and build capacity to
enhance productivity ofagriculture and rural industries.
Mobile training-cum-demonstration unit to provide on the spot
training, repair and maintenance, services for agricultural and
industrial machineries.
i Marketing-cum-warehousing facilities for providing safe storage
d marketing of farm produce and cottage industries products.
iv. Forest and grass nursery to provide fruits, fuel, fodder and forest
cover.
Developmental school based on the " earning while learning
V.

principle".
vi Residential housing complex for workers in the project area.

Que 2.20. Write a short note on: Community-drivendevelopment

(CDD)or Approach.
Answer
1. It is derived from community-baseddevelopment(CBD).
2. The underlying assumption of CDD projectsare that:
i. Communities are the best judges of how their lives and livelihoods
can be improved, and
i. If provided with adequate resources and information, they can
organize themselves to provide for their immediate needs.
3. CDD programmes are motivated by their trust in people and hence it
advocates people changing their own environment as a powerful force
for development.

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2-16P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural DevelopmentProgram

By treating poor people as assets and partners in the devalo
process, CDD is more cost-effective compared to centrally-led
based programmes. N
5. CDD can also be supportedby
groups, facilitating
strengthening and financing
commu
community access to information, and promo
enabling environment through policy and institutional reform,

PART-9
Approaches to Rural Community Development: Tagore Appronek

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.21.| Write a short note on: Tagore approach to ru

community development.
Answer
Tagore as a great visionary realised the logical, scientific and realistic war
the solutions to problems associated with the lives of the rural mass.
A First phase of Rural Reconstruction- East Bengal
Experiment
1 Tagore came into direct contact with the rural Bengal afterbe t
the charge of their Zamindari estate at East
Bengal
2. It was during that period the idea of rural reconstruction
his mind. That was the beginning of his rural reconstruetie
came
programme.
3. His programme included health, education, cottage industnes
agriculture,fisheries,weavingetc.
4. He introduced the experiment of tractor for cultivation, furnar
potteries and ceramics,a husking machine for paddies.
5. An all-round developmentof a
village was his ultimate object
which to his mind was necessary for
making a self-sufficient
self-confidentsociety.
B. Rural Bank :
1. The concept of rural bank occupies a very significantplae
Tagore'sRural Reconstruction Programme.
2 While acting as a Zamindar, he observed that one
ot tn
ma

reasons of rural poverty was the ruthless exploitation by

Zamindars,the middlemenand the money lenders.
3. The only way to rescue the
villagerswas to lend money at aa ratee
lower interest.
With this objective,Tagore established Patisar Bank in
190

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A &P 2-17 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

Rural Development

C. Sriniketan Experiment:
1. The institution of Sriniketan was not an isolated experiment, but
an integral part of Tagore's total educational and reconstruction
work.
2. The objectives of the mission were:
To win the friendship and affection of villagers and cultivators
by talking a real interest in all that concerns their lives and
welfare, and by making a lively effort to assist them in solving
their most pressing problems.
To take the problem of the village and the field to the class
room for study and discussion and to the experimental farm
for solution.
ii.
ii. To put the students in the way of acquiring practical experience
in cultivation, dairy, animal husbandry, poultry keeping8
carpentry, and smithing, weaving and tannery; in practical
sanitation work; and in the art and sprit of cooperation.
iv. To give the students elementary instruction in the science
connected with their practical work.
To encourage in the staff and students of the department
itself a spirit of sincere service and willing sacrifice for the
people of the surrounding villages.
vi To train the students to a due sense of their own intrinsic
worth, physical and moral and in particular to teach them to do
with their own hands everything which a village householder
or a cultivator does or should do for a living, if possible, more
efficiently.
D. Rural Industries:
1. Tagore felt it necessary to revitalize the decadent cottage industries
and to train the local artisans and village youth so that they could
make use of the new innovations.
2. With this idea he set up Shilpa Bhavana at Santiniketan.
E Institute of Rural Reconstruction :
1 The Institute of Rural Reconstruction started operating through
two broad divisions of work.
2. It maintained a number of demonstration and service units
concerning agriculture, animal husbandry, cottage industries,
health, education and village organization.
3. The institute manifested itself in three different types of activities

namely research, extension and education.

F. Rural Library:
Rural library was an essential part of the rural reconstruction
programme of Tagore.
2. The utility of library has been always recognized by Tagore.
3. So, from the very beginning there was a central library for learning
and research.
Another local library to serve the local people and to grow interest
for reading and learning among them.

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2-18P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) Rural DevelopmentProgram

The most unique feature of this library system was the intr
5.
ofcirculating library in 1925.
It was actually a mobile library where one village worke
introduet
6.
door to door service by carrying books in a bag
rker used
give

PART-10
Approaches to rural community development: Gandhian Apprs.
proaek
Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Question

Que 2.22. Describe Gandhian approach to rural communi

development.
Answer
1. Gandhianapproachto rural developmentattaches supreme importa
to moral values.
2. It gives primacyto moral values
over material conditions.
3 The Gandhiansbelievethat the source of moral values in
generalliesi
religionand Hindu scriptures like the Upanishads and the Gita.
The concept of Rama Rajya' is the basis of Gandhiji'sidea of an ide
social order.
5. Gandhiji defined Rama Rajya as "sovereignty of the people based a
moral authority".
6 Followingare the basic tenents of the Gandhian ideal social order
A Ideal Village:
1 The villageis the basic unit of the Gandhianideal social ord
2. Gandhi'sideal villagebelongsto the Pre-British
Indian villages were period,wh
supposedto constitute the federation
selfgoverningautonomousrepublics.
3. Accordingto Gandhiji, this federation will be brought abn
not by compulsionbut by the voluntaryoffer of every viliag
republicto join such a federation.
4. The work of the central
the work of different
authoritywill only be to coora
village republics and to supervIse
manage things of common bas
interest,
as education,
industries,health, currency,bankingetc.
5 The central
authoritywill have no power to enforceits sionsd

villagerepublics the
B. Decentralisation: except moral pressure or powerot per
1. Gandhi firmly believes that village republics can be builto
throughdecentralisationof social and
politicalpower.

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Rural Development:A&P 2-19P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

2. In such a system decision-makingpower will be vested in the
Village Panchayat.
B. The representatives would be elected by all adults for a fixed
period of five years.
The elected representatives would constitute a council, called
the Panchayat.
5. The Panchayat exercises legislative, executive and judicial
functions.
6. It would look after education, health and sanitation of the
village
7. Resources for Gandhian approach to managing village affairs
would be raised from the villages.
8. The Panchayat would play its role in propagating the
importance of moral and spiritual values among the rural
people.
C. Self-sufficiency:
1. The village should be self-sufficient as far as its basic needs -

food, clothing, shelter and other necessities-are concerned.

2. The village should produce food-crops and cotton in order to
meet its requirements.
3. Some lands should also be earmarked for cattle and for a
playground for adlts and children.
Village economy should be planned with a view to providing
full employment to all the adults of the village.
5. Each man should be guaranteed employment to enable him to
meet his basic needs in the village itself so that he is not forced
to migrate to towns.
D. Industrialization :
1. Industrialization leads to passive or active exploitation of the
villages.
2. Industrialization replaces manpower and hence it adds to

unemployment.
3 In order to avoid such a catastrophe, village and cottage
industries should be revived.
They provide employment to meet the needs of the villagers
and facilitate village self-sufficiency.
5. Gandhians are not against machine per se ifit meets two aims:
self-sufficiency and full employment.
According to Gandhiji, there would be no objection to villagers
even the modern machines and tools
that they could
using
make and could afford to use.
E Trusteeship:
1. not institution of private property.
against the
Gandhiji was to what
But he wanted to restrict the right of private property
was necessary to an honourable livelihood.
yield
2. For the excess he prescribed the principle of trusteeship.

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Rural DevelopmentPro
2-20 P (HSMC-Sem-7 & 8)
Ogramn
the prineiple of trusteeship ine.
3. Gandhiji emphasized
economic affairs.
90cial
that all social property should .
4. He firmly believed held
trust.

PART 11
Development
Approaches to Rural Community
C. Subramanian Approach.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 2.23.Describe C. Subramanian approach to rural commu

development.
Answer
1. Integrated Rural Development according to C. Subramanian the t
FinanceMinisterof India,means 'A systematic,scientificand integ
use of our natural resources enabling every person to engagehimsei
a productive and socially useful occupation and earn an income t
would meet at least the basic needs'.
2. Integrated Rural Developmentis a strategy which focusesattentin
the rural poor and attempts to improve the quality of life of the we
sections of the society.
3 The strategy isjust not an attempt ofincreasing agricultural produrts
but ensuring that the poor and the weaker sections share the bene
of economic and social progress.
The concept of Integrated Rural Development came into voguew
need for a multi-purposethrust to rural planning.
5. It is a 'multi-level,a multi-sector,and multi-section
concept
6. As a multi-level concept, it encompasses rural development
levels in the spatial hierarchy such as the viable cluster of
a
communities, blocks and districts.
7. As a multi-sector concept, it encompasses agriculture, indusuy,,educa
health and transportation.
8. As a multi-section develop
concept,it encompasses socio-economic
mic
aev
ofthe r
of the target group of the weaker sections or sub-sections
population, such as, landless labourers, artisans, small farmet
farmers, ScheduledTribes and Scheduled Castes.

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3 UNIT
Panchayati Raj and
Rural Administration

CONTENTS
Part-1 : Panchayati Raj and Rural . ... 3-2P to 3-6P
Administration : Administrative
Structure : Bureaucracy, Structure
of Administration

Part-2 Panchayati Raj Institutions.. ********

3-6P to 3-11P
Emergence and Growth of
Panchayati Raj Institutions in India

Part-3: People and Panchayati Raj.. 3-11P to 3-13P

Part-4 : Financial Organizations in. ... 3-13P to 3-15P

Panchayati Raj Institutions
Part-5 Structure of Rural Finance. 3-15P to 3-18P
Part-6 : Government and Non-.. . 3-18P to 3-20P
Government Organizations/
Community Based Organizations
.. 3-20P to 3-23P
Part-7 Conceptof Self Help...99***ap*** ******

Groups (SHGs)

3-1 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

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8-2P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) PanchayatiRaj &t Rural Adminie

ministraton
PART1
Panchayati Raj and Rural Administration : Administroti..
Structure: Bureaucracy,Structure of Administration,

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.1. Explainthe structure of PanchayatiRajInstitutions

India.

Answer
1. Panchayati Raj (Council of five officials) is the system of locals
government of villages in rural India.
2. It consists of the
PanchayatiRaj Institutions (PRIs) throughwhich te
self-government of villagesis realized.
3. PRIs are tasked'witheconomic development,strengthening
and implementationof Central and State Government
socialjustie
Schemes
4 Part IX of the Indian Constitution is the section of the Constitutie
relating to the Panchayats.
5. It stipulates that in states or Union Territories with more than t
million inhabitants there are three levels of PRIs
i. The Gram Panchayatsat
village level: A Gram, meaning
village or a cluster of villages, is divided into a minimum of i*
constituencies depending on the number of voters the
Gram
having. From each of these constituencies one member is elet
Body of these elected members is called the Gram Panchayat
ii. The PanchayatSamiti at blocklevel: Panchayatsamit
rural local government (panchayat) body at the intermediate te
(taluka/mandal)level in India.
iii. The Zila Parishad at district level:
The Zila Panchav
District Council or Mandal Parishad or District
third tier of the PanchayatiRaj
Panchayatistn
system and functionsat the u
levels in all states. A Zila Parishad is an elected
body.
Que 3.2. Mentionspecificobjectivesand philosophyof Panc ancha"

Raj.

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Rural Development A & P 3-3 P(HSMC-Sem-7&8)

Answer

Specific
objectives:
Assistance to the economically weaker sections of the community.
1
2. Cohesion and cooperative self help in the community.
3. Development of cooperative institutions.
4. Development of local resources including the utilization of manpower.
6. Productionin agriculture as the highest priority in planning.
Progressive dispersal of authority and initiative both vertically and
horizontally with special emphasis on the role of voluntary organizations.
Promotion of rural industries.
Understanding and harmony between the people'srepresentatives and
people servants through comprehensive training/education and a clear
demarcation of duties and responsibilities.
Philosophyof PanchayatRaj:
The philosophy of Panchayat Raj is deeply steeped in tradition and culture
of rural India and is by no means a new concept.
Panchayati Raj Provideda systemofself-governanceat the villagelevel.
PanchayatiRaj Institutionsis the grase-rootsunitsofselfgovernment-
have been declared as the vehiclesof socio-economictransformation in
rural India.
Effective and meaningful functioningof these bodies would depend on
active involvement, contribution and participation of its citizens both
male and female.
The aim of every village being a republic and panchayats having powers
has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier
Panchayati Raj system to enlist people's participation in rural
reconstruction.

ie 3.3. What do you mean by Gram Panchayats ? Explain the

major functions of Gram Panchayats.

Answer
A Gram, meaning a village or a cluster of villages, is divided into a
minimum of five constituencies depending on the number of voters the
Gram is having.
From each of these constituencies one member is elected.
Body of these elected members is called the Gram Panchayat.
Size of the Gram Panchayats varies widely from state to state.
tis a democratic structure at the grass-roots level in India.

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3-4P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) PanchayatiRaj & Rural Adminie,

atktn
6. It is a political institute, acting as cabinet of the village.

7. The Gram Sabha work as the general body of the Gram Paneha
8. The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by the
the GramS hayat
Gram Satha
Functions of Gram Panchayats :
Preparation of Annual Plans for the development of the village Pana
area.
anchvry
2. PreparationAnnual Budget of Village Panchayat.
3. Mobilization of relief in natural calamities.

4 Removal of encroachments on public properties.

5. Organizing voluntary labours and contribution for community
works
6. Maintenance of essential statistics of villages.
7. Service or developmental function, such as promotion of educati
health, agriculture, etc.
8. Representative function, where the main role is to voice and repres
the opinion.
9. Regulatory and administrative functions, which consists ofreguiati
the conduct of individuals and institutions and also collection ofta

Que 3.4. What do you mean by Panchayat Samiti ? Explaint

major functions of Panchayat Samiti.

Answer
1. Panchayat samiti is a rural local government (panchayat) body att
intermediatetehsil(taluka/mandal)levelin India.
2. It worksfor the villagesofthe tehsilthat together are calleda developes
block.
3. It has been said to be the "panchayatof panchayats".
4. Typically,panchayatsamitiis composedof electedmembersofthear
the block development officer, members of the state's legislai
assembly, members of parliament belonging to that area, others
unrepresentedgroups(ScheduledCastes,ScheduledTribesand woune
associate members and the elected members of that panchayat blocs
the zila parishad.
5. The samiti is elected for five years and is headed
by a chairma
deputy chairman elected by the members of the panchayatsamit
6. One sarpanchsamiti supervisesthe othergram panchayats.
acts*

co-ordinatingbody betweendistrictpanchayatand gram paneu

ehayat

Functions of PanchayatSamiti
1. The main functions of the PanchayatSamitis are planning,e ecutn

and supervisionof all developmentalprogrammes in the

Blo

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Rural Development :A & P 3-5 P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

2. It also supervises the works of Gram Panchayats within its Jurisdiction.

3. It has to instill among people within its jurisdiction a spirit of self-help
and initiative and work for raisingthe standard of living.
4. It has to support for the implementationof developmentprogrammes.
5. It has the welfare and development activities in the fields of agriculture,
animal husbandry, health, sanitation, elementaryeducation,
cottage
industries and social.
6. It has to use the village housing project funds and loans.

Que 3.5. What do you mean by Zila Parishand ? Explain the major
functions of Zila Parishad.

Answer
1 The Zila Panchayat or District Council or Mandal Parishad or District
Panchayat is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system and functions at
the district levels in all states.
2. A Zila Parishad is an elected body.
Block Pramukh of Block Panchayat are also represented in Zila Parishad.
The members of the State Legislature and the members ofthe Parliament
of India are members of the Zila Parishad.
The Zila parishad is the top most tier of the panchayat raj system and
acts as the link between the state government and the village-level
Gram Panchayat.
Zila Parishad are Panchayats at Apex or District Level in Panchayat Raj
Institutions.
The Chairman of all the Panchayat Samitis under the district are the ex
officio members of Zila Parishad.
The deputy chief executive officer from General Administration
department at district level is ex-officio secretary of Zila Parishad.
. The chiefexecutive officer, who is an IAS officer or senior state service
officer, heads the administrative setup of the Zila Parishad

Funetionsof Zila Parishad:

1 It works as advisorybody for blocks.
2. It approves budget and plan of blocks.
3 It allots funds to the blocks.

4It approves budget and plan of blocks.

5 Secondaryeducationresponsibilityofthis council.
is the
6. It should advise Government in all matters relating to rural development
in the district.

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achieved under variou8 items in all the
7. It has to review the results
blocks
PART-2

Institutions Emergence and

Growth of Panchass
ayati
Panchayati Raj Institutions in India.
Raj

Questions-Answers

Type Questions
LongAnswer Type and Medium Answer

Que 3.6. Write a short note on: Emergence and Growtho

Panchayati Raj Institution in India.

Answer
1 Panchayati Raj was not a new concept to India.
2. Indian villages had Panchayats, which were having both executive and
2
judicial powers and used to handle various issues or disputesarisingin
the village area.
3. Gandhiji also held the opinion of empowerment of Panchayatsfor the
development of rural areas.
4.
4. Thus, recognizing their importance our Constitution makers includeta
provision for Panchayats in part IV of constitution.
5.
5. Article 40 confers the responsibility upon State to take steps to organ
Village Panchayats and endow them with powers and authority toenab
them to function as units of self-government. But it does not ge
guidelines for organising village panchayats.
6. Panchayati Raj formal organisation and structure was firsu
recommendedby BalwantRai committee.
the
7. The Committee, in its report in November 1957,
recommended
establishment of the scheme of 'democratic decentralisation', wh whid

ultimatelycame to be known as PanchayatiRaj.

8. It
recommended for a three tier system at village,block and
and it also recommendedfor direct election of
district
ayat

villagelevel pancna
9. Rajasthan was the first state to establish Raj Nagad
Panchayati at
district on October 2, 1959.
10. After this, Ashok Mehta Committeeon Panchayati
nted"

December 1977.
Raj was appo

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11. In August 1978 submitted its report with various recommendations to

revive and strengthen the declining Panchayati Raj system in the country.
12. Its major recommendation were two tier system of panchayat, regular
social audit, representation of political parties at all level of panchayat
elections, provisions for regular election, reservation to SCa/STs in
panchayats and a minister for panchayati raj in state council of ministers.
13. Further, G VK Rao Committee appointed in 1985 again recommended
some measures to strengthen Panchayati Raj institutions.
14. LM Singhvi Committee appointed in 1986 first time recommended for
the constitutional status of Panchayati Raj institutions.
15. In response to the recommendationsof LM Singhvi committee,a bill
ntroduced in the Lok Sabha by Rajiv Gandhi's government in July
1989 to constitutionalize Panchayati Raj Institutions, but the bill was not
passed in Rajya Sabha.
16. After this P V Narashima Rao's government introduced a bill for this
in Lok Sabha in September,1991 and the bill finallyemerged as
purpose
the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 and came into force on
24th April, 1993.

short note Balwantrai Mehta Committee.

Que 3.7. | Write a on:

Answer
1 Balwantrai Mehta Committee the first Committee set up in 1957 to
was
look into the problems of democratic decentralization in independent
India.
2.
The Committee was asked to report on community development projects.
in the direction of
3. The Committee made far reaching recommendations
and rural reconstruction.
democratic decentralization
programme was not
4 It pointed out that the community developmentand that in the absence
successful because it failed to evoke local initiative
of local initiative and interest development
would not be possible.
fundamental principles:
5. The committee laid down followingfive
There should be three tier structures
of local selfgovernmentbodies
to the district level and these
bodies should be linked
from village
together.
to
of power and responsibility
There should be genuine transfer
responsibility.
enable them to discharge their
these bodies to
bodies to enable
should be transferred to these
resources
i. Adequate
them to discharge their responsibilities. at all
schemes and programmes
iv. All welfare and developmental bodies, and
channelled through these
three levels should be

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3-8P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8) Panchayati Raj &

Rural Administrati
tion
facilitate further devolution an
. The three tier system should
in future.
disposal of power and responsibility
66. The committeeenvisaged three tire system of P'anchayatsknowna
Gram Panchayat and recommend
Zilla Parishad, Panchayat Samiti and
encouragement participation in community work, promoti
of peoples'
of agriculture and animal husbandry,
promoting the welfare of e

weaker sections and women through

the Panchayats.
For the first, time the Committee made recommendations for co-optins
7.
of two women who are interested to work for women and children
However, like the rest of the male members, women were not to te
8
elected but were to be co-opted.
9. The recommendations of the Balwantrai Mehta Committee came inte
into
effect on 1" April 1958.
10. Rajasthan was the first state to implement it on 2nd October 1959.

Que 3.8.Write a short note on: Ashok Mehta Committee.

Answer
1 In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on
panchayati raj institutions under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta.
2. It submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations
to revive and strengthen the declining panchayati raj system in the
country.
3. Its main recommendationswere
The three-tier system of
panchayatiraj should be replacedby the
two-tier system,that is, zila
parishadat the district level, and below
it, the mandal panchayat consisting of a group of villages with 3
total populationof 15,000to
20,000.
i Adistrietshould be the first point for
supervisionbelow the state level. decentralizationunderpopul"
ii. Zila parishad should be the
for planningat the district executive body and made responsibie
level.
iv. There should be an official participationof
levels of panchayatelections. political parties ata
. The panchayatiraj institutions
taxationto mobilise their own should have compulsorypowers
financial resources.
4. Due to the collapseof
the JanataGovernmentbefore the
its term, no action could be completion
taken on the
Mehta Committee. recommendationsof the Ashu
Que 80.Writeashort note on:
G VKRaoCommittee.

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Answer

1 The Committee to review the existing

AdministrativeArrangements
for Rural Developmentand PovertyAlleviation
chairmanshipof G.V.K. Rao was appointedby theProgrammes
under the
in 1985. PlanningCommission
The Committee came to conclusion that the
process developmental was
graduallybureaucratisedand divorcedfrom the PanchayatiRaj.
3 This phenomenaof bureaucratisation of
developmentadministration as
against the democratisation weakened the Panchayati Raj institutions.
Hence, the Committee made the following recommendations to
strengthenand revitalisethe PanchayatiRaj system
i The district level body, that is, the
Parishad should be of pivotal Zila
importance in the scheme of democratic decentralisation.
. The Panchayati Raj institutions at the district and lower levels
should be assigned an important role with
respect planning,
to
implementation and monitoring of rural development programmes.
ii Some of the planning functions at the state level should be
transferred to the district level planning units for effective
decentralized district planning.
iv. A post of District
DevelopmentCommissioner should be created.
He should act as the chief executive officer of the Zila
Parishad and
should be in charge of all the
development departmentsat the
district level.
Elections to the PanchayatiRaj institutions should be held regularly.
Thus the committee, in its scheme of decentralised system of field
administration,assigned a leading role to the PanchayatiRaj in local
planning and development.

Que 3.10. Write a short note on: LM. Singhvi Committee.

Answer
1 L.M. Singhvi Committee is one of the committees related to Panchyati
Raj in India.
2.
L.M. SinghviCommittee is
committee on revitalisation of Panchayati
a
Raj Institutions for democracyand development.
3 In 1986, Rajiv Gandhi government appointed the committee under the
chairmanship of L.M. Singhvi.
4 It made the following recommendations
i The Panchayati Raj institutions should be constitutionally
recognised, protected and preserved.

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to ensure regular,fre
11 It also suggested constitutional provisions
bodies.
and fair elections to the Panchayati Raj
cluster of villages
be established for a
ii. Nyaya Panchayats should
iv. The villagesshouldbe reorganisedto make Gram Panchayatsmore
viable. It
also the importance of the Gram Sabha and
emphasised
democracy.
called it as the embodiment of direct
have more financial resources.
N The Village Panchayats should
established in each state to adjudicate
vi Thejudicialtribunals should be
controversiesaboutelectionto the PanchayatiRaj institutions,their
dissolution and other matters related to their functioning.

Que 3.11. What are the various features of 73rd Amendment Act,

1992?
OR
Write a short note on: 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.

Answer
1 The 73rd Amendmentto the Constitutionenacted in 1992 added a new
part-IX to the Constitution.
2. It also added a new XI schedule containing list of 29 functional items for
Panchyats and made statutory provisions for the establishment,
empowerment and functioning of Panchayati Raj institutions.
3. Some provisions of this amendment are binding on the States, while
others have been left to be decided by respective State Legislatures at
their discretion.
4. The salient features of this amendment are as follows
i Organization of Gram Sabhas;
Creation of a three-tier Panchayati Raj Structure at the District
(Zila), Block and Village levels;
i. Almost all posts, at all levels to be filled
by direct elections;
iv. Minimum age for contesting elections to the
institutionsbe twenty one years Panchayati Raj
V. The post of Chairman at the District and
Block levels should be
filled by indírect election;
vi. There should be reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes
ScheduledTribes in Panchayats,in
proportionto their
and for women in Panchayatsup to one-third seats; population
vii. State Election Commissionto be set
up in each State to conduct
electionsto PanchayatiRaj institutions;
vii. The tenure of PanchayatiRaj
institutionsis five years, if dissolved
earlier,fresh electionsto be held within six months; and

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(HSMC-Sem-A&8)
ix AState FinanceCommissionis to be set up in each State every five
years.
Following are some of the provisions, which are not binding on the
States, but are
only guidelines
Giving representation to the members of the Central and State
legislatures in these bodies;
Providing reservation for backward classes; and
i The PanchayatiRaj institutions should be
given financial powers in
relation to taxes, levy fees etc., and efforts shall be made to make
Panchayats autonomous bodies.
Que3.12. Mention various issues that Panchayati Raj|
Institutions are facing.

Answer
Following are various issues that Panchayati Raj Institutions are facing
1 In India the panchayats has minimal powers to generate revenue. They
do not have the powers to levy taxes and therefore they are hugely
dependent on the State Government for funding. Therefore it is just aa
functional autonomny.
2. The State Finance Commission is meant to ensure an effective
mechanism for the panchayati raj institutions. However, the
recommendations of the State Finance Commission are not accepted.
3. No state or U.T. have transferred all 29 functions or subjects to the PRI.
This clearly shows that in India the panchayats are merely an extension
of the State and are not like a separate administrative unit.
4. Institutional structures like the district planning boards, created to
expedite decentralised planning, are either non-functional or do not
give priority to PRIs.
5.
Limitedeffortshave been made to empower electedPRI representatives
with their constitutional functions; the focus has mostly been on trainings
on the schemes and
programmes.
6. Even after the legislative of keeping the panchayats clean from politics,
there still exists influence of the bureaucracy and the political parties.

PART-3
People and Panchayati Raj.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer 1ype Questions

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3-12P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
participation in
Panchayati Raj?
ue 3.13. Howto ensurepeople's
Answer
initiative in the field of
evoke local interest and excite local
L To is necessary.
development people'sparticipation in panchayat
PRls can be strengthened.
2 By enhancingpeople'sparticipation s
in strengthening people participation
3 Followingcircumstances helps
in PRIs
A Strengthening the Gram Sabha:
to all
L The Gram Sabha is the only forum which providesopportunities
and suggest what can and need
the adult villagersto directly participate
to be done for their own village and how.
2. In all other forums, people are substituted by "1leaders" elected or
otherwise.
3. Only a strong Gram Sabha can ensure "the acquisition of the capacity in
the many to regulate authority".
If not made accountable to the community, Gram Panchayats have a
tendencyto become Sarpanch Panchayats.
5. Gram Sabha serves to keep Gram Panchayat accountable.
B. Developing strong leadership of women and Dalits:
Reservation of seats in Panchayats for women and Dalits has given
them an opportunity to participate in development process.
2 However most of them are illiterate and have to comply with social
taboos and patriarchalvalues. So, it is not
easy for them to actively
participatein developmentproceSs.
3. To overcome this special programmes of awareness
generation,
attitudinal changes and skill
women and Dalits. development should be conducted for
They should be made an integral part (from
process beginning to end) of any
5. The lack of
adequate informationabout their roles and
inhibitswomen Panchayatleadersto responsibilities
function effectively.
6 Better informationdissemination
and support and
community and NGOs are effective means encouragementfrom
of building up women and
SC/ST leadership.
C.
EnablingPanchayatsto have controlover their own
1. IfaGram Panchayatis capable resources
of
participationin Gram Sabha getsdoing effectivework for village
22.
peoples
enhanced.
A number of
provisionshave been incorporatedin
strengthenfinancialsituationsof PRIs. the ConstitutionD

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3. PRIs have been empowered to levy and collect taxes/fees.

Central and State governments provide mostly tied (scheme specific)
funds to Panchayats.
5. However panchayats do not have control over their own resources.
6. If provided actual control over all the physical and natural resources
lying in their respective geographical areas, panchayats can easily
mobilise tens of millions of rupees as their own revenue.
D. Establishing linkages between Community Groups and PRIs:
Besides statutory bodies like GP and GS, there are a number of
community groups in almost every village.
For effective collaborations of community organisations and PRis, the
GS should be made aware, active and strong.
3. These community groups should have close interaction with specialised
standing committees of GPs.
In this regard, project-based committees should be strengthened to be
more effective, autonomous and participatory.

Que 3.14.What are various enabling aspects of direct participation

in PanchayatiRaj Institutions?
Answer
Grassroots democracy can only be strengthened through people's
participation.
2. The PRIs should be given encompassing responsibility and authorities
over local matters and be held accountable for those matters by their
voters (the Gram Sabha).
3. It must be ensured that women and dalits participate actively and
effectively in the local self-governance.
4. The state-led and other types of project committees should collaborate
with PRIs and PRIs should provide a space to these community
organisations.

PART4|
Financial Organizations in Panchayati Raj Institutions.

QuestionsAnewer
Long Answer Type and Medium Anawer Type Questions

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3-14P (HSMC-8em-7& 8)

Que 3.18. Diecuns the eurrent finanelal posltlon of PRIs In India.

Answer
Renource moblliantion by the PRln i
1. All PRls have a poor flscal base.
generally limited.
Therefore it is essential to provide
PRI« with revenue raining powern of
2.
excosaive dependonce on the Stata
their own in order to reduce their
and Central Governments.

But till such time that they are financially

dependenton funds from the
3.
should specify the amount
State Governments, the State Budgots
under Panchayati Raj as also their
earmarked for district sector plans
distribution among the three tiers.
of a State's Plan be devolved on local
4 It is suggested that 30-40 percent
bodies.
should be in the form of untied funds
5.
5. In addition, a part of the finances the Panchayats
so that the funds can be
utilised as per the folt needs of
functionaries is essential.
6. Training and capacity buildingof PRI
accompanied by suitable
7. Devolution of financial resources must be
transfer of departmental functionaries
strengthening of PRIs through
Commissions in Panchayati
Que 3.16. | What is the need of Finance Commissions.
Finance
Raj Institutions ? Also give the objectives of

Answer
Need of FinanceCommissions resources of

1. There has been a concern with regard to the adequacy of functions

to be commensurate with the
the Panchayati Raj Institutions
that have been allotted to
them.
have
committees and commissions that were appointed
2. The various for
are not available
concluded that adequate finances
generally
allotted to the PRIs.
performing the functions
resources made
freedom to tap and utilise the
33. Theyalso do not have the have funds for
to them according to their needs, nor do they
available
discriminatory expenditure.
resources of
for increasing the quantum of financial
4. There is scope
PRIs. the
Commissions have been appointed in order to improve
5.
5. The Finance
PRIs.
financial position of the
Commissions:
Objectives of Finance income and expenditure of
regard to the finances-
1. To collect data with
the PRIs.

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Rural Development:A&P 3-15 P (HSMC-Sem-1&9

To study the structure and functions allocated to the Panchayati Raj
Institutions at different levels and their performance.
To analyse the resource situation with regard to the functions allocated
to the PRIs.

To analyse the implications ofthe existing situation ofPRIs in relation to

the 73rd amendment.

PART-s|
Structureof RuralFinance

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Mediunm Answer Type Questions

Que 3.17. Give the structure of rural finance in India

Answer
The rural finance market comprises of:
A Organized or formal segment:
L The formal segment consists of the Reserve Bank of India (RBD, National
Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Public and
Private Sector Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB), Land
Development Banks (LDB), State Cooperative Banks (SCB), Central
Cooperative Banks (CCB), Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks
PACB), Central and States Governments, Life Insurance Corporation
LIC), Post Office Savings Bank, etc.
2. RBI is responsible for overall monetary policy and provides
accommodation to NABARD and IDBI for agricultural and Rural
Industriesrespectively.
These institutions in turn provide refinance to commereial banks
including RRB's and SCB's and State Land Development Banks (SLDBs).
4. The refinance from NABARD is distributed to the rural entrepreneurs
through two or three tier cooperative structures respectively for long
Lerm, short term and medium term lending. In case of commercial banks
and RRB's they refinance directly to the users.
5. Except LDB's and PAC's, all financing agencies collect deposits from
rural households. Post office saving banks are active in rural areas.
B. Unorganized or informalsegment:
1. Relatives and friends : Borrowers obtain their loans more promptly
from relatives and friends and loans are virtually interest free.

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3-16P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)

the main
informal source credis of
2 Money lenders: Money lenders are
rural areas people
do not hav
household in India. Because in
for rural
access to banks and
other financial institutions
and Commission agente
3. Traders and Commission Agents:Traders
farmers. Much of their financin
contact with the
in village are in direct for purchase of producta
nature of advance payment
is really in the
various government organization
Which are the
Que 3.18. in India ?
in the field of rural finance
working

Answer
1. Reserve Bank of India (RBID: The
Reserve Bank of India is India's
under the jurisdiction of Ministryof
central bank and regulatory body
India.
Finance, Government of
Rural Development
National Bank for Agriculture and
2 for overall regulation
(NABARD) : NABARD is an apex regulatory body
banks in India. It is under
of regional rural banks and apex cooperative
Government of India.
the jurisdiction of Ministry of Finance,
33. Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) : Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are
government owned scheduled commercial banks of India that operate
at regional level in different states of India.
4 Land Development Banks (LDB) : A land development bank is a
special kind of bank in India. The main functioning of this bank is to
developthe agricultureand tried to avoid the land corruption.
5. Cooperative Banks: The rural co-operative credit system in Indiais
primarily mandated to ensure flow of credit to the agriculture sector. It
comprises short-term and long-term co-operative credit structures. The
short-term co-operative credit structure operates with a three-tier
system:Primary AgriculturalCredit Societies(PACS) at the village
level, Central Cooperative Banks (CCBs) at the district level and State
Cooperative Banks (SCBs) at the State level.
Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) : LIC is àn Indian
statutory
insurance and investment corporation. It is under the ownership
Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
o

Que 8.19. Write a short note on: National Bank for Agriculture
and Rural Development(NABARD) and its Vision and
Mission.
Answer
1. The importanceof institutionalcredit in boosting rural economy has
been clear to the Governmentof India right from its early stages
planning

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Development : A & P 3-17P (HSMC-Sem-1& )

Rural
Therefore. the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) at the insistence of the
Government of India, constituted a committee to look into these very
critical aspects.
The Committee was formed on 30 March 1979, under the Chairmanship
of Shri B. Sivaraman, former member of Planning Commission,
Government of India.
The Committee submitted its interim report on 28 November 1979.
It outlined the need for a new organisational device for providing
undivided attention, forceful direction and pointed focus to credit related
issues linked with rural development.
Its recommendation was formation of a unique development financial
institution which would address these aspirations.
Thus formation of National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
NABARD)was approved by the Parliament through Act 61 of 1981
8 It was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister
Smt. Indira Gandhi on 05 November 1982.
Vision: Development Bank of the Nation for Fostering Rural Prosperity.
Mission : Promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural
development through participative financial and non-financial interventions,
innovations, technology and institutional development for securing prosperity.

Que 3.20.| Discuss Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) and their

objectives.
nswer
InMid-1970's it was realised that more systematic and concentrated
efforts were needed to strengthen the flow of institutional rural credit,
with a view to developing the rural economy by providing for the purpose
of agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and other productive activities
in rural are as particularly to the small and marginal farmers, agricultural
abourers, artisans and small entrepreneurs.
The Working Group under Shri M. Narasimham recommendedthe
establishment of a new type of institution to supplement the efforts of
commercial and cooperative institutions in the rural sector.
To begin with such rural banks were to be established in regions were
the existingcredit structure was weak. This marked the beginningof
Regional Rural Banks.
The RRBs have achieved considerable degree of success in taking
banking services to the remote areas which had hitherto remained
unhanked and making available institutional credit to the weaker sections
in these areas.

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Adminie.
Rosral
3-18P (HSMC-Sem-7&8
hank and apart from
as a
commercial
,
EveryRRB functionsterm it is enprwered t
loans direetly,
short term and long
savings allied activities, retail tee

loans for
agriculture,
They sanction
small industríes ín the rural sector of small and e
the target group
specifically
cover

rural artisans ete.,

under the Irde
They also
farmers,
landless labourers,
extending credit
to the v
Programme by
Rural Development
rural areas.
the poor in the financial
asaistance to er
also extending
are their financial ta
These banks to strengthen
local region
institutions of the Regional Rural Banks were
Objeetives :
The main objectives ofthe
rural mases, partieularly in
1 Take
1. banking to the doorsteps of the
without banking facilities.
eredit to the weaker sectin
institutional
Make available cheaper
2.
society. them for sBupporting prodiuer
and ehannelise
Mobilise rural savings
3.
activities in rural
areas.
areas.
opportunities in the rural
4.4. Generate employment

cost of providing rural credit.

5. Bring down the

PART 6
and Non-Government Organizations/ Community
Government
Based Organizations.

Questions-Answers

Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que8.21. Which are the various government organizations

are associated with rural development ?

Answer
Develop
. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and Ministry of Rural
are aociated with rural development.
wiEn
2 The individual community in the village can interacts
orthe
followinglevel:
i.The Gram Panchayats at village level.
i. The Punchayat Samiti at block level.

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ii. The Zila Parishad at distriet level.

Departments of Government: The Ministry of Rural Development
consistsof two departments, viz,,
A Department of Rural Development:
The department run three national-level schemes Pradhan Mantri
Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for rural roads development,
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) rural employment and
for rural housing, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).
It handles the administration of District Rural Development Agency
2.
DRDA), and has three autonomous organisationsunder it:
Council of Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology
(CAPART).
i. National Institute of Rural Development(NIRD).
ii. National Rural Road Development Agency (NRRDA).
B. Department of Land Resources:
The Department of Land Resources
runs three national-level programs

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development

Component).
Record Modernization Programme.
2 Digital India Land
3. Neeranchal National Watershed Project.

Describe the need for non-government organizations

Que 3.22.
in India?
(NGOs) working in the field of rural development

Answer
as it involves continuous
1 Rural development is a complex process scientific
traditional values with
reorientation and adaptation of welfare of
to enhance quality
of life and
knowledgeand technologies
the people.
which can bemodernization
2. It is essentially a problem of change in of the people in
with the active participation
handled effectively only
every stage of decision-making
and enable to be active
3. For this tohappen people have to be organized
participants of the development process.
operates, this job cannot be
4 Given the manner government machinery
servants.
performed by the government Non-Giovernmental Organizations
5, suited to the artieulation of
DSrole is appropriately
have emerged as viable
forces for the
NGOs) which
people's needs and grievances. NGOs
been to encourage
policy has also
6. Recognizing this government
development.
to participate in the task of rural

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3-20P(HSMCSem7& PanchayatiRaj &t Rural Administrs

Que333 DescribeCommunityBesed Organizations(CBON

Aswer
1 Communitybased organizations(CBOs)are nonprofitgroups that
at a local level to improve life for residents.
2 Tbe focus is to buld equality across society in all streams.
3 CBOs are typically, and almost necessarily, staffed by local memben
community members who experience first hand the needs within the
neighborboods.
4Besides being connected geographically, the only link between s
members and their interests is often the desire and wilingness to be
5. In CBOs occupational skill sets and experience are greatly diverse.
6. Work conducted by CBOs generally falls into the themes of huna
services, natural environment conservation or restoration, and urta
environment safety and revitalization. Examples include:
i Affordable housing,
i Food security,
Environmental protection/conservation,
iv. Communitysustainability,
v.Humanitarian/disaster
response,
Medicalrelieffunds.

| PART-7
Conceptof Self Help Groups (SHGs).

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 3.24. What are Self Help Groups (SHGs) ? Describe the
functions of SHGs.

Answer1
1. Self-HelpGroups(SHGs) are informalassociationsof peoplewho chos
to come together to find ways to improve their living conditions.
2 It can be definedas self governed,peer controlled information groupo
peoplewith similarsocio-economicbackgroundand havinga desire
collectivelyperformcommon purpose.

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A &P -21 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

Rural Development:
Villages face numerous problems related to poverty, illiteracy, Ii
skills, lack of formal credit etc. These problems cannot be tackled at an
individual level and need collective efforts.
Thus SHG can become a vehicle of change for the poor and marginalized.
SHG rely on the notion of Selit Help" to encourage self-employment
and poverty alleviation.

Functionsof SHGs
Income generation for the poor.
L
2 Access to banks for poor, financial inclusion.
33. A pressure group in Gram Panchayats.
4 Social Upliftmentof marginalsections.
5 Upliftment of women.

Que 3.25.|WhySHG are a necessity in rural development?

Answer
is the lack of access or limited
One of the chief reasons for rural poverty
access to credit and financial
services. SHGs play a vital role in giving
is extremely crucial in poverty
credit access to the poor and this
alleviation.
women because SHGs help
2 They also play a great role in empowering
sections build social capital.
women from economically weaker
3.
Financial independencethrough self-employmentopportunitiesalso
factors such as literacy levels, improved
helps improve other development
healthcare and better family planning.
of SHGs ?
the various benefits
Que3.26. What are

Answer
Pollowingare the various benefits of SHGs: efforts for combating
collective
5ocial integrity SHGs encourages
:
ete.
practices like dowry, alcoholism
women and inculcates leadership
SHGs empowers actively in gram
2 Gender Equity: women participate more

skillamong them. Empowered

sabha and elections. enables
process
in governance
3. :SHGs participation of open
Pressure Groups dowry, alcoholism, the menace

is5ues such as
them to highlight health care etc and
impact policy decision.
delecation, primary the beneficiaries ot
Voice to marginalized
section: Most
weaker and
marginalized of
have been from social
government schemes SHGs ensures
through
hence their participation
communities and
justice.

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8-22 P (HSMC-Sem-7&8) PanchayatiRaj & Rural Adminiatr.

& Financial Inclusion: Priority Sector Lending norms and
istration
aasur
of returns incentivizebanks to lend to SHGs. The SHG-Banke
programme pioneered by NABARD has made access to credit eae
reduced the dependence on traditional money lenders and oth
institutional sources. other non
Alternate source of employment:SHGs eases
dependenen
agricultureby providingsupport in setting up micro-enterprisea.
personalisedbusines8ventures like tailoring, grocery, and tool ro
shops. repair
7. ChangesIn ConsumptionPattern It has enabled the
:
households to spend more on education, food and health
participati
clienthouseholds. than Kanon
Bankingliteracy:It encouragesand motivates its members to
and act as a conduit for formal banking servicesto reach sa
save
them,
Que 3.27.| What various
are
problems associated with Self Heh
Groups (SHGs)?
OR
What are the various weaknesses of
SHGs ?
Answer
1. Members of a group do not come
2.
necessarilyfrom the poorestfamilies
Many of the activitiesundertakenby the SHGs are
skills.With poor value additionand still basedon primitive
such activitiesoften do not lead to prevalence subsistencelevelwag
of
of group members. any substantialincreasein the incom

There is a lack of
could help in skill
qualifiedresource personnelin the rural areas
members.
upgradationor acquisitionof new skills by grow
4. Poor accounting
practicesand incidentsof misappropriationof fund
5. Lack of resources and meansto market their
6. SHGs are heavily goods.
dependenton their promoterNGOs and governn
agencies.The withdrawalof support
often leads to their collapse.
Que 3,28,Givesome measures to make SHGs more effective
Answer
1. The Governmentshould create a growt'

and supportiveenvironmentfor tnesa

developmentof the SHG movement. It should play the i
facilitatorand promoter.
2 ExpandingSHG movement to credit deficientareas of the cou

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Rural Development: A & P 3-23 P (HISMC-Sem-7 &8)

3. Rapid expansion of financial infrastructure by ndopting oxtensive IT

enabled communicationand capacity building
meusures
Extension of Self-Help Groups to Urban/Peri-Urban Areas. Efforts
4.
should be made o increase income generation abilitie8 of the urban
poor
5. SHG monitoring cell should be established in every state.
6. Commercial Banks and NABARD in collaboration with the State
iovernment need to continuously innovate and design new financial
products for these groups.

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4UNIT
Rural Development

CONTENTS
Part-1 : Need for Human Resource.. 4-2P to 4-2P
Development
Part-2 : Elements of Human Resource...4-2P to 4-4P
Development in Rural Sector

Part-3: Dimensions of HRD for Rural .......****** 4-4P to 4-5P

Development Health

Part-4 Dimensíons of HRD for Rural . ******* 4-5P to 4-6P

Development - Education

Part-5 : Dimensions of HRD for Rural.. 4-6P to 4-7P

Development Skill Development

Part-6 Dimensions of HRD for Rural .. 4-7P to 4-7P

Development Training
Part-7 Nutritional Status... 4-7P to 4-8P

Part-8 Access to Basic Amenities. 4-8P to 4-10P

Part-9 Population Composition 4-10P to 4-12P

4-1P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

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-2P (HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development

Need for Human Resource

PART1|
Development.
Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer
Type questions

Que 4.1. What do you understand by Human Resource

Development (HRD) ? Enumerate the need for human resource
development in rural sector.

Answer

Human Resource Development(HRD) is the major function of Human

Resource Management.
Human Resource Developmentis defined as the policiesand programns
that support for equitable opportunities.
3. It is necessary for continuing acquisition and
application of skill and
knowledgewhich is beneficial to individual organization and is equally
beneficial to the community.
Human resource development in India consist of urban development a
well as the rural development.
Need for human developmentin rural sector:
resource
L Human Resource Developmentis broadlydefined as increasing people's
knowledge, awareness and skills.
2 It plays a significant role in the development of individuals and families.
3. Many of the rural poor lack marketable skills, which severely limits
their opportunities for earning.
On a wide scale HRD can improve socio-economic outcomes for families
and entire villages.
5. Ths is especially beneficial for men and women who do not have high
levels of formal education and/or are operating micro-enterprises to
support their families.

PART-2
Elements of Human Resource Development in Rural Sector.

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Hural krvelopment A&P

43P HBMCBemA4

questiona-Answers

Medium Answer Type uestions

Long Anewer Type nnd

elements of Human Resoures

Que 4.2. Outline the key
Development.
Answer
1. láppitt han developed a model which consists of the elements of a Hz
wystern Fig, A.2.1.They are:

Direct Seedback on performance Role clarity

and meaningful appraizal Work group relations
Clear work gpas .Opporturnityfor leaning
Yewer cntrols Individualizedidentity
Relating work and life goals
Job freedom
Involvement in decinion making Meaningful support from
Bupervisor

The individual
Work itelf more growing through
renponwibílities roles and
relationships

HRD 8ystem

Work output Organisational

quality of functions and
production structures open
system

.Enlargedreuponmibilitien Climate for creativity

Intergroup collaboratíons 2 way communications
Reward for quality
Goal attainment
Ability to change
Systems perspective
Respect for individual and
organizationaldevelopment
Bupervisor
Fig. 4.2.1. Elements of HRD systems.

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4P(HSMC-Sem-7& 8)
Rural Development
The work itself which generatesa
1
higher degree of
for the workforce. responsibility
individualwho grows personallyand
The
The work output of improved quality professionally.
.

responsibilities. resulting from increased

Organisational
functions and structures built in an
(concern
for both individual and
organisationaldevelopment).
open system
2
Thiis. componentsor elements
the of HRDs are the individual
the organisationaldevelopment and the work growth,
output.

|PART-3
Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development- Health.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.3. Explain the concept of Human Resource Development

Dimensions.
Answer
1 The notion of human resource development dimensions is very
complicated as it has interconnections with several approaches and has
nvoivement of variables of multiple natures.
2 In terms of building resources of an rural area the dimensions of human
resource development are of primary importance.
Human resource development dimensions occupy the central position
In
geographicalstudy of a rural area.
t is the basis upon which other kind of development for peace and
prosperity of population of rural area depend.

Que 44. Write a short note on : Human Resource Development

Dinension Health.
Answer
elements or characteristics of
nension refers to the constituent
human resource8.
extent, component, aspect or
ch S for size or number, nature, resource.
haracteristics of humanor population

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Rural Development:A&P 46P (HSMC-Sem7&

an the dimensione
3 Development Report has considered health
Human
of population and stressed that the assessment of it in ennential in the

progress of human resource development.

dimension conmista both the
4 Health as a Human Resource Development
individual.
of an
physical and mental health
of the body, its composition
5. Physical dimension refers to the state
etc.
development, functions, maintenance,
healthy ereative abilities of
Mental dimension refers to right, fit and
6
mind.
of health are the essential
7. The physicaland mental dimensions
components of human resource
development and play instrumental
intellectual growth of an individual
role in every kind of physical and
resource ingredients relating
to the
address about how the human
8.
Both and mental of individuals change or stay
the same over
physical aspects
time.
The overall performance of human resource development is the result
9.
of both the physical and mental health which is found varying during
different stages of life span of an individual.
10. Health is an important indicator of human resources development
becausean improvementin health promoteslearning, improves stamina,
and increases energy output.

|PART-4
Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development- Education.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.5. Write a short note on: Human Resource Development

Dimension - Education.

Answer
1. Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of
human resources.
2. It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or
characteristics of human or population resource.
3. Human Development Report has considered education as the dimensions
of population and stressed that the assessment of it is essential in the
progress of human resource development.

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4-6P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Development

This dimension is eSsentially meant for enhancing, upgrading, improving

4.
and increasing the status of mental or intellectual capability such as
learning, memory, reasoning, thinking, competence and other
intellectual capacity of an individual.
5Education is important for raising or developing knowledge, skills, talents
5.
attitude, aptitude, awareness and other creativity and ability of individual
persons.

Education is one of the most important characteristics of qualitative

6.
dimension of human resources.
Education enhances knowledge, skills, energies, interest, attitudes,
7.
aptitudes and other inherent qualities of people.
Education plays a vital role and give new vistas in eradicating poverty
8.
and mental isolation of the people in the society.

|PART-5
Dimensions of HRD for Rural Development Skill Development.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

short note Human Resource Development

Que 4.6. Write a on :

Dimension Skill Development.

Answer
Dimension refers to the constituent elements or characteristics of
human resources.
2 It stands for size or number, nature, extent, component, aspect or

characteristics of human or population resource.

3. Human Development Report has considered skill development as the
the assessment ofit is essential
dimensionsof populationand stressed that
in the progress of human resource development.
4. Skill development can take place through formal and nonformal learning
process.
5. Skill development is the process of developing intellectual and physical
capabilities of individual for use in socially produetive spheres to serve
the needs of the people in a society at large.
6. Skill development is the qualitative dimension of human resource
development.

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4-7P (HSMC-Sem-7&
Rural Development:
A &P
knowledge, talenta
for developing
Skill development
is important
creativity and ability of individnal
7. and other
awareness

attitude, aptitude,
persons.

PART6
Development
Training.
Rural
Dimensions of HRDfor

Questions-Answers

Questions
Answer Type
Answer Type and Medium
Long

Resource Development
Que 4.7.Write a short note on
: Human
Dimension Training.

Answer of
constituent elements or characteristics
Dimension refers to the
1 human resources.

extent, component, aspect or

2. It stands for size or number, nature,
characteristics of human or population
resource.

as the dimensions
3. Human Development Report has considered training
assessment of it is essential in the
of population and stressed that the
progress of human development.
resource

Training is the qualitative dimension of human resource development.

ete. of
5. Training helps in development of experience,knowledge,talents,
an individual
6 Training can take place through formal and nonformal learning proces.

PART-7
Nutritional Status.

Questions-Answer
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Quentions

Que4.8. Write a short note on: Nutritional Status.

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L8P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development

Answer

1
Natritionalstatus 1s a measure of the health condition of
affectedprimarily by the intake of food and utilization an
s
as individual
of nutrients.
2
Cood nutritional status can only be realized and sustained when
individualswithin families and comnmunities
are food-secure.

3. Food security is defined as access by all

necded for a healthy life.
at people all times to the food
AFood security has three importantdimensions:
Adequate availability of food supplies;
Assured access sufficient food for all
to
individuals;and
i Its proper utilization to provide a proper and balanced diet.
5 Nutrition is one of the
important components of human resource
development.
6. A well-nourished,healthy workforce is a
pre-conditionfor sustainable
development.
Nutrition plays critical role in human resource
a
deficiencies in developmentsince
essential nutrients lead to malnutrition,which affects
an
individual's mental and physicalstate, resulting in health and poor poor
work performance.
Healthier people can transform their energy into productivitymore
efficientlythan undernourished people.
Better health and nutrition can immediately increase the workers'
current strength,
energy and ability to concentrate on job and thereby
increases the
productivityof workers.

PART8
Access to Basic Amenities.

Questions-Answers
Lng Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.9. Write Access to

a short note on: Basic Amenities.
Answer
to basic amenitieslike drinking water, sanitation,olectricity.
using, drainage and others are crucial to the well-being as they
ribute to physical and material comfort and quality of life.

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4-9 P (HSMC-Sem-7 &8)

Rural Development: A &P
health, environment and providing
2 They also benefit by ensuring better
activities.
opportunities for other useful
and programmes in India to
3 There have been several initiatives, plans
amenities.
improve the access to basic Nirman wa
rural areas, the Bharat
For the development of India's in the areas of
is proposed
launched. Under Bharat Nirman, action
rural water supply, rural electrification
irrigation, road, rural housing,
and rural telecommunication connectivity.
Urban Amenities
5.
5. Another landmark initiative is the
launch of Provisionof
to Rural Areas (PURA).
in India.
6. PURA is a strategy for rural development
scheme are the provision of livelihood
7. The primary objectives of the the rural-
amenities in rural areas to bridge
opportunities and urban
urban divide.
who's needs improvement:
Following are various basic amenities
access

Access to Drinking Water Facility:

lack access to drinking water.
40 percent of rural households in India
lack access to drinking water.
i 20 percent of urban households in India
i This shows a huge divide between urban and rural India in terms of
access to drinking water a key indicator for development.

22 Access to Sanitation Facilities:

Lack of adequate sanitation is a pressing challenge in rural India
for
Lack of adequate sanitation forces households to use open space
defecation, which is an acute problem especially for women and young
girls
to sanitation is therefore appropriately included in the
ni Improvingaccess
Millennium Development Goals.
& Access to Electricity use for Domestic Purpose:
Although official estimates indicate that 85% of Indian villages are
electrified, fewer than 60 % of Indian households actually consume
electricity.
Until recently, the main policyhas been to extend the grid to villages in
rural areas in order to emphasise productive uses for agriculture.
have
i Today, there is a new emphasis on making sure rural households
access to and adopt electricity.
iv.
Household electrificationdepends on householdcharacteristics,the
degreeofcommunityelectrification,and the qualityof electricitysuppl
4 Access to Quality Housing
The right to adequate housing recognised as a basic human right.
is
i
of the Government of India in this regard is Indir"
The flagship scheme
Awaas Yojana.

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10P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development
Inspite of this there is housingshortagein rural India.
Access to Drainage Arrangement:
5.
Good health is closely related to the status ofwater supply and drainage.
The high rate of incidence of death and disese
in rural area can be
attributed to lack of proper drainage.
Hence specialand immediate attention towards drainagearrangement
in the house is needed in rural areas.

PART-9
PopulationComposition.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 4.10. What is meant by population composition ?

Answer
To understand the role of people as a resource, we need to know more
about their qualities.
2 People vary greatly in their age. sex, literacy level, health condition,
occupation and income level.
3 It is essential to understand these characteristicsofthe people.
4 Population composition refers to the structure of the population.
6. The composition of population helps us to know how many are males or

Temales, which age group they belong to, how educated they are and
What type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels
and health conditions are.
ofa country
6.
An interesting way of studying the population composition
1s by looking at the population pyramid, also called an age-sex pyramid.

do they help in
ue 4.11.| What population pyramids ? How
are
?
derstanding about the population of country
a

Answer
A population pyramid is a graphical illustration
of the distribution of a
it typically forma the shape of a
POpulation by age groups and sex;
Pyramid when the population is growing

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Rural Development: A &P 4-11 P (HSMC-Sem.

The shape of the population pyramid tells the story of the peonia
2. eople liwin
in that particular country.
The numbers of children (below 15 years) are shown at the boton
3. om and
reflect the level of births.
The size of the top shows the numbers of aged people (above 65 n.
4 year
and reflects the number of deaths.
5. The population pyramid also tells us how many dependents there a.
are im
a country.
6. The population pyramid of a country in which birth and death rates h
are high is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top
7. This is because although, many children are born, a large percentage
them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are
very few old people.
8. This situation is typified by the pyramid shown for Kenya.

Age
75+
70-74
Males Females

65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9

04 10 8 0 24 6 10
Percent
Fig, 4.11.1.
9. In countrieswhere death rates (especially are

amongst the very young)

decreasing, the pyramid is broad in the younger age groups, becau use

more infants survive to adulthood.

10. This can be seen in the pyramid for India. Such populations contan
relatively large number of young people and which means a strong an
expanding labour force.

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-12P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural Development

Age
75+
70-74 Males Females
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44

35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24

15-19

10-14
5-9
0-4

10 8 6 2 o 2 6 8 10
Percent
Fig. 4.11.2

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5 UNIT
Rural Industrialization
and Entrepreneurship

CONTENTS
Part-1 Concept of Rural Industrialization... ..5-2P to 5-P

Part-2 Gandhian Approach to.. .5-4P to 5-TP

Rural Industrialization

Part-3 Appropriate Technology . 5-7P to 5-9P

for Rural Industries

Part-4: Entrepreneurship and .5-9P to 5-11P

Rural Industrialization

Part-5 : Problems and diagnosis of.. .. 5-11P to 5-13P

Rural Entrepreneurship in India

Part-6 Women Entrepreneurship.. 5-13P to 5-16P

Part-7 Developmentof Small.. ..5-16P to 5-18P

Entrepreneurs in India

Part-8 Need for and Scope of.. ..5-18P to 5-20P

Entrepreneurship in Rural Area

5-1P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)

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HSMC-Sem-7& 8) Rural Industrialization&

5-2P (HS
Entrepreneurship

PART 1
Concept of Rural Industrialization.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 5.1. Explain the concept of industrialization in rural India.

OR

Write a short note on: Concept of Rural Industrialization.

Answer

1 The concept of Rural Industrialization encompasses facilitating avenues

of employment in non-farm activities on a widely dispersed basis nearer
to the place of living of the poor.

2.
Rural industries are non-farm activities that depend on rural resources,
and are primarily meant for employment generation through effective
utilization of locally available resources, human power and technologies.
3. are by nature small-scale and are usually based in villages. Hence,
Theyare addressed as rural industries.
they popularly
Since employment generation is one of the essential objectives of rural
4
industries, they usually work with the philosophy of production by
masses.
and
Rural industrialization aims at reducing unemployment levels,
enhancingthe individual and household incomes.
the financial
the scale of activities of rural industries is small,
Dnce
requirement is also usually small
outside agriculture,
ral industrialization includes economic activities to small
size from households
ed out in villages and varying in
factories.
tiny, villageand small-
ne examples of these activities are cottage, and services of various
e manufacturing and processing industries;
kinds
obsolescence,
Howe rural industrialization suffers from technological
ever, inconsistent quality, drudgery
and
dePrductivity, inefficieney,
dependence pon nature'sclemency.
10. To overcom
these need innovation or improvisation in technologies
usednme
we
used in rural
industries.

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Rural Development:A 5-3P (HSMC-Ser

&P em-1&
ue 5.2. Give the significanceof rural industrialization.
Answer
The significanceof rural industrialization are as follow
1. lhey can slow down urban migration and thereby ease the prohia
urbanization. ems
2. They lead to improvementin environment by reducing the concentrat
of industrial units in big cities. ratiom
3. They can increase rural income and generate non-farm employmens,
ent t
the farmers.
4. They can reduce both skilled and unskilled unemployment.
5. They can promote balanced industrialization by avoiding e
industrial concentration.
sSive
6. They are based on the local needs and can better meet the loea
consumption needs.

Que 5.3. Explain the reasons of slow growth of rural industries

in India.

Answer
Following are probable explanations for the slow growth of ru
Industries:
1 Inadequacy of financial assistance in the development plans.
2. Ineffective common production programmes and assistance to smal
units.
3. Mismatch of technology upgradation, training and skill formation.
4 Lack of effective linkageswith other sectors.

Que5 Give the positive and negative impacts o

industrialization in rural India.

Answer
A Positive impact of industrialization:
L Lowcost of
production : The introductionof industries has led to
decrease in the cost of productionof many essential items. The decre
in cost is the result of economyof large scale
production.
2 Self-sufficient: Rural industries helps made pople ienti
providing their basic needs. self-sutfiae
Employment: The ruralindustrializationis consideredas avehiiclefr
the generation of productive employment and income for tne
poor.

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(HSMC-Sem-
7& 8) Rural Industrialization&Entrepreneurship
AP

ed A
Improvea criculture:In the modern age efficient
hich is done with the
is that, which help of machine and agriculturalsystem
mechanicaldevices.
B.
Negative
Negativ
Impacet of Industrialization:
cottage industry: With the advent
of
the decline of ourheavy mechanical
. Dech

industries began the chapter of

industries.
village cottage
Mass migration from rural areas: Another attack is that with the

atio ion of heavy

pulation
mechanize
would. start
industriesinthe urban areas, the
mass-migration town and
into
rural
cities, thereby
making the unemploynment problem more acute and complex.

nletion naturalresources:Due to industrialization,there

of natur
letion of
is
3 nt depletionof natural resources.
consta Since, large industriesare spread
r
Over many acres of land, agricultural lands and forests are often cleared
to make available the required land.
Pallution : Large industries emit many harmful gases into the
environment. The introduction of harmful chemicals into air leads to air
Dollution. The noises that it produces leads to noise-pollution.

PART-2
Gandhian Approach to Rural Industrialization.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que5.5. Write a short note on: Gandhian approach to rural

industrialization.
Answer
MahatmaGandhi as a visionaryof India, had a very clear perceptionof
its villages.
ie believedthat India will have villages,not in towns.
to live in
nj's approachto India'srural developmentwas holistieand people
nred. It was rooted in his conviction in the tenets of truth, non-
v1olence and the
goodness of human-beings.
mced more emphasis on moral and spiritual values than economie
uOLVes as a means of overall development.
.He found that the ogress of the country development lies in the of
majority of its ruralprog
villages,
rural economy,industryand rural skills.

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Gandhiji found the only way of bringing hope of good living to the
people is by making the village the central place in the ee
programme.
Rural development as outlined by Ganhji contained self-suffiei
interdependencefor other wants, and developmentof villageind

Que &6. What are the various values and premises of Gandhi
Model of rural development?
Answer
The Gandhian Model of rural development is based on the foloi
values and premises
Rural India is found not in its cities, but in its villages.
2 The revival of villages is possible only when the villagers are ezploit
no more. Exploitationof villagers by city dwellers was violene
Gandhiji'sopinion.
3. Simple living and high thinking, implying voluntary reduetionet
materialistic wants, and pursuitof moral and spiritual principles
ofl
4 Dignityof labour:everyonemust earn his breadby physicallabour,an
one who labours must necessarily get his subsistence.
5. Preference to the use of swadeshi products, services and institutions
6 Balance between the ends and the means: Gandhiji believed that ner
violence and truth could not be sustained unless a balance betweenth
ends and the means was maintained.

Que 5.7.What are the principal components of the Gandhian

Model ?

Answer
Theprincipalcomponentsof the GandhianModel are:
L Self-sufficientVillageEconomy:
Gandhijiinsistedon the self-sufficieneyof Indian villages.
i. Self-sufficiencywas advocated by him as a basic principleoflife becaux
dependencebrings in exploitationwhich is the essence of violence
ii. He suggested that villages should produce their own food, clothing 3
other articles needed for meetingtheir basic needs.
iv. He insisted on the promotion of
village or cottage industries
handicraftsbecause they can provide employment,necessary to 3
the basic needs of the villagersand also facilitate D
villageself-sufficien
2 Decentralisation :
Gandhi firmly believes that village republics can be built only thro
decentralisation of social and political power.

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56P (HSMC-Sem-7&
Rural Industrialization&Entrepreneurship
In such a system decis
decision-making
Panchayat rather trthan in the Statepower will be vested
and the national in the Village
representatives
The representativ would be elected all
by
capital.
he elected
five years. The adults for a fixed
representativeswould constitute perind
the Panchayat. a couneil, called
The Panchayat xercises
legislative,executiveand judieialfunetions. It
V.
ld look after education,health and sanitationof
the village.
3 Panchayati Raj:
i Candhijienvisagedthat each villagein India would be a
dhe village panchayatwould have the full power of republic,where
including defense. managingits affairs.
. He expected the panchayatto perform the legislative,executive and
iudicialfunctionsnecessary for smoothfunctionsof the village economy.
iVarious developmentalactivtiessuch as education,health and sanitation
would also be taken up by the village panchayat.
4 Khadi and Village Industries:
For Gandhiji,khadi was an instrument of decentrahzationof production
and distribution of the basic necessitiesof life, and of ensuringwork to
all.
He also favoured the promotion of other village industries, such as hand
grinding, hand pounding, sop making, paper making, mental making.
oilseed crushing, tanning, ete.
ii. He advocated the use of manual labour and opposed the introduction of
machined, fearing that they would displace human labour. But he
appreciated the role of new technologiesif they were appropriate
indigenous,and did not effect the levelof employmentand standardof
iving.
5. Cooperatives:
of rural
i Gandhiji saw a great virtue in cooperationas an instrument
development.
He assigned specific roles to cooperatives in the field of agriculture,

commending the promotion of cooperative farming and thereby

preventing further fragmentation of landholdings.
of other types of cooperatives,
He also advocated the establishment and
weavers spinner'scooperatives and
Such as credit cooperatives,
dairy cooperatives.
Trusteeship: of transtorung the
uandhiji considered trusteeship an instrument
one.
Capitalist order of societyinto an egalitarian
community, and
In to God, that is, the
s opinion,all the land belonged should be
other natural resources

erefore he advocated that land and

for, the welfare of the community.
ectively owned and
by, operated

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Rural Development: A &P 5-7P (HSMC-Sem-78&R

ii. Landlords should merely be trestees of land and other natural resq
uroes
and capital assets.
He saw in the principle of trusteeship a non-violent method.
iv.
persuading landowners to donate their land voluntarily for communiaof
nity
welfare pu poses.
7. Village Sanitation:
The ideal village envisaged by Gandhiji could be constructed on the tae.
i. s
of the principlesof hygiene and sanitation.
public
Houses are to be built with locally available material and should han
ve
sufficient light and ventilation.
ii Each house shall have a courtyard to grow vegetables for domestie
consumption and to house cattle.
iv. The village streets and lanes will be kept clean.
. Each village shall have its own waterworks to ensure clean water suppl

PART-3
AppropriateTechnologYfor Rural Industries.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

Que 5.8. Write a short note on:Appropriate Technologyfor Rural

Industries.
Answer
1. There are two different approaches of an appropriate technology for
rural industries: the social welfare approach and the technolog
specificationsapproach.
2. In the social welfare approach, a mix of technologies is chosen that
maximizes achievement of the objectivesof a society.
3. This concept is difficult to operationalize because social objetives ar
not clearly specified and are often in conflict.
4 Under the technologyspecificationsapproach,the expectedouteome
of a technology are compared to a list of characteristics generaly
associated with "appropriateness."
5. These characteristics are defined in terms ofthe expected socio-econon
impacts on the poor in rural areas and the environmental impacts.
6. The appropriateness ofa technology depends on

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(HSMC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Industrialization&Entrepreneurship

SP

How it is used,
what it is used to produce, and
Who gains an and loses as a result of the
decisions.
production and consumption
Appropriate echnology projects typically differ from
tec
hnology projects in their reliance on small-scale conventinnal
esses, and different amounts,kinds, and equipment and
sources of raw
Compared to conventional technologies, appropriate materials.
nicallyare less capital intensive;more labor technologies
operate, maintain, and repair. intensive;and easier to

9. Yet. appropriate
technologiesare labor saving in comparison to
traditional methods of production.

Que 59. Give the classificationof technologiesused in rural

industries

Answer

Classificationoftechnologiesused in rural industries:

L Traditional technologies :
Traditionaltechnologiesare those that have been used in
consumption for at least 25 years.
productioncr
In some cases, they have been introduced from
another less developed
country (LDC) rather than being of indigenous
origin.
Traditional technologies usually rely on human or animal power, or
renewable energy sources.
2
Upgradedtraditional technologies:
i Upgradedtraditionaltechnologiesincorporatekey elementsof traditional
technologies,but have been improvedto take advantageof the potential
for higher inherent
efficienciesor economiesof scale.
OT-theshelf modern technologies:
OH-the-shelfmodern technologieshave been in use for a relatively
short time,
generallyless than 25 years.
hey are often larger in scale than traditional technologies.
Down-sealedmodern technologies:
-scaled modern technologiesare versionsof modern technologies
t have been adapted for a smaller scale of production or consunption
or to match the availableresources.
nnovative replacement technologiesi
vative replacement technologies are generated by application of
new
scientific engineering knowledge.

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RuralDevelopment:A&P s-9P (HSMC-Sem-7&

s

Que 6.10. What are the various key factors considered in the choies

of appropriate technologies ?

Answer
Following are the various key factors considered in the choiee
appropriatetechnologies:
1. Scale ofequipment and processes
2 Cost savings
a. Capital
b. Operating, maintenance and replacement
c. Foreign exchange
3. Generation of profits
a. Increased production
b. Higher prices for products
C. Value added locallythroughprocessing
4 Socioeconomicimpacts and distribution of benefits
a Direetly increases employment for rural and low-income people
Creation of new jobs
Higher wages due to better labor productivity or skills ii. Reduced laber
displacement
b Increases net incomes of other
enterprises
i Greater demand for locallyproducedraw materials
Higher profits in subsequent use or processing of the products
ii Reduced share for middlemen
C. Providesbenefits to rural or low-incomeconsumers
i Reduced prices
i Improvedqualityof products
ii Greater availabilityof products
5. Environmental Impacts
a. Natural resources consumption
b. Amenities
C. Health

|PART-4
Entrepreneurshipand Rural Industrialization.

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10P -Sem-7
P(HSMC-Sen & 8) Rural Industrialization&
Entrepreneurahip
Questions-Answers

Type and Medium Answer Type

Long
Answer

Questions

Define
rural entrepreneurship. Explain the role of
5.11. rural development.
in
entrepreneurship

Answer

Entrepreneurshp emerging in rural areas is called rural

entrepreneurship.

hlishing industries in rural areas refers to rural entrepreneurship.

15 synonymous of rural industrialization.

Rural entrepreneurship
in rural development:
Role of entrepreneurship
development is directly linked to entrepreneurship.
Rural
individuals promoting rural development now realize
2Institutions and that could
entrepreneurship strategic development intervention
as a

accelerate the rural

development process.
on the urgent need to promote
rural
Institutions and individuals agree
3
enterprises.
the role of rural entrepreneurship
as an

Development agencies
see
4.
enormous employment potential.
it the key strategy to prevent rural unrest.
5. Politicians see as

for improving farm earnings.

6. Farmers see it as an instrument
their homes which
employment possibility
near
7 Women see it as an
a reduced need
for social support.
provides autonomy, independence and
is crucial to improve
8. all these groups the role of entrepreneurship
o economy and
environment.
he
quality of life and to sustain a healthy

ue
12.| Mention the various benefits of rural entrepreneurship.
OR of
development
of rural entrepreneurs in economic
the role
the village.

Answer
rural entrepreneurship:
ig are the various benefits of
D
opportunities : Rural entrepreneurship is labor
intensiveployment
to the growing prothrougn
ve and provides a clear solution areas
units in rural
yment. Development of industrial

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6-11 P (HSMC-Sem-7
Rural Development:A &P
for employment
rural entrepreneurship

and income creation.

has high potential neratiom
geno.

Rural entreprena.

2. Check on migration of rural

disparities in
population:
income rural and ur eurship
urban peop
fill the big gap and rural to urbane
can
migration of people from
to check the
can help
search ofjobs.
Rural entrepreneurship can dispel
Balanced regional growth: mote rah
and promote
3.
concentration
units in urban
of industrial
areas
regionmal
balanced way.
development in a
rich heritage off rural
activities: The age-old
.

Promotion of artistic
4
protecting and promoting art and handie icrata
India is preserved by
through rural entrepreneurship.

Check onsocial evils The growth rural entrepreneurshin

: of
5.
growth of slums, pollution in citio
ies
reduce the social evils like poverty,
etc.
Rural entrepreneurship increasesthe
6 Improved standard ofliving:
Their education and self-employmem
literacy rate of rural population.
thus increasing their standard of living.
prosper the community,

PART5
Problems and diagnosis of Rural Entrepreneurship in India

uestions-Answers

LongAnswerTypeand MediumAnswer Type&uestions

Que 5.13.What are the various problems of rura

entrepreneurship?
Answer
Followingare some ofthe major problems faced by rural entrepreneus
A Financial Problems:
L Paucityof Funds:
i Lack of finance available to rural entrepreneurs is one of the bige
problems.
Most of the rural entrepreneursfail to get external funds due to 2sence

of tangiblesecurityand credit in the market.

abs
ii The procedureto avail the loan facility is also too
time-consuming

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-12P
(HSMC-Sem-7 Rural
-Sem-7&8)
Industrialization&Entrepreneurship
Infrastructura Facilities
ofIn

egrOwreromententrepreneurs
Lack

2 of rural is very healthy in not

due to lack of spite ofefflorts
made by governm

properand adequate infrastructural

facilities.

Risk Element:
oneurs have less risk
Rural

financial
entn

resources and external support.

reso
bearing capacity due to lack of
Marketingi
Problems:
B
Competition:

Major problems faced by rural

roblem of ndardizationa and entrepreneursare
competitionfrom large scale units. the
2 Advertisement:

ince the literacy rate among the villagersis 10w,

i
s
low, printed
printed media have
limitedscope in the rural context.
fraditionallyboundednature, cultural backwardnessand cultural
harriersadd to the difficulty of communication.
&Middlemen:

i
Middlemen exploit rural entrepreneurs.
The rural entrepreneurs are heavily dependent on
middlemenfor
marketing of their products who pocket large amount of profit.
C. ManagementProblems:
1 Lack of Technical Knowledge
i Rural entrepreneurs suffer a severe problem of lack of technical
knowledge.
i Lack oftrainingfacilities and extensive services create a hurdle for the
developmentof rural entrepreneurship.
2 Legal formalities:

ural entrepreneursfind it extremelydifficultincomplyingwith various

egal formalitiesin obtaininglicenses due to illiteracyand
ignorance
&Procurementof Raw Materials
ocurement of raw materials is really a tough task for rural
entrepreneurs.
may end up with poor quality raw materials, may also face the
problem of
storage and warehousing
Poor
Quality Products
of
infrimportant problem in growth of rural entrepreneurshipis the
or quality of products produced due to lack of availability of standard
tools and
D. uipment and poorquality of raw materials.
Human
Resource
Low Skillesources
ers
Level Workers:
of
Problems:

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Rural Development:A &P 5-13P (HSMC-Sem-7&8

Most of the entrepreneurs of rural areas are unable to find workers

with high skills.

Turnover rates are also high.
ii Workers from rural areas have to be provided with on thejob trainino
iv. Their training is generally a serious problem for the entrepreneur a
they are mostly uneducated and they have to be taught in the local
language which they understand easily.
2 Negative Attitude:
Continuous motivation is needed in case of rural employee which is
sometime difficult for an entrepreneur.

Que 5.14. Mention promotional measures provided by the

government to promote rural entrepreneurship.
Answer
Following are the promotional measures provided by the government to
promoteruralentrepreneurship:
1 Market protection provided by the reservation of items for exclusive
production in the small scale sector.
2 Preference given to the small scale sector in government procurement.
3. Infrastructural support provided through industrial estates, Distriet
IndustriesCentres(DIC), Small IndustriesServiceInstitutesand other
specialised institutes which provide technical assistance, testing facilities
etc.
4 Arrangements for supply of scarce raw materials.
5. Concessional finance by banks and other financial
institutions.
6 Poliey ofpromotingancillarisation.

PART-6
Women Entrepreneurship.

Questions-Answers
Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type
Questions

Que 5.15. Define women entrepreneur.Give the

importance
women
entrepreneurshipin rural development.

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6-14
14P
&Entrepreneurship
Answer

who innovateinitiateor adopt business activelyare

Women whe
entrepreneurs.
called women
Women entrepreneurship
is based on women
and employment of a business enterprise. participationin equity
Importance of women
entrepreneurshipin rural development:
1
Daral women are
vital developmentagents who can
play they
significant a
wole in the economic development of a village; provided should
ro an equal access to productive resources, opportunitiesand
services.
public
Widespread poverty and stunted economic growth can be overcome
2.
only by gainful and sustainable economic participation of women.
3Rural development will be sluggish, if the economic engine operates
only at half power.

4. Women entrepreneurs have emerged as an important contributor

involved in rural development.
5. If women acquire skills, they can carve a niche for themselves in the
outside world too.
6. This is the reason why women entrepreneurship has become a subject
of serious discussion in rural development.

Que 5.16. What are the various functions of women

entrepreneurs?
Answer
ntrepreneur, a woman entrepreneur has also to perform all the
functions involved in establishing an enterprise. These include :
1 xploration of the prospects of starting a new business enterprise
Undertaking ofrisksand the handling of economicuncertainties invalved
in business.
3 Introducti of innovationsor imitationof innovations.
4
Coordination,administrationand control.
Supervisionand leadership.
ue 6.17.What are variou challenges and obstacles faoed by
women
trepreneurin rural area ?
Answer
by
lowing are
women
faceo
the challenges and obstacles
entrepreneur
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RuralDevelopment:A &P 5-16P (HSMC-Sem-7&

A General obstacles:
1. Opportunity recognition:
i Opportunity recognition is a process in which an entrepreneur apprnaes
new business ideas.
i. Since the literacy rate among the rural women entrepreneur is lowi
negatively influences the opportunity recognition process.

Willingness to start firms:

Absence of proper support, cooperation and back-up for women by their
ownfamily members force them to drop the idea to start a firm.
B. Specific obstacles to start-ups:
L Assembling necessary information:
It is not always easy for women to access the information they need
regarding technology, training, innovative schemes, conceasions
alternative markets, etc.
2 Financial and human resources to start a firm:
Lackofawarenessaboutthe financialasistance in the formofinentives,
loans, schemes etc., by the institutions in the financial sector.
Most of the women entrepreneurs of rural areas are umable to find
workers with high skills to start a firm.
C. Specific obstacles to managing a small firm:
i Women controlled business are often smal.
Due to low level of purchasing power of rural consumers the sales
volume is insufficient which results in reduced profits.
D. Specificobstacles to growingfirms:
A specificproblemof women
entrepreneursseems to be their inabihty
to achieve growth.
Because of having a greater day-to-dayresponsibilityfor the fanmiy
women have less time to invest in the development of their firm
Women often have a difficult time to assemble external resources,
start less ambitious firms that can be financed to a greater degree theyy
their own available resources. This also has consequences for the future
growth of the firm.

Que 5,18, What are reasons for slow progress of wome

entrepreneurs in India ?

Answer
Following are the reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneu
Male dominant social order: The omen

entrepreneurs
greatest deterrent to wo
is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal - male

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F16P(HSMC-Sem-7&8)
Rural
MC-Sem-7&8)
&-16P (HS

Industrialization&Entrepreneurship
ocial order is the
minant social o
buildingblock to themin their
business success. way towarde

of elf-confidence:Lack of self-confidence,will-power,
al outlookand optimisticattitude amongst women
Lack

2 strong
creates
from committing mistakes while doing their piece of work a fear

Women in India lead a

Protected life: protectedlife. They are even less
3 educated,economically not stable nor self-dependentwhich reduce their
ability to bear risks and uncertainties involved entwhich
in a businessre unit.

ial pressure: The old and outdated social outlook

Socia to stop women
from entering in the field of entrepreneurshipis one of the reasons for
heir failure. They are under a social pressure which restrains them to
arosper and achieve success in the field of entrepreneurship.

milv obligations: Women'sfamilyobligationsalso bar them from

hecoming successful entrepreneurs in both developedand developing
nations.
& Absence of proper support: Absenceof propersupport,cooperation
and back-up for women by their own family members and the outside
world people force them to drop the idea of excelling in the enterprise
field.
7. Other problems : Apart from the above problems there may occur
other series of serious problems faced by women entrepreneurs as
improper infrastructural facilities, high cost of production, attitude of
people of society towards the women modern business outlook, low
needs of enterprise.

PART-7
Developmentof Small Entrepreneursin India.

Questions-Answers

0ng Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions

e 5.19. Enlist the various en trepreneurial competencies of rura

entrepreneur.
Answer
Follo
tro are the various entrepreneurial competencies of rural

L entrepreneur
Initia accepting personal
äative:An must have initiative,
esponsibilit forentrepr
preneur
of resources.
actions, and above all make good
use

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5-17P (HSMC-Sem-7&
RuralDevelopment:A &P
Self-Confidence: A successful entrepreneur willhave strongbeliae
self. He has confidence to complete a task within committed schedn
dule,
& Assertiveness: Entrepreneurs are not shy guys. They are good a
communication. They express their ideas clearly.
Highly Systematic: Systematic planning is one of the most critieat
requirement for a successful entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs are hioh
to undertake an activity.
logical, follow step-by-step approach
Innovative: Entrepreneurs have to be innovative in their approaeh
5
and have to be ready for unforeseen problem at various stages of proiee
execution and implementation.
Well-informed: An entrepreneur has to be well informed, particularu
6
on the issues related to his business/product.
7. Sensitive to local culture : A rural entrepreneur have to be
knowledgeable and sensitive to local culture, customs, social systema
and environment.
8 Maintaining a good rapport:A rural entrepreneur has to maintain
a good rapport with larger number of people. Rural societies are small
well-knit and more connected and hence the rural entrepreneur has to
interact with all the people in the rural system.
9. Strong on Soft-Skills : In rural scenario entrepreneurs personal
goodwill often gets associated with his product quality and credibility.
Rural Entrepreneur has to be stronger on soft-skill_ like communication,
motivation, respect for local customs and self-discipline.

Que 5.20. What are various support systems available for rural

entrepreneurship?
Answer
Following are various support systems available for rural
entrepreneurship:
L Rural areas provide a low-cost, low-pollution, low-energy intenSIVe
opportunities.
2 The basic facilities like housing, schooling, travel are cheaper in rure
areas.

3. The access to all the available facilities is within walking distance.

4. The support from banking and financial institutions is also morepersona onal

5. Government support is also available for identified rural enterprises

rmal
6.
Local market/resourcesinformation is available through infor
channels and a word-of-mouth approach works very well in initial stae
to launch the produet.
Rural
7. entrepreneurs can start their ventures with a low capital

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-18P (BSM MC-Sem-7 &8) Rural Industrialization

&Entrepreneurahip
Define the role of skill developmemtin the ueceas
31. of an
entrepreneur ?

Answer

1.
technical
Skills tec and managerial,are most importantingredientsfor
of an entrepreneur.
the success
practicalknowledge"and competenceof getting thing done
aawledge is understandingabout a concept, produet or
3 ing about it,
skill is process,
having confidence of DOING it,
making it
en successfully,again and again, with same or improvedefficieney.
Skill can be acquired only by experience or self-practicing.
For skill development we need Technical/Entrepreneurial Training
6.
Conters. Industrial Training Institutes and competent coaches,
counselors and mentors.

Que 5.22. What are government initiatives for slill development

for rural entrepreneur ?

Answer

L Rural development has been one of the top priorities ofall the successive
governments of the country.
2 The first Skill Development Policy was approved in 2009
3 The focus of the 2009 Skill Development Policywas to harness inchusivity
and reduce divisions such as male/female, rurallurban, organized
unorganized employment and traditional/contemporary workplace.

This policy has been further sharpened in 2015 with new National Policy
for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship 2015.
natioaa
This policyhas brought the Entrepreneurshipfirmlyon topof
the

developmnentagenda.
6. AS per this policy all the state governments are being encouraged to se
level for mobiliaing
up Kaushal Vardhan Kendras (KVKs) at Panchayat
skills pertaining local employment/hvelihood
to
mparting
opportunities.
7.
to the nearest ITUMSVATI
for capacity building
n KVK is linked assessment and certification.
ECulum development,
8. E KVKs also function as counselling centers in their areas of operatxun

PART-8
are
in Rural
eed for and Scopeof entrepreneurship

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 lOMoARcPSD|24198122

5-19P (HSMC-Sem-7&8)
RuralDevelopment A &P

Questions-Answers

Medium Answer Type Questions

Long Answer Type and

Que 5.23. | What is the need for entrepreneurship in rural area?

Answer
Entrepreneurship in rural area is needed because of the followin.
ring
reasons

1. Employment Generation: Rural entrepreneurship is labour intensive

and requires sizable amount of human resource. 'Therefore, it has a
large potential of employment generation and can reduce the problem
of unemployment in rural area.
2 Income Generation: By providing employment, rural entrepreneurship
has potential for income generation and thus bridging the gap between
the rural and urban disparities.
3. Rural development: Rural entrepreneurship helps in setting industries
in rural areas and thus leads to the employment generation and income
generation which directly help in rural development.
4 Curbs Rural-Urban migration: Rural development helps in curbing
the rural-urban migration by reducing the unequal growth in cities.
5. Builds up village republics: Development of the rural industries
serves as an effective means to build village republics and thus make
them more independent.
6 Improved standard of living : As rural entrepreneurship helps in
income generation which helps in prospering the community and thus
improving their standard of living.
7. Balanced regionalgrowth: Rural entrepreneurshipwill direct the
concentration of industries in rural areas which leads to the balanced
regionalgrowth.

Que 5.24. | Give the scope of

entrepreneurshipin rural area.

Answer
Scope of entrepreneurshipin rural area:
1. Rural area has the capacityof small and medium enterprisesand ese
sectors acts as the economy
builders by generating t
income for poor and employmen
unemployedpeople and is contributing
52% of the GDP. more
2. There is a rapid expansionin the small andmedium industry ar na.
Therefore,repair shops, service centers,
PCO, internet café, hir

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 lOMoARcPSD|24198122

6-20P (HSa
MC-Sem-7&8
Rural Industrialization&Entrepreneurship
culture implements& actor, computer and
aRrs have good scope in clusterof other skill
centers

eable
Entertainment, cable"TV, rural
villages. training
tourism
tential areas for rural entrepreneurs.etc., also are
3Ent
a
number of the
Parious development programsare being executed
utions,
Raj Institut who are
engagingcontractorsfor through Panchayti
Rural youth can
start this business, civil/mechanicalworks.
Changed consumption
rural
pattern has opened up new
avenues for
activities in areas,
trading
Rural areas
are also using large amount of
fertilizers,
agricultureproducts like
seeds, pesticidesandinsecticidesete.

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