1.1. What do you mean by information system?

What is
information system analysis and design? An Information
System (IS) is a coordinated set of components and resources
that collect, store, process, and disseminate information to
support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and
visualization in an organization. It integrates people,
processes, data, and technology to manage information and
improve efficiency and effectiveness. Systems Analysis: It is a
process of collecting and interpreting facts, identifying the
problems, and decomposition of a system into its
components. System analysis is conducted for the purpose of
studying a system or its parts in order to identify its objectives.
Systems Design: It is a process of planning a new business
system or replacing an existing system by defining its
components or modules to satisfy the specific requirements.
Before planning, you need to understand the old system
thoroughly and determine how computers can best be used in
order to operate efficiently.
3. Discuss the concepts of MIS and DS5. How are they
related? A. Operational efficiency and routine decision-
making A. Complex, strategic decision-making B. Structured
decisions B. Unstructured and semi-structured decisions C.
Processes internal data C. Integrates internal and external
data D. Standard reports, summaries D. Analysis results,
forecasts, scenarios E. Day-to-day operations, tracking, and
control E. Strategic planning, problem-solving
4. "An information system is an open system". Do you agree?
Justify your answer? Yes, an information system can be
considered an open system. An open system is one that
interacts with its environment by exchanging information,
energy, or materials. Here are the key characteristics of why
an information system is an open system: Characteristics of an
Open System: Interaction with the Environment: An
information system continuously interacts with its external
environment, including users, other systems, regulatory
bodies, suppliers, and customers. This interaction involves the
exchange of data and information. Input and Output:
Information systems receive inputs (data, user commands,
etc.) from the environment, process this information, and
produce outputs (reports, processed data, notifications, etc.)
that are sent back to the environment.
5. What is the difference between analysis and design? A.
System Analysis focuses on problem identification and
definition. A. System Design focuses on problem-solving and
finding solutions B. System Analysis is a one-time process that
occurs at the beginning of the project B. System Design is an
ongoing process that occurs throughout the project C. System
Analysis is the first step in the software development process
C. System Design is the second step in the software
development process D. System Analysis is a top-down
approach where the analyst looks at the big picture first and
then delves into the details D. System Design is a bottom-up
approach where the analyst starts with the details and moves
up to the big picture.
6. What do you mean by usability and what characteristics of
an interface are used to access system ability? Usability refers
to the ease with which users can interact with a system or
product to achieve their goals effectively, efficiently, and
satisfactorily. A system with high usability is intuitive, user-
friendly, and accessible to its intended audience. Usability is a
critical aspect of user experience (UX) design.
8. What are the characteristics of a system? Organization,
interaction, interdependence, integration, a central object.
9. Who are the system analysts? What are the skills needed
to be system analysts? System analysts: A system analysts of
an Information Technology (IT) professional who specializes in
analyzing, designing and implementing information systems
System analysts are the key individuals in the systems
developments process. As system analysts they need to
develop four skills. This are- Analytical skills, Technical skills,
Managerial skills, Inter personal skills. Analytical skills, It
enables to understand the organization and its functions to
identify opportunity and problems and to analyze and solve
problems. One of the most important things that it can
develop the thinking ability. Technical skills: It helps to
understand the potential and the limitations of information
technique.
10. What are the roles of system analysts? Investigation: The
process of fact finding through asking questions is called
investigation. Communications with customers. The
interviews are conducted to find out facts of organization.
Documentation: The report prepared on the basis of interview
is called documents. It is a detail description of customer's
requirements in written shape. It is also called requirement
specification or functional specification. understanding. The
good understanding of collected information for
documentation is essential for fruitful system design.
Planning. The planning and documentation is the major
responsibility of system analyst.
11. What is candidate system? Describe the consideration in
deciding on a candidate system specially? Candidate system:
A newly developed system designed to replace the current
system. The consideration in deciding on a candidate system:
Technical consideration , Behavioral factor ,Political factors
(considerations), Economic consideration. The technical
factors involve the system department ability to handle a
project. Much depends on the ability of qualified analysts,
designers and software specialist to do the work. This is
especially true in designing data bases and implementing
complete system for large concerns. 12. Distinguish
between Open and Close system? A. An open system has
many interfaces with its environment A. A closed system is
isolated from environment influence B. Open system is
available in computer system B. In reality, a completely closed
system is rare C. It is sold adjusting and self-regulating C. It is
not self-adjusting and self- regulating D. It produces useful
output and operates in cycle D. It does not produce useful
output and not operation in cycle E. An object system reaches
a steady state E.It does not reach a steady state
13. Distinguish between physical and logical system? A.
generated by CPU B. location in a memory unit B. User can
view the logical address of a program. B. User can never view
physical address of program C. generated by the CPU C.
Computed by MMU D. Logical address can be change D.
Physical address will not change E. virtual address E. real
address.
14. What is the SDLC? What are the different stages of SDLC?
The Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a structured
process that enables the production of high-quality, low-cost
software, in the shortest possible production time. The goal of
the SDLC is to produce superior software that meets and
exceeds all customer expectations and demands. Exam_kit
15. What is prototyping? What are the advantages of
prototyping? Prototyping is the process of creating a
preliminary model or version of a product to test and validate
ideas, concepts, and designs before final production. It allows
designers, developers, and stakeholders to explore options,
identify potential issues, and refine solutions. Advantages of
Prototyping Early Detection of Problems: Prototyping helps
identify design flaws, technical limitations, and potential user
experience issues early in the development process, reducing
the risk of costly changes later. Improved Communication:
Prototypes provide a tangible representation of ideas, making
it easier for team members, stakeholders, and clients to
understand and provide feedback on the design. User
Feedback: By testing prototypes with real users, designers can
gather valuable feedback and insights, ensuring the final
product meets user needs and expectations.
16. Why has the prototyping become important in the
context of system design? The following reasons serve that
prototyping become important in the context in the context of
system design: - Communication between the system analysts
and users are improved B. The expert can do a better job of
determining the user's needs C. The users play a more active
role in system development D. The expert and the user spend
a less time and effort in developing the system E. The
implementation is much easier because the user knows what
to expect
19. Describe static system model and dynamic system
model? Software engineering is the discipline that primarily
deals in the application of computer science and engineering
knowledge for designing, building, and sustaining software
products. Models can be classified into two broad categories:
static and dynamic. This article analyzes the definitions,
characteristics, and differences between the static and
dynamic models in software engineering
2.1. what are the tools for structured analysis? List out the
pros and cons of each tool? Structured analysis; Structured
analysis is a set of techniques and graphical tools that allow
the analyst to develop a new kind of system specification.
Those are easily understandable to the user. The structured
analysis, several tools are used including following DFD, Data
dictionary ,Structured English Decision tree, Decision tables.
List out the pros and cons of each tool in structured analysis
are- 1) The primary strength of the DFD is its ability to
represent data flows. It may be used at high or low levels of
analysis and provides god system documentation. However,
the tool only weakly shows input and output detail. The ser
often finds it confusing initially. 2) The data dictionary helps
the analysts simplify the structure for meeting the data
requirements of the system. It may be used at high or low
levels of analysis, but it does not provide functional detailed
and it is not acceptable to many non technical users.
2. why feasibility study is important? Feasibility study is the
initial design stage of any project, which brings together the
elements of knowledge that indicate if a project is possible or
not. Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary
investigation that helps the management to take decision
about whether study of system should be feasible for
development or not. A. It identifies the possibility of
improving an existing system, developing a new system, and
produce refined estimates for further development of system.
B. It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide
whether feasible or appropriate solution exists or not.
3. How many types of feasibility? Technical Feasibility: In
Technical Feasibility current resources both hardware
software along with required technology are
analyzed/assessed to develop project. Operational Feasibility:
In Operational Feasibility degree of providing service to
requirements is analyzed along with how much easy product
will be to operate and maintenance after deployment.
Economic Feasibility: In Economic Feasibility study cost and
benefit of the project is analyzed. Legal Feasibility: In Legal
Feasibility study project is analyzed in legality point of view.
Cultural and Political Feasibility: This section assesses how the
software project will affect the political environment and
organizational culture.
4. Describe the steps of feasibility analysis briefly? Feasibility
analysis involves evaluating a project's potential for success.
Here are the brief steps: Preliminary Analysis: Identify the
project’s main goals, potential obstacles, and the scope of the
analysis. Market Research: Assess market demand, target
audience, competitors, and market trends to determine if
there is a viable market for the product or service. Technical
Feasibility: Examine if the technology, skills, and resources
required for the project are available and adequate. Financial
Feasibility: Estimate the financial aspects, including costs,
funding, revenue projections, and profitability to ensure the
project is financially viable. Operational Feasibility: Analyze
the organizational structure, processes, and resources needed
to support the project and if it can be integrated smoothly into
current operations.
5. Distinguish between initial investigation and feasibility
study? A. An exploratory activity that determines whether a
user request is valid and feasible before a course of action is
recommended. A. A procedure that identifies describes and
evaluates candidate system and selects the best system for the
job B. The basic for a candidate system is recognition of a need
for improving an information system or a procedure and this
need leads to a preliminary survey or investigation an 10 initial
determine whether an alternative, system can solve the
problem. B. Depending on the results of the initial
investigation, the survey is expanded to a more detailed
feasibility study C. The objective of initial investigation is to
determine. whether the request is valid C. The objective of a
feasibility study is net to solve the problem but to acquire a
sense of its scope
6. Describe four traditional techniques for collecting
information during away When might one be better than
another? Interviewing and listening: It involves taking with
users individually or as a group to discover their views about
the current and target systems, it also involves carefully
preparing an interview outline and guide before conducting
the interview. Administering questionnaires: It involves
designing a questionnaire and determining, who should
respond to it; this method is typically used when there are too
many key users to interview individually. Directly observing
users: It involves watching how people work in order to
uncover information may not be consciously aware of. Direct
observation. Analyzing procedures and other documents: It
involves identifying and collecting written procedures, forms,
reports and other relevant documents in order to letter
identifying data and processes that would be part of the
current and target systems.
7. A question may be closed or open-ended illustrate the
difference with example? Open-ended question: Question in
interviews and no questionnaires that have no pre- specified
answers. Open-ended question is usually used to probe for
information for which system analyst cannot anticipate all
possible responses or for which system analyst do not know
the precise question to ask the person being interviewed is
encourage to talk about whatever interests him or within the
general bonus of the question. Advantage of open-ended
question: A. Open ended question also often put the
interviewees at case since they are able to respond in their
own-words using their own structure B. Open ended
questions give interviewers more of sense involvement and
control in the interview. Disadvantage: Open ended question
can be difficult to summarize.
8. Why is it difficult to determine we requirements? A.
System requirement change and used requirements must be
modified to account for these changes. B. The articulation of
requirements is difficult, expect for experienced users.
Functions and procedures are not easily described. C. Heaving
user involvement and motivation are difficult. D. The pattern
of interaction between users and analysis in designing
information requirements are complex.
9. Discuss the key strategies for eliciting information about
the user requirement? There are three key strategies or
general approaches for eliciting information regarding the
user's requirements: Asking, Getting information from the
existing information system, Prototyping. Asking: This
strategy obtains information from users by simply asking them
about the requirements. There are three key asking methods:
A. Questions may be open-ended or closed B. Brainstorming
is a technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining
general information requirements. Prototyping in system
analysis and design is the building of partial versions of a
program. This can include only some of the final functionality.
It enables developers to show how the program is developing,
making further improvements while seeing how it matches
the customer requirements
10. What is decomposition and balancing? Decomposition:
Decomposition is the process of breaking down a system into
its smaller components. The components may themselves be
systems (sub-systems) and can be broken down into their
components as well. It focuses on one area at a time and build
different components at independent times. Balancing: hhen
decomposing a DFD, we must conserve inputs to and output
from a process at the next level of decomposition. This is
called balancing. In designing information
requirements are complex.
11. A data dictionary is structured repository of data about
data"- Discuss? A data dictionary, is structured repository of
data absesat data: Discussion. A data repository or data
dictionary is a structured repository of data about data, which
is a set of rigorous definitions of all DFD data elements & data
structure. A data dictionary- A. Serves documentation i.e., it is
valuable reference in any organization. B. Improve analyst or
user communication by establishing consistent definitions of
Various elements terms & procedures. C. It is an important
step in building database. There are three classes to be
defined, they are - A. Data element: It is the smallest of data
that provides no farther decomposition B. Data structure:
Data structure is a group of data elements handle as a unit.
12. What are Data Flow Diagram? How do they differ from
structure chart? Data Flow Diagram (DFD) represents the flow
of data within information systems. Data Flow Diagrams (DFD)
provide a graphical representation of the data flow of a system
that can be understood by both technical and non-technical
users. The models enable software engineers, customers, and
users to work together effectively during the analysis and
specification of requirements A. Structure chart represents
the software architecture. A. Flow chart represents the flow of
control in program. B. Symbols used in structure chart are
complex B. Symbols used in flow chart are simple C. Structure
chart is hard to understand. C. Flow chart is easy to
understand. D. Structure chart is complex to construct in
comparison of flow chart D. Flow chart is easier to construct
in comparison of structure chart
13. What basic rules are relevant to constructing a DFD?
Constructing a DID: Several rules of thumb are used in
drawing DFDs: Processes should be named and numbered for
easy reference. Each name should be representative of the
process. The direction of flow is from top to bottom and from
left to right. Data traditionally flow from the source to the
destination, although they may flow back to source. One way
to indicate this is to draw a long flow line back to the source.
An alternative way is to repeat the source symbol as a
destination Since it is used more than once in the DFD, it is
marked with a short diagonal in the lower right corner as
shown in figure:
14. How can you determine if DFDs are not balanced? The
concept of balancing states that all the incoming flows to a
process and all the outgoing flows from a process in the parent
diagram should be preserved at the next level of
decomposition. Process decomposition lets you organize your
overall DFD in a series of levels so that each level provides
successively more detail about a portion of the level above it.
The goal of the balancing feature is to check your system
internal consistency, which is particularly useful as different
levels of expertise are generally involved in project.
15. Describe three commonly used methods for performing
economic cost- benefit? There are many techniques that can
be used to compute a project's economic feasibility. Because
most information system have a useful life of more than 1 year
and will provide benefits and incur expenses for more than I
year, most technique for analyzing economic feasibility
employ the concept of the TVM (time value of money). Some
of these cost-benefit analysis techniques are quite simple.
whereas others are more sophisticated. Method for
performing economic cost-benefit analysis: Net Present Value
(NPV), Return on Investment (ROI), Break Even Analysis (BEA).
16. What is the importance of cost benefit analysis? Cost
benefit analysis: Cost benefit analysis (CBA) is a technique
used to compare the total costs of project with its benefits.
This allows a business to calculate the net cost with the
project. The importance of cost Benefit Analysis: A. CBA
should be used for any project that involves policy
development, capital expenditure, use of assets, or setting of
standards. B. The best CBA take a broad view of costs and
benefits to ensure the CBA is as comprehensive as possible. C.
CBA gives proper recognition to public preference and
consideration should be given to understand the public good
and how the public good is best served. 17. Difference
between net present value (NPV) analysis and prevent value
(PV) analysis? A. NPV takes into account the investments (cash
inflows) and the returns (cash outflows) A. PV takes into
account only the cash out flows that the project generates B.
NPV is the present value of the cash inflows minus the present
value of the cash outflows. B. PV value is the result of
discounting future amounts to the present C. NPV is a
commonly used metric in capital budgeting that accounting
for the time value of money C. PV is used in capital budgeting
to analyze the profit ability of a project investment or project.
18.What is structured English? What is the difference
between structured English and pseudo-code? Structured
English: Most programmers are unaware of the large picture
of software so they only rely on what their managers tell them
to do. It is the responsibility of higher software management
to provide accurate information to the programmers to
develop accurate yet fast code. Structured English is the It uses
plain English words in structured programming. Pseudo-Code:
Pseudo code is written closer to programming language. It
may be considered as augmented programming language, full
of comments and descriptions. Pseudo code avoids variable
declaration but they are written using some actual
programming language's constructs, like C, Fortran, Pascal etc.
19. How can structured English be used to present sequence,
condition statements and repetition in an information
system process? Answer: Structured English is a modified
form of the English language used to specify the logic of
information system processes Sequence is represented by
listen statements at the same level of indentation. Conditional
statements are represent by BEGIN IF/END IF statements and
by case statements. Repetition represented by DO... UNTIL
and DO... hhile statements.
20. Draw a level-1 DFD diagram for a food ordering system?
Data Flow Diagram (DFD) provides a visual representation of
the flow of information (i.e. data) within a system. By drawing
a Data Flow Diagram, you can tell the information provided by
and delivered to someone who takes part in system processes,
the information needed to complete the processes and the
information needed to be stored and accessed. This article
describes and explains the Data Flow Diagram (DFD) by using
a food ordering system as an example.
21. What is data dictionary? It describes the meanings and
purposes of data elements within the context of a project, and
provides guidance on interpretation, accepted meanings and
representation. A Data Dictionary also provides metadata
about data elements.
22. What point should be considered constructing a data
dictionary? A data dictionary is a collection of data about data.
Data dictionaries are repositories of information about a
project's data such as an explanation of its meaning,
relationships to other data, origin, usage and formatting. Here
are a few points to help in creating a data dictionary. Gather
Information: Every project has its own unique set of data.
Understanding the functionality of any project and clearly
defining its requirements will help to delineate the elements
needed to create a data dictionary. Decide the Format: Data
dictionaries are generally broken down into tables. For this
reason, programs like Microsoft Excel are commonly used.
Tables can be as simple as a header with one column
describing a set of data with the second column being a
corresponding database entry.
23. Mention the advantages of data dictionary? 1. It is a
valuable reference in any organization because it provides
documentation. 2. It improves the communication between
system analyst and user by establishing consistent definitions
of various items terms and procedures. 3. It is a good tool for
manage operators and other members of the development
team to understand requirements and design. 4. It helps the
analyst to simplify the structure for meeting the data
requirements of the system. 24. Write down the
advantages of using automated tools development? A.
Increased Efficiency: Automated tools can perform repetitive
tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, which can
save a lot of time and effort. B. Improved Quality Automated
tools can help identify errors and bugs early in the
development process, which can improve the overall quality
of the software. C. Cost-effective: Automated tools can reduce
the need for manual labor. which can save money in
the long run. D. Cons 4.1. What is testing? What are
the types of system testing? Testing is the process or activity
that checks the functionality and correctness of software
according to specified user requirements in order to improve
the quality and reliability of system. It is an expensive, time
consuming, and critical approach in system development
which requires proper planning of overall test in a process.
There are some types of system testing are discussed here: (i)
Usability testing (ii) Load testing (iii) Regression testing
Regression testing (iv) Recovery testing (v) Migration testing
(vi) Functional testing (vii) Hardware / Software Testing
Usability testing: mainly focuses on the user's ease to use the
application. flexibility in handling controls and ability of the
system to meet its objectives. Load testing: Load testing is
necessary to known that a software solution will perform
under real-life loads. Recovery testing: Recovery testing is
done to demonstrate a software solution is reliable,
trustworthy and can successfully recoup from possible
crashes. 2. What is implementation? Discuss the
difference between implementation and conversation?
Implementation is a process of ensuring that the information
system is operational. It involves Constructing a new system
from scratch . Constructing a new system from the existing
one. Implementation allows the users to take over its
operation for use and evaluation. Implementation: Coding
and Development : This is where programmers write code and
develop the software according to the system design.
Integration: Various components and modules developed
separately are integrated to form a complete system. Testing:
The implemented system undergoes testing to ensure it meets
the specified requirements and functions correctly.
Conversation : Data Migration: Transferring data from the old
system to the new one, ensuring data integrity and
consistency. Training: Training users and administrators on
how to use the new system effectively. Parallel Operations:
Running both the old and new systems simultaneously for a
period to ensure the new system works correctly and users are
comfortable with it. Cut-over: Switching from the old system
to the new system completely.
3. List and define the factors that are important to successful
implementation efforts? Successful implementation efforts in
system analysis and design require careful consideration of
various factors to ensure the system is deployed effectively
and meets its intended objectives. Here are several key factors
that are important for successful implementation: Clear
Requirements, Effective Planning, Strong Project
Management, User Involvement and Training, Testing and
Quality Assurance, Change Management, Infrastructure and
Resources, Risk Management, Vendor and Supplier
Management.
4. Differentiate between verification and validation? A. It
includes checking documents, designs, codes, and programs.
A. It includes testing and validating the actual product B.
Verification is the static testing. B. Validation is dynamic
testing C. It comes before validation C. It comes after
verification D. After a valid and complete specification the
verification starts D. Validation begins as soon as project starts
E. Verification is for prevention of errors E. Validation is for
detection of errors
5. What are the deliverables from coding, testing and
installation? Coding Phase Deliverables: Source Code: The
actual code written for the system, including all modules and
components. Code Documentation: Detailed descriptions of
the code, including comments within the code, as well as
separate documents explaining the logic, algorithms, and
structure. Configuration Files: Files that set up various
parameters and environment settings necessary for the
application to run. Testing Phase Deliverables: Test Plan: A
document outlining the strategy, scope, approach, and
resources required for testing. Test Cases: Detailed
descriptions of the scenarios to be tested, including inputs,
expected results, and testing procedures. Installation Phase
Deliverables: Installation Plan: A document detailing the
steps, resources, and schedule for deploying the system into a
production environment. Deployment Scripts: Automated
scripts for installing, configuring, and starting up the system.
6. What is project management? What are the characteristics
that define a project? Project management is a process that
provides structure, direction and control to achieve a
successful project outcome. There is now a large body of
knowledge applied to the understanding, implementation and
review of project management principles and guidelines.
Defined Scope: The scope outlines the boundaries of the
project, including what will be included and excluded. It
specifies the deliverables and the tasks required to complete
them. Resource Allocation: Projects require the allocation of
resources, including time, money, personnel, and technology.
Effective resource management is crucial for the successful
completion of the project. Time , quality , Risk.
7. Define quality assurance. List the factors that affect the
quality of a system? Quality assurance is a process
management activity that focuses on ensuring that the
processes used to create a product produce as few defects as
possible. QA activities are conducted with the goal of ensuring
that processes are consistent and effective at producing their
desired outcome. Project Management, Technical Expertise,
Documentation, Change Management, Performance
Optimization, Security, Usability, Maintainability and
Extensibility, Risk Management, Tool and Technology Selection
8. What is documentation? Describe different types of
documentation? System documentation represents
documents that describe the system itself and its parts. It
includes requirements documents, design decisions,
architecture descriptions, program source code, and FAQs.
User documentation covers manuals that are mainly prepared
for end-users of the product and system administrators.
Programming documentation, system documentation,
operations documentation , user documentation .
9. What are the major threats to system security? 1.
Malware: Viruses: Malicious programs that attach themselves
to legitimate software and replicate. horms: Standalone
malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
Trojan Horses: Malicious software disguised as legitimate
software. Ransom ware: Malware that encrypts data and
demands a ransom for decryption. 2. Phishing and Social
Engineering: Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive
information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in
electronic communications. Social Engineering: Manipulating
individuals into divulging confidential information.
3.1What is the importance of process or design system
design? Or, What do you mean by logical and physical
design? System design is a transition from user-oriented
document t document oriented to programmers or data base
personnel. That is system design Provides The understanding
and procedural details necessary for implementing system
recommended in the feasibility study. It goes through logical
and physical design. physical design: A. Design the physical
system B. Specify input output media C. Design the database
and specify backup procedures D. Design physical information
flow through the system and a physical design walkthrough.
2. What is the difference between logical and physical
modeling? Logical data model is created at the requirements
gathering, system analysis and top-level design. it is a
communication and specification tool for business analysts
and business. Physical data model is created when you
translate top level design into physical tables in the database.
This model is slightly different due to the fact that you have to
worry about many details. This model is created by database
software architects, software developers or
database administrators.
3. What is user interface design? What are the elements that
frequently cause people? User interface design (UI) or user
interface engineering is the design of user interfaces for
machines and software, such as computers, home appliances,
mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus
on maximizing usability and the user experience. The goal of
user interface design is to make the user's interaction as
simple and efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing
user goals (user- interface design.
4. Can a system be designed without being analyzed? Here’s
where understanding the bigger picture of the system
development life cycle (SDLC) helps. The SDLC, also called the
software development life cycle or the application
development life cycle, is a multi-phase process for creating
an information system. It covers the life of the system from
planning, through launch, to assessment. A key concept in
information technology, the SDLC encompasses a mix of
software and hardware configurations. These can include
systems consisting of only software, only hardware, or a
combination of both. Planning and preliminary analysis,
System analysis, System design , Development, Testing and
integration, Implementation, Operation and maintenance,
Evaluation
5. Give a general guideline for the design of forms and
reports? General guidelines for formatting forms and
reports: A. Explain the process of form and report design. B.
Use color and know when color improves the usability of
information C. Format text, tables and lists effectively. D.
Explain how to assess usability and describe factors affecting
usability From: A. A business document that contains some
predefined data and may include areas where additional data
are to be filled in B. An instance of a form is typically based on
one database record Repeat: A. A business document that
contains only predefined data B. A passive document for
reading or viewing data. C. Typically contains data from many
database records or transaction.
6. What is Joint Application Design (JAD)? How is JAD better
traditional gathering technique? JAD(joint Application
Design), JAD stared in the late 1976's IDM and that since then
the practice of JAD has spread throughout many companies
The main idea behind JAD is to bring together the key users,
manages and system analyst involved in the analysis of
correct to the primary purpose of using JAD in the analysis,
phase is to collect system requirement simultaneously form
key the people involved with the system. The result is an
intense and structured, but highly effective process. As with a
group interview, having all the key people together in one
place at times analysts to see where there are areas of
agreement and where are conflicts. Meeting with all to these
important people for over a week of intense, or at least to
understand why a conflict may not be simple to resolve.
7. Write down the goal of input and output design for system
development? Goal of input design: Input design is the
process for converting user-originated inputs to a computer-
based formal. In the system design phase, the expanded data
flow diagrams identify logical data flows, data stores, sources
& destinations. A system flow chart specifies master files
(database), transaction files & computer programs. Input data
are collected & organized into groups of similar data. The goal
of designing input data is to make entry on easy, logical & free
from errors as possible. In entering data, operators need to
know the following- A. The allocated spa five each field B. Field
enquire which must match that in source document. C. The
format in which data fields in entered.
8. Explain the importance of input design. What factors
should we consider for designing input? In an information
system, input is the raw data that is processed to produce
output. During the input design, the developers must consider
the input devices such as PC, MICR, OMR, etc. Therefore, the
quality of system input determines the quality of system
output. hell- designed input forms and screens have following
properties, A. It should serve specific purpose effectively such
as storing, recording, and retrieving the information. B. It
ensures proper completion with accuracy. C. It should be easy
to fill and straightforward. D. it should focus on users
attention, consistency and simplicity.
9. Distinguish between coupling and cohesion? coupling:
The module's connection to other module are called coupling.
That is, module coupling refers to the number of connections
between a "calling" & a "called module & the complexity of
these connections. There must be at least one connection
between a module & a calling module. Example: In fig (a) O, P
& Q are couples. Module A calls module B passing O
downward. It also calls module C passing P downward &
Receiving Q back. Myers has classified seven level of
coupling: No direct coupling (ii) Data coupling (iii) Stamp
coupling (iv) Control coupling (v) External coupling (vi)
Common coupling Cohesion module strength Cohesion
means strength within module That is degree of relationships
between element within module. Module that perform only
one tasks are said to be more cohesive (& less error prone
than modules that perform multiple task . Mayes has ranked
cohesion or module into 7 levels. Function cohesion ,
Informational cohesion, Communicational cohesion ,
Procedural cohesion , Classical cohesion ,Logical cohesion &
,Coincidental cohesion
10. What is HIPO? HIPO is commonly used method for
developing systems software. IBM developed this method of
Hierarchical Input Process Output (HIPO) for large. complex
operating systems. HIPO diagrams are graphic, rather than
narrative description of the system. They assist the analyst in
answering three guiding questions 1. hhat does the system or
module do? 2. hhat does it do it? 3. hhat are the inputs and
Output?
11. Difference between HIPO and IPO? HIPO diagram
represents the hierarchy of modules in the software system.
Analyst uses HIPO diagram in order to obtain high-level view
of system functions. decomposes functions into sub-functions
in a hierarchical manner. It depicts the functions performed by
system, HIPO diagrams are good for documentation purpose.
Their graphical representation makes it easier for designers
and managers to get the pictorial idea of the system structure.
IPO (Input Process Output) diagram, which depicts the flow of
some and date in module, HIPO does not provide any
information at data flow or control flow.
12. Write down the objectives of database? Objective of Data
Base: The general theme behind a database is to handle
information as an integrated whole. There is none of the
artificiality than in normally embedded in separate files or
applications. A database is a collection of interrelated data
Stored with minimum redundancy to serve many users quickly
and efficiently . The general objective is to make information
access, easy, quick, inexpensive and flexible for the user.
13. Why do we test design? Explain the signification of it?
Test Design: Test design is the act of creating and writing test
suites for testing a software. Test design is a process that
describes how testing should be done. It includes processes
for the identifying test cases by enumerating steps of the
defined test conditions. After the test conditions are defined
and sufficient information is available to create the test cases
of high or low level, test design for a specified level can be
created. For lower-level testing, test analysis and design are
combined activity. The signification of test design: Test design
techniques are applied to satisfy the goals of every individual
in software development projects, including testers. Although
the main purpose is to ensure that the products meet the
expectations of clients and their businesses, these techniques
allow testers to execute the test effortlessly based on various
risk factors. At several testing phases, testing techniques are
considered as a set of rules help ensure a minimum level of
consistency.