DECODING

CO G EUROCODES
OCO S 2 + 7: DESIGN
SG O OF FOUNDATIONS
O O S
Dr Andrew Bond (Geocentrix)
Outline of talk
April 2010: the death of British Standards?
UK implementation of Eurocodes
Verification of strength: limit states STR and GEO
Some technical pitfalls
Guidance on use of Eurocodes
APRIL 2010
2010: THE DEATH OF BRITISH STANDARDS?
British Standards for foundations prior to April 2010

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 4

European design standards for foundations (Eurocodes)

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 5

European specifications for materials (and testing standards)

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 6

European execution standards

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 7

UK IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES
 BON
The Eurocode family

ND AND
D HARRIS (200
08)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 3+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and The Steel Construction Institute Ltd 9
 BON
Role of Eurocodes in UK practice

ND AND
D HARRIS (200
08)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 3+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and The Steel Construction Institute Ltd 10
BSI ‘Published Documents’ to support the Eurocodes

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 11

‘De facto’ UK standards for basement design

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 12

VERIFICATION
C O OF
O STRENGTH:
S G LIMIT STATES
S S STR
S AND GEO
G O
 EN 1997‐‐1 §2.4
Verification of strength
Verification of strength is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:

E d ≤ Rd
Ed = design effect of actions
Rd = design resistance corresponding to that effect

4.7.1(1
Applies to GEO:
“Failure or excessive deformation of the ground, in which the strength
of soil or rock is significant in providing resistance
resistance’

1)P
EN 1997‐1 §2.4.7.1(1)P

…and
and to STR:
“Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or
structural elements … in which the strength of structural materials is
significant in providing resistance”
resistance
EN 1997‐1 §2.4.7.1(1)P

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 14

Application of partial factors and tolerances

Actions

Fd = γ F Frep Effects of actions

E d = γ E E {Fd , X d , ad }
Material properties
Xk
Xd =
γM Resistances
R {Fd , X d , ad }
Geometrical parameters Rd =
ad = anom ± Δa γR

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 15

 BON
Verification of strength for STR (structural design)

ND AND
D HARRIS (200
08)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 16
 BON
Verification of strength for GEO/STR (DA1‐1) †

ND AND
D HARRIS (200
08)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 17
 BON
Verification of strength for GEO/STR (DA1‐2) †

ND AND
D HARRIS (200
08)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 18
Partial factors for GEO/STR (DA1): footings, walls, and slopes
Parameter Symbol Combination 1 Combination 2
A1 M1 R1 A2 M2 R1
Permanent Unfavourable γG 1 35
1.35 10
1.0
action (G)
Favourable (γG,fav) 1.0
Variable Unfavourable γQ 1.5 1.3
action (Q)
Favourable ‐ (0) (0)
Shearingg resistance (tan
( ϕ) γϕ 1.0 1.25
Effective cohesion (c’) γc
Undrained shear strength (cu) γcu 1.4
Unconfined compressive strength (qu) γqu
Weight density (γ) γγ 1.0
Bearing resistance (Rv) γRv 10
1.0 10
1.0
Sliding resistance (Rh) γRh
Earth resistance (Re) γRe

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 19

SOME TECHNICAL DETAILS
 EN 1992‐‐1‐1 EXXP (3.15
Design strength of concrete
Design compressive strength of concrete is:

fcd = α cc fck γ c
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete (from cylinder tests)
γc = partial factor for concrete in compression
αcc = factor for long term effects on compressive strength and unfavourable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied

5‐3.16) & TABLE 3.1

Design tensile strength of concrete is:

fctd = α ct fctk ,0.05 γ c = 0.21× α f 23

ct ck γc
fctk,0.05
ctk 0 05 = characteristic tensile strength
g of concrete ((5% fractile value))
αct = factor for long‐term effects on tensile strength, etc.
[fck has units of MPa in this expression]

1
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 21
 EN 1992‐‐1‐1 §3
Design strength of reinforcing steel
Design yield strength of reinforcing steel is:

fydd = fykk γ s
fyk = characteristic yield strength of reinforcing steel
γs = partial factor for reinforcing steel

3.2.7(2
2)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 22
 EN 1992‐‐1‐1 §3
Factor for long‐term effects on concrete strength
Document Reinforced concrete Plain/lightly‐reinforced conc.
Compression Tension Compression Tension
αcc αct αcc,pl αct,pl
EN 1992‐1‐1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8
UK NA (Amd 1) 0.85
0 85 flexure/axial 10
1.0 06
0.6 08
0.8

3.1.6 & PD 66
1.0 otherwise

Long‐ vs short‐term strength Justification for αcc = 0.85

687
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 23
 EN 1992‐‐1‐1 §2
Partial factors for reinforced concrete
Limit states Design Reinforced concrete Reinforcing and pre‐
situation stressing steel
General Piles*
Piles γs
γc kfγc
Ultimate Persistent 1.5 1.65 1.15

2.4.2.4
Transient 1.5 1.65 1.15
Accidental 1.2 1.32 1.0

4 & 2.4
Seismic 1.0† 1.0† 1.0†
Serviceability 1.0 1.0 1.0

4.2.5
*Cast
Cast‐in‐place
in place piles without permanent casing; kf = 1.1
11
†Recommended value for situations not explicitly covered by EN 1992

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 24
Bending resistance of singly‐reinforced beam
Verification of bending resistance requires:

MEd ≤ MRd
MEd = design value of applied bending moment effect
MRd = design bending resistance
resistance, given by:

⎛ fyd As ⎞
MRdd = As fyd d ⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ 2η fcd bd ⎠
As = area of steel reinforcement
fyd = design
d i yield
i ld strength
h off reinforcing
i f i steell
b = width of cross‐section; d = its effective depth
fcdd = design compressive strength of concrete
η = 1.0

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 25
Design chats for singly‐reinforced beams

9
0.3
0.28
8
0.26
0 24
0.24 7
0.22
6

M / bd^^2 (MPa)
0.2
K = M / bd^2fcd

0.18
5
0.16
0.14
4 fck = 50 MPa
0.12
45 MPa
0.1 3 40 MPa
0.08
35 MPa
0 06
0.06 2
30 MP
MPa
0.04
1 25 MPa
0.02
20 MPa
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.2 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
( / bd) (fyd/fcd)
(As (f d/f d)
As / bd (%)

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 26
Differences between design aids
Design aids for Eurocode 2 that have appeared to date present N:M interaction
diagrams in subtly different ways:

Author/Guide Axes Contours

TT Designer’s Guide NEd MEd As fyd
2
vs 3
h fcd h fcd h2fcd
Concrete Centre NEd MEd As fyk
2
vs 3
h fck h fck h2fck
TCC Spreadsheets
NEd (kN) vs MEd (kNm) As ((e.g.
g 4B32))

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 27
 EN 1992‐‐1‐1 §6
Truss model for variable strut inclination method

6.2.3(1
1)
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 28
Design charts for shear resistance

1
8 8
21.8
0.9
7 7
08
0.8

Shear resisttance (MPa)

6 6
0.7
vRd.c (MPa)

0.6 5 5
2%
05
0.5 1 75%
1.75% 4 4
1.5%
0.4
1.25% 3 3

0.3 1.0%
0.75% 2 2
02
0.2 0 5%
0.5%
1 1
0.25%
0.1
0.15%
20 25 30 35 40 45
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Truss angle
g ((deg)
g)
Effective depth (mm)

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 29
Assumptions used to develop N:M interaction charts

Reinforcing bars are (rotationally) symmetrical about the pile centre

Above neutral axis
axis, concrete and reinforcing bars provide compression force
Below neutral axis, only reinforcing bars provide tension
Shape of concrete in compression = segment of circle; must deduct area of steel in
compression zone from it

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 30
 PILEE INTERA
Circular pile (D = 600 mm, c = 75 mm, φl = 32 mm, φt = 8 mm)

ACTION DIAGRA
AM
Feltham (2004), paper in The Structural Engineer

Area of concrete strut

dv z β

2rs/π

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 32
Comparing minimum reinforcement for concrete piles
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement for concrete piles
40
Ac.EN1992,max

2
m

30
2)
As (cm^2

20

EN 1536 (bored piles)

BD 74/00 (bored piles)
10
EN 14199 (driven cast-in-place)
EN 14199 (micropiles)
Minimum for column (EN 1992)
Maximum for column (EN 1992)
EN 1992 (bored piles)

0 0 25
0.25 05
0.5 0 75
0.75 1 1 25
1.25 15
1.5

Ac (m^2)

Oct-10 Decoding Eurocodes 2+7 ©2010 Geocentrix Ltd and Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 33
GUIDANCE ON USE OF EUROCODES
Guidance from SCI/BCSA/Corus/Concrete Centre

http://www.steel-ncci.co.uk/
27 October
2010
 WW
Designers’ Guides, ‘Decoding’ book and blog

WW.EUR
ROCODEE7.COM
Oct-10 Decoding the Structural Eurocodes ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 36
 WW
‘Decoding’ training courses from Geocentrix

WW.GEO
OCENTRIX.CO.UK/TRAINING
Oct-10 Decoding Eurocode 7 ©2005-10 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved 37
 JACK OFFO
‘The Eurocode Scream’

ORD (WIITH APO

OLOGIESS TO MUNCH)
Oct-10 April 2010 - the death of British Standards 38
FURTHER INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT ….
Eurocode 7 training: www.geocentrix.co.uk
Eurocode 7 book: www.decodingeurocode7.com
Eurocode 7 blog: www.eurocode7.com