Fraction and Decimals

MIND MAP
CONCEPT

Introduction: Fractions
The word fraction derives from the Latin word “Fractus” meaning broken. It
represents a part of a whole, consisting of a number of equal parts out of a
whole.

E.g. : slices of a pizza.

10,39,389

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Fractions play an important part in our daily lives. There are many examples of
fractions you will come across in real life. We have to willingly or unwillingly
share that yummy pizza amongst our friends and families. Three people, four
slices. If you learn and visualize fractions in an easy way, it will be more fun and
exciting. For example, slice an apple into two parts, then each part of the sliced
apple will represent a fraction (equal to 1/2).

Parts of Fractions

The fractions include two parts, numerator and denominator.

 Numerator: It is the upper part of the fraction, that represents the

sections of the fraction

 Denominator: It is the lower or bottom part that represents the total

parts in which the fraction is divided.

Example: If 3/4 is a fraction, then 3 is the numerator and 4 is the denominator.

Properties of Fractions

Similar to real numbers and whole numbers, a fractional number also holds
some of the important properties. They are:

 Commutative and associative properties hold true for fractional addition

and multiplication

 The identity element of fractional addition is 0, and fractional

multiplication is 1

 The multiplicative inverse of a/b is b/a, where a and b should be non

zero elements

 Fractional numbers obey the distributive property of multiplication over

addition

Types of Fractions

Based on the properties of numerator and denominator, fractions are sub-

divided into different types. They are:

Proper fractions

Improper fractions

Mixed fractions

Like fractions
Unlike fractions

Equivalent fractions

Proper Fractions

The proper fractions are those where the numerator is less than the
denominator. For example, 8/9 will be a proper fraction since “numerator <
denominator”.

Improper Fractions

The improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator happens to be greater

than the denominator. For example, 9/8 will be an improper fraction since
“numerator > denominator”.

Mixed Fractions

A mixed fraction is a combination of the integer part and a proper fraction.

These are also called mixed numbers or mixed numerals. For example:

Like Fractions

Like fractions are those fractions, as the name suggests, that are alike or same.

For example, take ½ and 2/4; they are alike since if you simplify it
mathematically, you will get the same fraction.

Unlike Fractions

Unlike fractions, are those that are dissimilar.

For example, ½ and 1/3 are unlike fractions.

Equivalent Fractions

Two fractions are equivalent to each other if after simplification either of two
fractions is equal to the other one.

For example, ⅔ and 4/6 are equivalent frac ons.

Since, 4/6 = (2 × 2)/(2 × 3) = 2/3

Unit Fractions

A fraction is known as a unit fraction when the numerator is equal to 1.

One half of whole = ½

One-third of whole = 1/3

One-fourth of whole = ¼

One-fifth of whole = ⅕

Representation of Fractions

A fraction is represented by 2 numbers on top of each other, separated by a

line. The number on top is the numerator and the number below is the
denominator. Example :34 which basically means 3 parts out of 4 equal
divisions.

2,89,285

Fraction on a Number Line

We have already learned to represent the integers, such as 0, 1, 2, -1, -2, on a

number line. In the same way, we can represent fractions on a number line.

For example, if we have to represent 1/5 and 3/5 parts of a whole, then it can
be represented as shown in the below figure.
Since the denominator is equal to 5, thus 1 is divided into 5 equal parts, on the
number line. Now the first section is 1/5 and the third section is 3/5.

Similarly, you can practice marking more of the fractions on the number line,
such as 1/2, 1/4, 2/11, 3/7, etc.

Multiplication of Fractions
Multiplication of a fraction by a whole number:

Example 1: 7 × (1/3) = 7/3

Example 2 : 5 × (7/45) = 35/45, Dividing numerator and denominator by 5, we

get 7/9

Multiplication of a fraction by a fraction is basically product of

numerators/product of denominators

Example 1: (3/5) × (12/13) = 36/65

Example 2 : Multiplication of mixed fractions

2 1
4 ×1
3 7
First convert mixed fractions to improper fractions and then multiply
14 8
×
3 7
Fraction as an Operator ‘Of’
The ‘of’ operator basically implies multiplication.

Example: 1/6 of 18 = (1/6)×18 = 18/6 = 3

or, 1/2 of 11 = (1/2) × 11 = 11/2

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Division of Fractions
Reciprocal of a Fraction

Reciprocal of any number n is written as 1n

Reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by interchanging the numerator and

denominator.

Example: Reciprocal of 2/5 is 5/2

Although zero divided by any number means zero itself, we cannot find
reciprocals for them, as a number divided by 0 is undefined.

Example : Reciprocal of 0/7 ≠ 7/0

Division of Fractions

Division of a whole number by a fraction : we multiply the whole number with

the reciprocal of the fraction.

Example: 63÷(7/5) = 63×(5/7) = 9×5 = 45

Division of a fraction by a whole number: we multiply the fraction with the

reciprocal of the whole number.

Example: (8/11)÷4 = (8/11)×(1/4) = 2/11

Division of a fraction by another fraction : We multiply the dividend with the

reciprocal of the divisor.

Example: (2/7) ÷ (5/21) = (2/7) × (21/5) = 6/5

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Decimals
Introduction: Decimal

In Algebra, decimals are one of the types of numbers, which has a whole
number and the fractional part separated by a decimal point. The dot present
between the whole number and fractions part is called the decimal point. For
example, 34.5 is a decimal number.

Here, 34 is a whole number part and 5 is the fractional part.

“.” is the decimal point.

Let us discuss some other examples.

Here is the number “thirty-four and seven-tenths” written as a decimal

number:

The decimal point goes between Ones and Tenths

34.7 has 3 Tens, 4 Ones and 7 Tenths

Decimal numbers are used to represent numbers that are smaller than the unit
1. Decimal number system is also known as base 10 system since each place
value is denoted by a power of 10.
Decimals

A decimal number refers to a number consisting of the following two parts:

(i) Integral part (before the decimal point)

(ii) Fractional Part (after the decimal point).

These both are separated by a decimal separator(.) called the decimal point.

A decimal number is written as follows: Example 564.8 or 23.97.

The numbers to the left of the decimal point increase with the order of 10,
while the numbers to the right of the point increase with the decrease order of
10.

The above example 564.8 can be read as ‘five hundred and sixty four and eight
tenths’

⇒ 5 × 100 + 6 × 10 + 4 × 1 + 8 × (1/10)

A fraction can be written as a decimal and vice-versa. Example 3/2 = 1.5 or 1.5
= 15/10 = 3/2

Multiplication of Decimals
Multiplication of decimal numbers with whole numbers :

Multiply them as whole numbers. The product will contain the same number of
digits after the decimal point as that of the decimal number.

E.g : 11.3 × 4 = 45.2

Multiplication of decimals with powers of 10 :

If a decimal is multiplied by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the
right by the number of zeros in its power.

E.g : 45.678×10 = 456.78 (decimal point shifts by 1 place to the right) or,
45.678 × 1000 = 45678 (decimal point shifts by 3 places to the right)

Multiplication of decimals with decimals :

Multiply the decimal numbers without decimal points and then give decimal
point in the answer as many places same as the total number of places right to
the decimal points in both numbers.

E.g:

Division of Decimals
Dividing a decimal number by a whole number:

Example: 45.2/55

Step 1. Convert the Decimal number into Fraction: 45.25= 4525/100

Step 2. Divide the fraction by the whole number: (4525/100)÷5 = (4525/100) ×

(1/5) = 9.05

Dividing a decimal number by a decimal number:

Example 1: 45.25/0.5

Step 1. Convert both the decimal numbers into fractions: 45.25 = 4525/100
and 0.5 = 5/10

Step 2. Divide the fractions: (4525/100)÷(5/10) = (4525/100)×(10/5) = 90.5

Example 2:
Dividing a decimal number by a decimal number

Dividing a decimal number by powers of 10 :

If a decimal is divided by a power of 10, then the decimal point shifts to the left
by the number of zeros present in the power of 10.

Example: 98.765 ÷ 100 = 0.98765 Infinity

When the denominator in a fraction is very very small (almost tending to 0),
then the value of the fraction tends towards infinity.

E.g: 999999/0.000001 = 999999000001 ≈ a very large number, which is

considered to be ∞

Very Short Questions :

1. If of a number is 6, find the number.
Ans. Let x be the required number.

Hence, the required number is 9.

 2. Find the product of and 2 .

Ans.
3. Solve the following:

Ans.
4. Multiply 2.05 and 1.3.

Ans.
5. Solve:
3 7 3 2
(i) 2 − (ii) 4 + (iii) +
5 8 5 7

Ans.
6. Solve the following:
(a) 3 –

(b) 4 +
Ans.
7. Arrange the following in descending order:

Ans.Changing them to like fractions, we obtain

Since 42>24>14

Changing them to like fractions, we obtain

Short Questions :
 1. Arrange the following in ascending order:

Ans.

2. Find the products:

(i) 2.4 × 100
(ii) 0.24 × 1000
 (iii) 0.024 × 10000

Ans.
3. Arnav spends 1 hours in studies, 2 hours in playing cricket. How
much time did he spend in all?
Ans. Time spent by Arnav in studies = 1 hours

Time spent by Arnav in playing cricket = 2 hours

Total time spent by Arnav = 1 hours + 2 hours

4. A square paper sheet has 10 cm long side. Find its perimeter and
area.

Ans.
 5. Find the value of + +

Ans.
6. The product of two numbers is 2.0016. If one of them is 0.72, find
the other number.
Ans. Product of two numbers = 2.0016
One number = 0.72
Other number = 2.0016 ÷ 0.72

Hence, the required number = 2.78.

7. Reemu reads 15th pages of a book. If she reads further 40 pages, she
would have read th page of the book. How many pages are left to
be read?
Ans. Let the total number of pages be x.
Number of pages read by Reemu=
If she reads 40 more pages,
Total number of pages read by her = x + 40

8. of a number equals ÷ . What is the number?

Ans. Let the number be x.

Hence, the required number = 64.

Long Questions :
1. Simplify the following:
Ans.
2. The weight of an object on the Moon is its weight on the
Earth. If an object weight 5 kg on the Earth. How much
would it weight on the Moon?
Ans. Weight of the object on the Earth

∴Weight of the object on the Earth

Hence, the required weight = kg.

3. A picture hall has seats for 820 persons. At a recent film
show, one usher guessed it was full, another that it was
full. The ticket office reported 648 sales. Which usher (first
or second) made the better guess?
Ans. Total number of seats = 820
Number of ticket sold = 648
For first usher = × 648 = 3 × 162 = 486

For second usher = × 648 = 2 × 216 = 432

Since 432 < 486
Hence, the first usher guessed better.
 4. A rectangular sheet of paper is 12 cm long and 10 cm
wide.
Find its perimeter.
Ans. Length = 12 cm = cm

Breadth = 10 cm = cm
Perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth)

5. Find the perimeters of (i) ΔABE (ii) the rectangle BCDE in

this figure. Whose perimeter is greater?

Ans. (i) Perimeter of ΔABE = AB + BE + EA

(ii) Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (Length + Breadth)

 Perimeter of ΔABE= cm
Changing them to like fractions, we obtain

Perimeter (ΔABE) > Perimeter (BCDE)