UNIT-1

1) What is a Computer?

A computer is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results,
displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage.

Data is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not provide any further information
regarding patterns, context, etc. Hence data means "unstructured facts and figures".

Information is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and processed data. To process the data
and convert into information, a computer is used.

Basic Applications of Computer

● Home

Computers are used at homes for several purposes like online bill payment, watching movies or
shows at home, home tutoring, social media access, playing games, internet access, etc. They
provide communication through electronic mail. They help to avail work from home facility for
corporate employees. Computers help the student community to avail online educational support.

● Medical Field

Computers are used in hospitals to maintain a database of patients’ history, diagnosis, X-rays, live
monitoring of patients, etc. Surgeons nowadays use robotic surgical devices to perform delicate
operations, and conduct surgeries remotely. Virtual reality technologies are also used for training
purposes. It also helps to monitor the fetus inside the mother’s womb.

● Entertainment

Computers help to watch movies online, play games online; act as a virtual entertainer in playing
games, listening to music, etc. MIDI instruments greatly help people in the entertainment industry
in recording music with artificial instruments. Videos can be fed from computers to full screen
televisions. Photo editors are available with fabulous features.

● Industry

Computers are used to perform several tasks in industries like managing inventory, designing
purpose, creating virtual sample products, interior designing, video conferencing, etc. Online
marketing has seen a great revolution in its ability to sell various products to inaccessible corners
like interior or rural areas. Stock markets have seen phenomenal participation from different levels
of people through the use of computers.

● Education

Computers are used in the education sector through online classes, online examinations, referring
e-books, online tutoring, etc. They help in increased use of audio-visual aids in the education field.
 ● Government

In government sectors, computers are used in data processing, maintaining a database of citizens
and supporting a paperless environment. The country’s defense organizations have greatly
benefitted from computers in their use for missile development, satellites, rocket launches, etc.

● Banking

In the banking sector, computers are used to store details of customers and conduct transactions,
such as withdrawal and deposit of money through ATMs. Banks have reduced manual errors and
expenses to a great extent through extensive use of computers.

● Business

Nowadays, computers are totally integrated into business. The main objective of business is
transaction processing, which involves transactions with suppliers, employees or customers.
Computers can make these transactions easy and accurate. People can analyze investments, sales,
expenses, markets and other aspects of business using computers.

● Training

Many organizations use computer-based training to train their employees, to save money and
improve performance. Video conferencing through computers allows saving of time and traveling
costs by being able to connect people in various locations.

● Arts

Computers are extensively used in dance, photography, arts and culture. The fluid movement of
dance can be shown live via animation. Photos can be digitized using computers.

● Science and Engineering

Computers with high performance are used to stimulate dynamic process in Science and
Engineering. Supercomputers have numerous applications in area of Research and Development
(R&D). Topographic images can be created through computers. Scientists use computers to plot and
analyze data to have a better understanding of earthquakes.

2) Explain the Components of Computer ?

The basic types of computers follow the same basic logical structure and perform the following five
basic operations for converting raw input data into information useful to their users.

S.No Operation Description

.

1 Take Input The process of entering data and instructions into the computer system.
 Saving data and instructions so that they are available for processing as
2 Store Data
and when required.

Performing arithmetic, and logical operations on data in order to convert

3 Processing Data
them into useful information.

Output The process of producing useful information or results for the user, such as
4
Information a printed report or visual display.

Control the Directs the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are
5
workflow performed.
 ● Input Unit

This unit contains devices with the help of which we enter data into the computer. This unit creates
a link between the user and the computer. The input devices translate the information into a form
understandable by the computer.

● CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing
operations. It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program). It controls the operation
of all parts of the computer.

CPU itself has the following three components −

● ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

1. Memory Unit

2. Control Unit

3. Output Unit

The output unit consists of devices with the help of which we get the information from the
computer. This unit is a link between the computer and the users. Output devices translate the
computer's output into a form understandable by the users.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following features −

● CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

● CPU performs all types of data processing operations.

 ● It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).

● It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

The CPU itself has the following three components.

1. Memory or Storage Unit

2. Control Unit

3. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

1. Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to
other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as the internal storage unit or the main
memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory (RAM).

Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two types
of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are −

2.Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations.

Functions of this unit are −

● It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer.

● It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.

● It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of
the computer.

● It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.

● It does not process or store data.

3.ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two sub sections namely,

● Arithmetic Section

● Logic Section

● Arithmetic Section
Function of the arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above
operations.

Logic Section

Function of the logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching,
and merging of data.

3) Define Visual Display Unit?

VDU Stands for "Visual Display Unit." A VDU displays images generated by a computer or other
electronic device. The term VDU is often used synonymously with "monitor," but it can also refer to
another type of display, such as a digital projector.

Types of VDU

Liquid Crystal Displays: Liquid crystals are fluid materials that have a few of the optical properties
of crystals. ...

Cathode Ray Tube: Some time recently the 1990s, about all computer shows, tv sets, and video
screens utilized cathode-ray tube innovation. ...

Plasma screens.

4) Explain about Input Devices?

Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −

● Keyboard

● Mouse

● JoyStick

● Light pen

● Track Ball

● Scanner

● Graphic Tablet

● Microphone

● Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

● Optical Character Reader(OCR)

● Barcode Reader
 ● Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of a traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows −

S.N Keys & Description

o

Typing Keys: These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give
1
the same layout as that of typewriters.

Numeric Keypad: It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
2 consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.

Function Keys: The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a
3 row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some
specific purpose.

Control keys: These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow
4 keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl),
Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

Special Purpose Keys: Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift,
5
Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
Mouse

Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the
buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be
used to enter text into the computer.

Advantages

● Easy to use

● Not very expensive

● Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard.

Joystick

Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is
a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a
socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse and mainly used in playing computer
games.

Light Pen

Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.

Track Ball

Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in a notebook or laptop computer, instead of a
mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved.

Scanner

A Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for
further manipulation.Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a
digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.

Digitizer
Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can
convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been
pointed at.

A graphic tablet as a digitizer is used for fine works of drawing and image manipulation
applications.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation
or for mixing music.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are a large number of cheques to be processed
every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special
type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.

This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of
MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

● Optical Character Reader (OCR)

● OCR is an input device used to read a printed text.

OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code,
and stores the text on the system memory.

Bar Code Readers

Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark
lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a
handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.

Barcode Reader scans a barcode image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to
the computer that the bar code reader is connected to.

Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It
is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked.

It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.
 5) Explain about Output Devices?

Following are some of the important output devices used in a computer.

● Monitors

● Graphic Plotter

● Printer

● Monitors

Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer.
It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness
of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screens used for monitors.

● Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

● Flat-Panel Display

● Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better
the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form a whole character,
such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a
series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed.
Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

There are some disadvantages of CRT −

● Large in Size

● High power consumption

● Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power
requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists.
Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and
graphics display.

The flat-panel display is divided into two categories −

Emissive Displays − Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For
example, plasma panels and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes).
Non-Emissive Displays − Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from
some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device).

Printers

Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers −

● Impact Printers

● Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers

Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the
paper.

● Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following −

● Very low consumable costs

● Very noisy

● Useful for bulk printing due to low cost

● There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image

These printers are of two types −

● Character printers

● Line printers

● Character Printers

Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.

These are further divided into two types:

● Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

● Daisy Wheel

● Dot Matrix Printer

In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular
because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of
pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to
form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
Advantages

● Inexpensive

● Widely Used

Other language characters can be printed

Disadvantages

● Slow Speed

● Poor Quality

Daisy Wheel

Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower)
which is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing
in offices that require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality.

Advantages

● More reliable than DMP

● Better quality

● Fonts of character can be easily changed

Disadvantages

● Slower than DMP

● Noisy

● More expensive than DMP

Line Printers

Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.

These are of two types −

● Drum Printer

● Chain Printer

Drum Printer
This printer is like a drum in shape hence it is called drum printer. The surface of the drum is
divided into a number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to the size of the paper, i.e. for a paper width
of 132 characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on the track. Different
character sets available in the market are 48 character sets, 64 and 96 character sets. One rotation
of the drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per
minute.

Advantages

● Very high speed

● Disadvantages

● Very expensive

● Characters fonts cannot be changed

Chain Printer

In this printer, a chain of character sets is used, hence it is called Chain Printer. A standard character
set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

Advantages

● Character fonts can easily be changed.

● Different languages can be used with the same printer.

Disadvantages

● Noisy

Non-impact Printers

Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete
page at a time, thus they are also called Page Printers.

These printers are of two types −

● Laser Printers

● Inkjet Printers

Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

● Faster than impact printers

● They are not noisy

● High quality
Supports many fonts and different character size

Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.

Advantages

● Very high speed

● Very high quality output

● Good graphics quality

● Supports many fonts and different character size

Disadvantages

● Expensive

● Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing

Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print
characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output
with presentable features.

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes
available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple
copies of printing also.

Advantages

● High quality printing

● More reliable

Disadvantages

● Expensive as the cost per page is high

● Slow as compared to laser printer

Computer - Memory
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is
the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For
example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types −

● Cache Memory

● Primary Memory/Main Memory

● Secondary Memory

● Cache Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a
buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and programs
which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from
the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them.

Advantages

● Cache memory is faster than main memory.

● It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.

● It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.

● It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages

● Cache memory has limited capacity.

● It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently
working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made
up of semiconductor devices. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction
required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

● These are semiconductor memories.

 ● It is known as the main memory.

● Usually volatile memory.

● Data is lost in case power is switched off.

● It is the working memory of the computer.

● Faster than secondary memories.

● A computer cannot run without the primary memory.

Secondary Memory

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main
memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access
these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary
memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example,
disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

● These are magnetic and optical memories.

● It is known as the backup memory.

● It is a non-volatile memory.

● Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.

● It is used for storage of data in a computer.

● Computers may run without the secondary memory.

● Slower than primary memories.

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program, and
program result. It is a read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As soon
as the machine is switched off, data is erased.

Access time in RAM is independent of the address, that is, each storage location inside the memory
is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be
accessed randomly but it is very expensive.

RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power
failure. Hence, a backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is
small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold.

RAM is of two types −

 ● Static RAM (SRAM)

● Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of
6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need
not be refreshed on a regular basis.

There is extra space in the matrix, hence SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same amount of
storage space, making the manufacturing costs higher. SRAM is thus used as cache memory and has
very fast access.

Characteristic of Static RAM

● Long life

● No need to refresh

● Faster

● Used as cache memory

● Large size

● Expensive

● High power consumption

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by
placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second.
DRAM is used for most system memory as it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory
cells, which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

Characteristics of Dynamic RAM

● Short data lifetime

● Needs to be refreshed continuously

● Slower as compared to SRAM

● Used as RAM

● Smaller in size
 ● Less expensive

● Less power consumption

ROM (Read Only Memory): The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This
type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture. A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is
referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic
items like washing machines and microwave ovens.

Let us now discuss the various types of ROMs and their characteristics.

● PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM
and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip, there are small fuses
which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.

● EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually,
an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an
insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than 10 years because the charge has no
leakage path..

● EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten
thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (millisecond). In EEPROM,
any location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time,
rather than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of reprogramming is flexible but slow.

Advantages of ROM

● Non-volatile in nature

● Cannot be accidentally changed

● Cheaper than RAMs

● Easy to test

● More reliable than RAMs

● Static and do not require refreshing

● Contents are always known and can be verified

The concept of hardware and software is explained in detail below −

Hardware

The term hardware refers to mechanical devices that make up computers. Computer hardware
consists of interconnected electronic devices that we can use to control computer’s operation, input
and output. Examples of hardware are CPU, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, etc.

Hardware Components

Computer hardware is a collection of several components working together. Some parts are
essential and others are added advantages. Computer hardware is made up of CPU and peripherals
as shown in image below.

Software

A set of instructions that drives a computer to do stipulated tasks is called a program. Software
instructions are programmed in a computer language, translated into machine language, and
executed by computer. Software can be categorized into two types −

● System software

● Application software

System Software: System software operates directly on hardware devices of computer. It provides a
platform to run an application. It provides and supports user functionality. Examples of system
software include operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Unix, etc.,

Application Software

An application software is designed for the benefit of users to perform one or more tasks. Examples
of application software include Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Oracle, etc.

Differences between Software and Hardware are sorted out below −

S.No. Software Hardware

1 It is a collection of programs to bring It includes physical components of computer

computer hardware systems into systems.
operation.

2 It includes numbers, alphabets, It consists of electronic components like ICs,

alphanumeric symbols, identifiers, diodes, registers, crystals, boards, insulators, etc.
keywords, etc.

3 Software products evolve by adding new Hardware design is based on architectural

features to existing programs to support decisions to make it work over a range of
hardware. environmental conditions and time.

4 It will vary as per computer and its built-in It is mostly constructed for all types of computer
functions and programming language. systems.

5 It is designed and developed by The hardware can understand only low-level

experienced programmers in high-level language or machine language.
languages.

6 The hardware works only on binary codes 1’s

It is represented in any high-level language

such as BASIC, COBOL, C, C++, JAVA, etc.

and 0’s.

7 The software is categorized as operating The hardware consists of input devices, output
system, utilities, language processor, devices, memory, etc.
application software, etc.

Discuss operating systems and their types ?

An operating system is a type of software without which you cannot operate or run a computer. It
acts as an intermediary or translation system between computer hardware and application
programs
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files, processes, and memory.
Thus operating system acts as the manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the
operating system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating systems are as follows-

1. Batch Operating System –

This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator
which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the
time of CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems.
The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute
is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

3. Distributed Operating System –

These types of operating systems are a recent advancement in the world of computer technology
and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various
autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
4) Multitasking

Multitasking is when multiple jobs are executed by the CPU simultaneously by switching
between them. Switches occur so frequently that the users may interact with each program
while it is running. An OS does the following activities related to multitasking −
● The user gives instructions to the operating system or to a program directly, and receives
an immediate response.
● The OS handles multitasking in the way that it can handle multiple operations/executes
multiple programs at a time.
● Multitasking Operating Systems are also known as Time-sharing systems.
● These Operating Systems were developed to provide interactive use of a computer
system at a reasonable cost.
● A time-shared operating system uses the concept of CPU scheduling and
multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of a time-shared CPU.
● Each user has at least one separate program in memory.
5) Multiprogramming
Sharing the processor, when two or more programs reside in memory at the same time, is
referred as multiprogramming. Multiprogramming assumes a single shared processor.
Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization by organizing jobs so that the CPU always has one
to execute.
The following figure shows the memory layout for a multiprogramming system.

An OS does the following activities related to multiprogramming.

● The operating system keeps several jobs in memory at a time.
● This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs kept in the job pool.
 ● The operating system picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the memory.
● Multiprogramming operating systems monitor the state of all active programs and
system resources using memory management programs to ensures that the CPU is never
idle, unless there are no jobs to process.
Word processing in Ms-word and the features of Ms-word 2007.
MS Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It has advanced features which
allow you to format and edit your files and documents in the best possible way.

Features of MS Word
Now let us read more about the features and components of an MS Word doc file in detail.
The image given below shows the different elements and categories which are available in MS
Word doc:

● Home
This has options like font color, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc. All the
basic elements which one may need to edit their document is available under the Home option.

● Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be entered in the
document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

● Design
The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected under
the Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the appearance of your document.

● Page Layout
Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines, indentation,
spacing, etc.

● References
This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or lengthy
documents. Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption, bibliography, etc. can be
found under this tab.

● Review
Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all be
tracked under the review tab. This acts as an advantage for those who get their documents
reviewed on MS Word.
Explain the components of Ms-word Window?
Components of the Word Window
Besides the usual PC window components (close box, title bar, scroll bars, etc.), a Word window
has other elements

Menu Bar Contains File,Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Tble, Window and Help menus

Standard Contains icons for shortcuts to menu commands.

Toolbar:

Formatting Contains pop-up menus for style, font, and font size; icons for boldface, italic, and
Toolbar: underline; alignment icons; number and bullet list icons; indention icons, the border icon,
highlight, and font color icons.

Ruler: Ruler on which you can set tabs, paragraph alignment, and other formats.

Insertion Blinking vertical bar that indicates where text you type will be inserted. Don’t confuse
Point: the insertion point with the mouse I-beam. To move the insertion point, just click the
mouse where you want the point moved.

Selection Bar Invisible narrow strip along the left edge of the window. Your mouse pointer changes to a
(Gutter): right-pointing arrow when it is in this area. It is used to select a line, a paragraph, or the
entire document.

Split Handle: Double-click to split the window in two (to view different portions of the same file).
Double-click to return to one window

Status Bar: Displays page number, section number, and total number of pages, pointer position on
page and time of day.

Task Pane: Displays and groups commonly used features for convenience.

Office An animated character that can provide help and suggestions. There are multiple
Assistant: characters to choose from, and it is possible to turn the Office Assistant off.
 Unit-2
6) Define Spreadsheet? Write about copying or moving cells/Range in Excel
A spreadsheet is a file that exists of cells in rows and columns and can help arrange, calculate
and sort data. Data in a spreadsheet can be numeric values, as well as text, formulas, references
and functions.

Cut, Copy, and Paste defined

Cut, Copy, and Paste are useful operations in Excel XP. You can quickly copy and/or cut
information in cells and paste them into other cells. These operations save you from having to
type and retype the same information.

The Cut, Copy, and Paste buttons are located on the Standard toolbar.

The Cut, Copy, and Paste operations also appear as choices in the Edit menu.

The Cut, Copy, and Paste operations can also be performed using shortcut keys.

Cut Ctrl+X

Copy Ctrl+C

Paste Ctrl+V
Copying and pasting cell contents

The Copy feature allows you to copy selected information from the spreadsheet and temporarily
place it on the Clipboard, which is a temporary storage file in your computer's memory.
The Paste feature allows you to select any of the collected items on the Clipboard and paste it in
a cell of the same or different spreadsheet.

To copy and paste:

● Select a cell or cells to be duplicated.

● Click the Copy button on the Standard toolbar.

● The border of the copied cell(s) takes on the appearance of marching ants.

● Click the cell where you want to place the duplicated information. The cell will
be highlighted. If you are copying contents into more than one cell, click
the first cell where you want to place the duplicated information.

● Press the Enter key. Your information is copied to the new location.
Cutting and pasting cell contents

The Cut feature allows you to remove information from cells in the spreadsheet. Information
that is cut can be pasted in another cell, as long as the pasting occurs before you perform another
operation. If you don't paste the cut information immediately, it is removed from the Office
clipboard.

To cut and paste

● Select a cell or cells to be cut.

● Click the Cut button on the Standard toolbar.

● The information in the cell is deleted.
● The border of the cut cell(s) takes on the appearance of marching ants.
● Click the cell where you want to place the duplicated information. The cell will
be highlighted. If you are copying contents into more than one cell, click
the first cell where you want to place the duplicated information.

● Press the Enter key. Your information is pasted to the new location.
Moving information using the drag-and-drop method

Another way to move information from one cell to another is to use the drag-and-drop method.
You use the cursor to point to the information to be moved and then drag the cell to its new
locationTo use drag and drop:
● Highlight and select the cell(s) you want to move to a new location.
● Position the mouse pointer near one of the outside edges of the selected cell(s).
The mouse pointer changes from a large white cross into a slender black cross
with arrows at all ends.

● Keep the mouse pointer on the outer edge of the selected cell, click and hold the
left mouse button, and drag the cell(s) to a new location.

● Release the mouse button to move the information to its new location.
● Challenge!
● Type the words cut in cell A1, copy in cell B1, and paste in cell C1.
● Highlight a cell range to include cell A1 and cell B1.
● Move the cell range to cell D1 and cell E1.
● Cut the information in cell E1 (it should be the word copy).
● Paste the cut information in cell A1.
● Copy the contents of cell A1 (it should be the word copy).
● Paste the copied information in cell F1.
7) Explain how a power point presentation is created?
PowerPoint:
Microsoft PowerPoint is a software program developed by Microsoft to produce effective
presentations. It is a part of Microsoft Office suite. The program comprises slides and various
tools like word processing, drawing, graphing and outlining. Thus it can display text, table, chart,
graphics and media in the slides.
Microsoft Office Button
Microsoft Office Button is located on the upper-left corner of the PowerPoint window. When you
click the button it displays a menu with multiple options to perform different tasks.
New: To create a new presentation

Open: To open an existing presentation

Save: To save changes made in the open presentation
Save As: To save the presentation with a specific name to a preferred location in the computer
Print: To print the hard copy of the open presentation
Prepare: To prepare the presentation for distribution
Send: To send the copy of the presentation to others
Publish: To distribute the presentation to others
Close: To close the open presentation

Define the term network? What are the different types of networks?

A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that enables the computer to
communicate with another computer and share their resources, data, and applications.

● LAN(Local Area Network)

● MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
● WAN(Wide Area Network)
● LAN(Local Area Network)
● Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small area such
as a building, office.
● LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a communication
medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
● It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network adapters,
and ethernet cables.
● The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in the Local Area Network.
● Local Area Network provides higher security.

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

● A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area by
interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
● Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries.
● In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone exchange line.
● It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

● MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
● It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
● It can be used in a college within a city.
● It can also be used for communication in the military.
WAN(Wide Area Network)
● A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as
states or countries.
● A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
● A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
● The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
● A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.

Examples Of Wide Area Network:

Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region or country.

Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet services to the customers in
hundreds of cities by connecting their home with fiber.

Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects the 44 offices. This
network is made by using the telephone leased line provided by the telecom company.

Advantages of Wide Area Network:

Following are the advantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large geographical area.

Suppose if the branch of our office is in a different city then we can connect with them
through WAN. The internet provides a leased line through which we can connect with
another branch.
o Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized. Therefore, we do not
need to buy the emails, files or back up servers.
 o Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server. Therefore, the
programmers get the updated files within seconds.
o Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted fast. The web
applications like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows you to communicate with friends.
o Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can share the software and
other resources like a hard drive, RAM.

o Global business: We can do the business over the internet globally.

o High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then this gives the high
bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the data transfer rate which in turn increases
the productivity of our company.

Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:

The following are the disadvantages of the Wide Area Network:

o Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as compared to LAN and MAN
network as all the technologies are combined together that creates the security problem.
o Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on the internet which can
be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the firewall needs to be used. Some people can
inject the virus in our system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a virus.
o High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high as it involves the
purchasing of routers, switches.
o Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the problem is difficult.

8) Define the Internet? Also explain its applications?

The Internet is a global network that connects billions of computers across the world with each
other and to the World Wide Web. It uses the standard internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to connect
billions of computer users worldwide. It is set up by using cables such as optical fibers and other
wireless and networking technologies. At present, the internet is the fastest means of sending or
exchanging information and data between computers across the world.

Advantages of the Internet:

o Instant Messaging: You can send messages or communicate to anyone using internet,
such as email, voice chat, video conferencing, etc.

o Get directions: Using GPS technology, you can get directions to almost every place in a
city, country, etc. You can find restaurants, malls, or any other service near your location.
o Online Shopping: It allows you to shop online such as you can be clothes, shoes, book
movie tickets, railway tickets, flight tickets, and more.
o Pay Bills: You can pay your bills online, such as electricity bills, gas bills, college fees, etc.
 o Online Banking: It allows you to use internet banking in which you can check your
balance, receive or transfer money, get a statement, request cheque-book, etc.
o Online Selling: You can sell your products or services online. It helps you reach more
customers and thus increases your sales and profit.
o Work from Home: In case you need to work from home, you can do it using a system with
internet access. Today, many companies allow their employees to work from home.
o Entertainment: You can listen to online music, watch videos or movies, play online games.
o Cloud computing: It enables you to connect your computers and internet-enabled devices
to cloud services such as cloud storage, cloud computing, etc.
o Career building: You can search for jobs online on different job portals and send you CV
through email if required.

10) Explain the concept of E-mail? What are the advantages and disadvantages of E-mail?
E-mail: E-mail is defined as the transmission of messages on the Internet. It is one of the most
commonly used features over communications networks that may contain text, files, images, or
other attachments. Generally, it is information that is stored on a computer sent through a
network to a specified individual or group of individuals.

Advantages of Email

There are many advantages of email, which are as follows:

● Cost-effective: Email is a very cost-effective service to communicate with others as there

are several email services available to individuals and organizations for free of cost. Once
a user is online, it does not include any additional charge for the services.
● Email offers users the benefit of accessing email from anywhere at any time if they have
an Internet connection.
● Email offers you an incurable communication process, which enables you to send a
response at a convenient time. Also, it offers users a better option to communicate easily
regardless of different schedules.
● Speed and simplicity: Email can be composed very easily with the correct information
and contacts. Also, with minimum lag time, it can be exchanged quickly.
● Mass sending: You can send a message easily to large numbers of people through email.
● Email exchanges can be saved for future retrieval, which allows users to keep important
conversations or confirmations in their records and can be searched and retrieved when
they are needed quickly.
 ● Email provides a simple user interface and enables users to categorize and filter their
messages. This can help you recognize unwanted emails like junk and spam mail. Also,
users can find specific messages easily when they are needed.
● As compared to traditional posts, emails are delivered extremely fast.
● Email is beneficial for the planet, as it is paperless. It reduces the cost of paper and helps
to save the environment by reducing paper usage.

Disadvantages of Email

● Malicious Use: As email can be sent by anyone if they have an only email address.
Sometimes, an unauthorized person can send you mail, which can be harmful in terms of
stealing your personal information. Thus, they can also use email to spread gossip or false
information.
● Accidents Will Happen: With email, you can make fatal mistakes by clicking the wrong
button in a hurry. For instance, instead of sending it to a single person, you can
accidentally send sensitive information to a large group of people. Thus, the information
can be disclosed, when you have clicked the wrong name in an address list. Therefore, it
can be harmful and generate big trouble in the workplace.
● Spam: Although in recent days, the features of email have been improved, there are still
big issues with unsolicited advertising arriving and spam through email. It can easily
become overwhelming and takes time and energy to control.
● Viruses: Although there are many ways to travel viruses in the devices, email is one of
the common ways to enter viruses and infect devices. Sometimes when you get a mail, it
might be the virus come with an attached document. And, the virus can infect the system
when you click on the email and open the attached link. Furthermore, an anonymous
person or a trusted friend or contact can send infected emails.
● Insecure: There are many hackers available that want to gain your important
information, so email is a common source to seek sensitive data, such as political,
financial, documents, or personal messages. In recent times, there have various
high-profile cases occurred that shown how email is insecure about information theft.

Document Collaboration: Document collaboration refers to the process of multiple people

working together on a document or project, usually through a shared digital platform. This
allows individuals or teams in different locations to work on the same document at the same
time, enabling real-time collaboration and feedback.

Collaborative document editing tools, such as Google Docs, Microsoft Word Online etc., allow
users to share a document with others and collaborate on the same document simultaneously.
This means that users can make changes, add comments, and see updates in real-time, without
 the need to send multiple copies of the document back and forth via email or other file-sharing
methods.

Document collaboration is particularly useful for remote teams or teams with members in
different locations. It allows team members to work together effectively and efficiently, without
the need for physical meetings or in-person collaboration. Collaborative document editing tools
also usually provide version control, so that all changes are recorded and can be reviewed or
rolled back if necessary.

In addition to saving time and improving communication, document collaboration can also
improve the quality of the final product by allowing multiple team members to provide feedback
and make improvements in real-time.

Instant messaging (IM)

Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online communication that allows people to exchange text
messages in real-time through a messaging platform. IM is an efficient and convenient way to
communicate with others, particularly for short messages or quick conversations.

IM platforms are available on desktop and mobile devices, making it easy to stay in touch with
friends, family, and colleagues wherever you are. Some popular IM platforms include
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Skype, Slack, and Google Hangouts.

In addition to text messaging, many IM platforms also offer other features such as voice and
video calls, file sharing, and group messaging. These features can make it easier to collaborate
with others or stay connected with friends and family.

IM can be particularly useful for remote teams or teams with members in different locations. It
allows team members to communicate in real-time, making it easier to collaborate and work
together effectively. IM can also improve productivity by reducing the need for emails or phone
calls.

Netiquette:

Netiquette, short for network etiquette, refers to the set of rules and guidelines for appropriate
behavior and communication on the internet. Netiquette is important in all forms of online
communication, including instant messaging.

Here are some netiquette tips to keep in mind when using instant messaging:

1. Use appropriate language and tone: Avoid using offensive language or tone, and be mindful of
cultural differences in communication.
2. Respect others' time: Keep messages brief and to the point, and avoid sending multiple
messages if one will suffice.
3. Use proper grammar and punctuation: Using proper grammar and punctuation can improve
clarity and understanding.
4. Be mindful of context: Consider the context of the conversation and the person you're talking to
before sending a message.
5. Avoid typing in all caps: Typing in all caps can be seen as shouting and can be perceived as
rude.
6. Avoid sending too many messages at once: Sending too many messages can be overwhelming
and annoying for the recipient.