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Module 2
Fourier series
2.1.1 Integration by parts
Pre-requisites:
 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎: Sum of the terms 𝑆𝑛 𝑛𝑡ℎ term 𝑡𝑛
1+3+5+7+⋯ 2𝑛 − 1
3−5+7−9+⋯ (−1)𝑛+1 (2𝑛 + 1)
−2 + 4 − 6 + ⋯ (−1)𝑛 (2𝑛)

 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔:
Ratio 0 𝜋 𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2
sin 𝑥 0 1 0 0
cos 𝑥 1 0 -1 (−1)𝑛
 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒆:
1 1
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)] cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cos(𝑥 − 𝑦)]
2 2
1 1
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 2 [sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) − sin(𝑥 − 𝑦)] sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 2 [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
1 1
cos 2 𝑥 = 2 (1 + cos 𝑥), sin2 𝑥 = 2 (1 − cos 𝑥)

 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:

cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑛
+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥)
sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
+𝑐 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎2 +𝑏2 (𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 sin 𝑏𝑥)

∫ 𝑢𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣1 − 𝑢′ 𝑣2 + 𝑢′′ 𝑣3 − ⋯

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 1

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Problems:
Evaluate the following:
𝝅
1. ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜋
∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 (− ) − 1 (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝜋(−1)n
= [− + 0]
𝑛
𝜋
= 𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1
𝝅
2. ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜋
∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= [𝑥 2 ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛2 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [2𝑥 ( )]
𝑛2 0

2𝜋 2𝜋
= [𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 0] = 𝑛2 (−1)𝑛

𝝅
3. ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜋
∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 ( 2
) − (1) ( 4
)]
0
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
= [−𝜋 ( ) − 0]
2
𝜋
= −2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 2

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𝝅
4. ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝜋
∫0 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋𝑥
= ∫0 [sin{(𝑛 + 1)} 𝑥 − sin{(𝑛 − 1)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥
2
cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 {− + } − (1) {− (𝑛+1)2
+ (𝑛−1)2
}]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
(−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛−1
= [𝜋 {− + } − 0]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛−1 (−1)𝑛−1
= 𝜋 {− + }
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
= 𝜋 { 𝑛+1 − }
𝑛−1
1 1
= (−1)𝑛 𝜋 [𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]
2𝜋(−1)𝑛
= ; 𝑛≠1
𝑛2 −1
𝟐 𝒏𝝅𝒙
5. ∫𝟎 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒅𝒙
𝟐
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫0 𝑥 cos 2
𝑑𝑥
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2

1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 [∫−2 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥]
2 2

1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 [∫−2 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥]
2 2

𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

1 sin sin − cos
2 2 2
= 2 {2 ( 𝑛𝜋 )| + [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 𝑛𝜋 2
)] }
2 −2 2 ( )
2 0

1 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= 2 {𝑛2 𝜋2 (cos ) }
2 0

2
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 {(−1)𝑛 − 1}

2
= − 𝑛2 𝜋2 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 3

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2.1.2 Periodic function and Dirichlet’s conditions

 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑓(𝑥) is said to be periodic function with period T if 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥) for all n.
 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒅𝒅 / 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑙
𝑙
2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =
0
−𝑙
{ 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 Point of discontinuity:
1
If 𝑥 = 𝑐 is a point of discontinuity of 𝑓(𝑥)then 𝑓(𝑐) = 2 [𝑓(𝑐 − 0) + 𝑓(𝑐 + 0)].

 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒉𝒍𝒆𝒕’𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic, single valued and finite
 𝑓(𝑥) has a finite number of discontinuities in any one period
 𝑓(𝑥) has atmost a finite number of maxima and minima
 𝑬𝒙𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔:
Fourier expansion of 𝑓(𝑥) exists if 𝑓(𝑥) satisfies Dirichlet’s conditions.
2.1 Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) over (−𝒍, 𝒍)
Fourier series:
Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) over (−𝑙, 𝑙) is given by
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 [𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] , −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑙
1 𝑙
Where, 𝑎0 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

Note: Put 𝑙 = 𝜋 to get Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval (−π, π).
Odd/Even functions:
Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) is an even if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd if
𝑓(𝑥), −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 𝑙. 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝜙(𝑥), −𝑙 < 𝑥 < 0 𝜒(−𝑥) = 𝜙(𝑥) 𝜒(−𝑥) = −𝜙(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜒(𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙

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Shortcut to find Constants:

Constants If 𝑓(𝑥) is an even If 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd

𝑎0 2 𝑙 0
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑙 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑎𝑛 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( 𝑙 )
𝑙 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑏𝑛 0 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( 𝑙 )
𝑙 0
𝑑𝑥

𝝅 (−𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
1. Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 in −𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝝅. Hence deduce 𝟒 = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 𝟐𝒏−𝟏

Solution:
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥 = −𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is an odd function.
∴ 𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0.
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (− ) − 1 (− )]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
2 𝜋(−1)n
= 𝜋 [− + 0]
𝑛
2
= 𝑛 (−1)𝑛+1

∴ Fourier series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
(−1)𝑛+1
𝑥 = 2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin 𝑛𝑥 ---------------- (1)
𝑛
sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 sin 5𝑥
𝑥 = 2( − + − +⋯)
1 2 3 5

Deduction:
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 1 1 1 1
= 2 (1 − 3 + 5 − 7 + ⋯ )
2
𝜋 (−1)𝑛+1
4
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 2𝑛−1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 5

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2. Find the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 in −𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝝅.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
Hence deduce that 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐 − ⋯ = 𝟏𝟐

Solution:
𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 is an even function.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
𝑙 2 𝜋 2 𝜋
2 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
0 = 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛2 0
2 𝜋
= ∫ 𝑥2
𝜋 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [2𝑥 ( )]
𝜋 𝑛2 0
2 𝑥3
= 𝜋[3] 4
0 = 𝑛2 𝜋 [𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 0]
2 𝜋3
= 𝜋 [ 3 − 0] 4
= 𝑛2 (−1)𝑛
2 𝜋3
=𝜋 3
2𝜋 2
= 3

Fourier series :
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
𝑥2 = + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝑥
3 𝑛2

Deduction:
Put 𝑥 = 𝜋 Put 𝑥 = 0
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
𝜋2 = + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝜋 0= + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1
3 𝑛2 3 𝑛2
𝜋2 1 𝜋2 (−1)𝑛
𝜋2 − = 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 = −4 ∑∞
𝑛=1
3 3 𝑛2
2𝜋 2 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
= 4 [12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ ] = − [− 12 + 22 − 32 + ⋯ ]
3 12
𝜋2 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ --------(2) = 12 − 22 − 32 + ⋯ ------(3)
6 12

𝜋2 𝜋2 1 1 1
Adding (2) and (3), + 12 = 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
6
3𝜋 2 1 1 1
= 2 [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]
12
𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 6

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3. Find a Fourier series to represent |𝒙| in the interval (−𝒍, 𝒍).

Solution:
𝑓(– 𝑥) = |– 𝑥| = | 𝑥 | = 𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑥2
= 𝑙[2]
0
1
= 𝑙 [𝑙 2 − 0]

=𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙
2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
= 𝑙 [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) ( 𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
𝑙 𝑙2 0
𝑙
2 𝑙2 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙 [𝑛2 𝜋2 cos 𝑥]
𝑙 0
2𝑙
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

The Fourier Series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥
2 𝑙
𝑙 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 [(−1) − 1] cos 𝑥
2 𝑙
𝑙 2𝑙 1 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝜋 2 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 [1 − (−1) ] cos 𝑥 ------------- (1)
2 𝑙

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4. Expand the function f(x) = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙, as a Fourier series in the interval – 𝜋 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝜋. Deduce
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅−𝟐
that 𝟏.𝟑 − 𝟑.𝟓 + 𝟓.𝟕 − 𝟕.𝟗 + ⋯ = .
𝟒
Solution:
𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑥. sin(−𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)]
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝜋 [𝑥(− cos 𝑥) − (1)(− sin 𝑥)]𝜋0
2
= 𝜋 [𝜋(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋) − 0]
2
= 𝜋 [𝜋(1)]

=2
2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 [sin{(𝑛 + 1)} 𝑥 − sin{(𝑛 − 1)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥 -------------- (1)
2
1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 {− + } − (1) {− (𝑛+1)2
+ (𝑛−1)2
}]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
1 (−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛−1
= 𝜋 [𝜋 {− + } − 0]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛−1 (−1)𝑛−1
=− +
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
(−1)𝑛 (−1)𝑛
= −
𝑛+1 𝑛−1
1 1
= (−1)𝑛 [𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]
2(−1)𝑛
= ; 𝑛≠1
𝑛2 −1

When 𝒏 = 𝟏,
2 𝜋𝑥
𝑎1 = 𝜋 ∫0 [𝑠𝑖 𝑛 2𝑥 + 0] 𝑑𝑥
2
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 ( ) − (1) ( )]
2 4 0

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 8

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1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋
= 𝜋 [−𝜋 ( ) − 0]
2
1
= −2

Fourier series is
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
𝑎0
= + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
2 1 2 cos 𝑛𝜋
𝑥 sin 𝑥 = 2 − 2 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=2 ( ) cos 𝑛𝑥 ----------- (2)
1−𝑛2
1 2(−1)𝑛
= 1 − 2 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=2 ((1−𝑛)(1+𝑛)) cos 𝑛𝑥

Deduction:
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝜋
= 1 − 0 + 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 (1−𝑛)(1+𝑛) cos ( 2 )
2
𝜋 1 1 1 1
− 1 = 2 [1.3 − 3.5 + 5.7 − 7.9 + ⋯ ]
2
𝜋−2 1 1 1 1
= 1.3 − 3.5 + 5.7 − 7.9 + ⋯
4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 9

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−𝝅, −𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝟎

5. Find the Fourier series expansion for 𝒇(𝒙) = { .
𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙<𝝅
𝝅𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Deduce that = 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 …
𝟖

Solution:
1 𝑙 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝜋 1 0
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] = 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
1 0 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 1 0 𝜋
1 𝑥2
= 𝜋 [−𝜋𝑥|0−𝜋 + | ] = 𝜋 [∫−𝜋−𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
2 0
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
1 1
= 𝜋 [−𝜋(0 − (−𝜋)) + 2 (𝜋 2 − 0)] = 𝜋 {−𝜋 ( )| + [𝑥 ( )−
𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛

1 𝜋2 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [−𝜋 2 + ] (1) ( )] }
2 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋2 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [− ] = 𝜋 {−𝜋(0 − 0) + [( )] }
2 𝑛2 0
𝜋
= −2 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1
= 𝜋{ − 𝑛2 }
𝑛2
1
= − 𝜋𝑛2 (1 − (−1)𝑛 )

1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
1 0 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫−𝜋 −𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= 𝜋 {−𝜋 (− )| + [𝑥 ( ) − (1) (− )] }
𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋 1
= 𝜋 {𝑛 (cos 𝑛𝑥)0−𝜋 − 𝑛 (𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥)𝜋0 }
1 𝜋 1
= 𝜋 {𝑛 (1 − cos 𝑛𝜋) − 𝑛 (𝜋 cos 𝑛𝜋 − 0}
1
= 𝑛 (1 − 2(−1)𝑛 )

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 10

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The Fourier Series is

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2

𝜋 1 1
= − 4 − ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝜋𝑛2 (1 − (−1) ) cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑛 (1 − 2(−1) ) sin 𝑛𝑥

𝜋 1 1 1
= − 4 − 𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑛 ∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 [1 − (−1) ] cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑛 [1 − 2(−1) ] sin 𝑛𝑥 --------- (1)

Deduction:
𝑓(0+ )+𝑓(0− ) (0)+(−𝜋) 𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(0) = = = − 2 in the equation (1),
2 2
𝜋 𝜋 1 1
− 2 = − 4 − 𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 [1 − (−1) ] cos 𝑛𝑥

𝜋 𝜋 1 2 2 2
− 2 = − 𝜋 [12 + 0 + 32 + 0 + 52 + ⋯ ]
4
𝜋−2𝜋 −2 1 1 1
= [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]
4 𝜋
𝜋 −2 1 1 1
−4 = [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]
𝜋
𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 11

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𝟐, −𝟐 < 𝒙 < 𝟎
6. Find the Fourier series expansion for 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙<𝟐
Solution: 𝑙 = 2
1 𝑙 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑙 = 2 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 2
𝑙
1 2 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
2
1 0 2 1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 [∫−2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = 2 [∫−2 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
2 1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
1 𝑥2 = 2 [∫−2 2 cos 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑑𝑥]
= 2 {[2𝑥]0−2 + [ 2 ] } 2 2
0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
1 1 sin sin − cos
= 2 [0 + 4 + 2] = 2 {2 ( 𝑛𝜋
2
)| + [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋
2
) − (1) ( 2
)] }
𝑛𝜋 2
2 −2 2 ( )
2 0
=3
1 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= 2 {𝑛2 𝜋2 (cos ) }
2 0
2
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 {(−1)𝑛 − 1}
2
= − 𝑛2 𝜋2 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }

1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫−𝑙 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 2
𝑙
1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 ∫−2 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥
2
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 [∫−2 2 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 [∫−2 2 sin 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑑𝑥]
2 2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
1 cos − cos sin
2 2 2
= 2 {2 (− 𝑛𝜋 )| + [𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (1) (− 𝑛2 𝜋2
)] }
2 −2 2 4 0

1 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2
= 2 {− 𝑛𝜋 [cos ] − 𝑛𝜋 [𝑥 cos ] }
2 −2 2 0
1 4 2
= 2 {− 𝑛𝜋 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ] − 𝑛𝜋 [2(−1)𝑛 − 0]}
2 2
= − 𝑛𝜋 {1 − (−1)𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 } = − 𝑛𝜋

The Fourier Series is

𝑎
𝑓(𝑥) = 20 + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥

3 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2 − ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 {1 − (−1) } cos − ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝜋 sin
2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 12

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𝟐𝒙
𝟏+ , −𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟎
𝝅
7. Find a Fourier series for the function f(x) given by 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟐𝒙
𝟏− , 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅
𝝅

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
Hence deduce + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 + ⋯ =
𝟏𝟐 𝟖

Solution:
2(−𝑥) 2𝑥
𝜙(−𝑥) = 1 + = 1− = 𝜒(𝑥).
𝜋 𝜋

Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.

∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 2𝑥 2 𝜋 2𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (1 − ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑥2 2 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 [𝑥 − ] = 𝜋 [(1 − )( ) − (0 − 𝜋 ) (− )]
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
𝜋2 4
2
= 𝜋 [𝜋 − − 0 − 0] = − 𝑛2 𝜋2 [cos 𝑛𝑥]𝜋0
𝜋 4 𝑛
=0 = 𝜋2 𝑛2 [1 − (−1) ]

Fourier series is given by

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2

4
= 0 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 (𝜋 2 𝑛2 ) [1 − (−1) ] cos 𝑛𝑥

8 cos 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥

= 𝜋2 ( + + +⋯)
12 32 52

Deduction:

Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓(0) = 1

8 1 1 1
1 = 𝜋2 [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]

1 1 1 𝜋2
+ 32 + 52 + ⋯ =
12 8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 13

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𝝅𝟐 𝒙𝟐
8. Obtain the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 − valid in the interval (−𝝅, 𝝅)
𝟒

Solution:
𝜋2 (−𝑥)2 𝜋2 𝑥2
𝑓(−𝑥) = 12 − = 12 − = 𝑓(𝑥)
4 4

Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.

∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋

2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2 𝜋 𝜋2 𝑥2
= 𝜋 ∫0 (12 − ) 𝑑𝑥
4

𝜋
2 𝜋2 𝑥3
= 𝜋 [12 𝑥 − 12]
0

1 3
= [𝜋 − 𝜋 3 − 0 + 0]
6𝜋
=0
2 𝑙 𝜋2 𝑥2 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 (12 − ) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
4 𝑙

2 𝜋 𝜋2 𝑥2
= 𝜋 ∫0 (12 − ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4

𝜋
2 𝜋2 𝑥2 sin 𝑛𝑥 2𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 [(12 − ) − (− ) (− )]
4 𝑛 4 𝑛2 0

2 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [− 4𝑛2 (−1)𝑛 ]

(−1)𝑛+1
= 𝑛2

Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙

(−1)𝑛+1
= 0 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 14

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𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙, −𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 < 𝟎
9. Find a Fourier series for the function f(x) given by 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟏 − 𝟐𝒙, 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
𝝅𝟐 𝟏
Deduce = ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏 (𝟐𝒏−𝟏)𝟐
𝟖

Solution:

𝜙(−𝑥) = 1 + 2(−𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥 = 𝜒(𝑥).

Hence 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function. 𝑏𝑛 = 0

2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 3 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 3
𝑙
2 𝑙 2 3 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 𝑙 ∫0 (1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫0 (1 − 2𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥
3
2 3
= 3 [𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]30 2 sin
𝑛𝜋𝑥
3
cos
𝑛𝜋𝑥
3
= 3 [(1 − 2𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (−2 ) (− 𝑛2 𝜋2
)]
2 2 3 9 0
= 3 [3 − 3 − 0 − 0]
4 9 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3
= 2(1 − 3) = − 3 [𝑛2 𝜋2 {cos } ]
3 0
= −4 12
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [1 − (−1)𝑛 ]

Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥
2 3

12 𝑛𝜋
= −2 + ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 [1 − (−1) ] cos 𝑥
3

Deduction:

Put 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑓(0) = 1

4 12 2 2 2
1 = − 2 + 𝜋2 [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]

24 1 1 1
3 = 𝜋2 [12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ ]

𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 15

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2.2 Fourier expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) over (𝟎, 𝟐𝒍)

Fourier series:
Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) over (0, 2𝑙) is given by
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 [𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )] , 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑙
1 2𝑙
Where, 𝑎0 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙

Note: Put 𝑙 = 𝜋 to get Fourier series of 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval (0, 2π).

Shortcut to find constants:

Consider function 𝑓(𝑥) is even if 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd if
𝑓(𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙. 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝜙(𝑥), 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑙 𝜒(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = 𝜙(𝑥) 𝜒(2𝑙 − 𝑥) = −𝜙(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜒(𝑥), 𝑙 < 𝑥 < 2𝑙

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 16

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1. Express 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 as a Fourier series of 𝟐𝝅 in the interval 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅. (Jan 20)

Solution:
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 𝑥3
= π[3]
0
1 8𝜋 3
= 𝜋[ ]
3
8𝜋 2
=
3
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 (𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥)2𝜋
0

2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 (2𝜋 − 0)
4
= 𝑛2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 − cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 2 ( ) − (2𝑥) ( ) + (2) ( )]
𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
1 4𝜋 2 2
= 𝜋 {− ( − 0) + 𝑛3 (1 − 1)}
𝑛
4𝜋
=− 𝑛

∴ Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2
𝜋2 (−1)𝑛 1
𝑥2 = + 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝑥 − 4𝜋 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 ---------------- (1)
3 𝑛2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 17

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𝝅−𝒙 𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
2. Obtain the Fourier series for 𝒇(𝒙) = in 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅. Deduce 𝟒 = 𝟏 − 𝟑 + 𝟓 − 𝟕 + …
𝟐

Solution:
𝜋−(2𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋−𝑥
𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = = −( ) = −𝑓(𝑥)
2 2

Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is an odd function.

∴ 𝑎0 = 0, 𝑎𝑛 = 0.

2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 ( ) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
2 𝜋−𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 1 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [( ) (− ) − (− 2) (− )]
2 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1
= − 𝑛𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥]𝜋0
1
= − 𝑛𝜋 (0 − 𝜋)
1
=𝑛

Fourier series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙

𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
sin 𝑛𝑥
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛
sin 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
= + + +⋯
1 2 3

Deduction:
𝜋
Put 𝑥 = 2
𝜋 1 1 1
𝑓 (2 ) = 1 − 3 + 5 − 7 + ⋯
𝜋 1 1 1
= 1−3+5−7+⋯
4

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 18

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3. Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝝅, in a Fourier series.

Solution:
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝜋 [𝑥(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (1)(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]2𝜋
0

1
= 𝜋 [2𝜋(−1) − 0]

= −2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 [sin{(𝑛 + 1)} 𝑥 − sin{(𝑛 − 1)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥 -------------- (1)
2

1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋

= 2𝜋 [𝑥 {− + } − (1) {− (𝑛+1)2
+ (𝑛−1)2
}]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0

1 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝑐𝑜 𝑠(𝑛−1)𝑥 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [𝑥 {− + }]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
1 1 1
= 2𝜋 [2𝜋 {− 𝑛+1 + 𝑛−1} − 0]
−𝑛+1+𝑛+1
= (𝑛−1)(𝑛+1)
2
= 𝑛2 −1 , 𝑛 ≠ 1

When 𝒏 = 𝟏,
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎1 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋, 𝑛 = 1
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 −𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 [𝑥 ( ) − (1) ( )]
2 4 0
1 1
= 2𝜋 [−𝜋 + 0] = − 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 19

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1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋 𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 [cos{(𝑛 − 1)} 𝑥 − cos{(𝑛 + 1)𝑥}] 𝑑𝑥 -------------- (1)
2

1 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 2𝜋

= 2𝜋 [𝑥 { − } − (1) {− (𝑛−1)2
+ (𝑛+1)2
}]
𝑛−1 𝑛+1 0
1 1 1
= 2𝜋 [(𝑛−1)2 (1 − 1) − (𝑛+1)2 (1 − 1)]

= 0, 𝑛 ≠ 1
When 𝒏 = 𝟏,
1 2𝜋
𝑏1 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
1 sin 2𝑥 𝑥2 cos 2𝑥
= [𝑥 (𝑥 − ) − 1( − )]
2𝜋 2 2 4 0
1 4𝜋 2
= 2𝜋 (4𝜋 2 − )
2

=𝜋
Therefore, Fourier series is
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑎0
= + 𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + ∑𝑛=2 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2
1 2
𝑥 sin 𝑥 = −1 − 2 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑛2 −1 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝜋 sin 𝑥 ----------- (2)

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 20

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4. Find the Fourier series to represent the function 𝒇(𝒙), given by

𝒙, 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) = { . Deduce that 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 + ⋯ ⋯ = 𝟖 . (Feb 2021)
𝟐𝝅 − 𝒙, 𝝅 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
Solution:
𝜙(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜒(𝑥), 𝜋 < 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜒(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = 2𝜋 − (2𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
= 𝜋 [∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = 𝜋 [∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑥2 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 {[ 2 ] } = 𝜋 {[𝑥 ( ) − 1 (− )] }
0 𝑛 𝑛2 0

2 𝜋2 2 1
= 𝜋{2 } = 𝜋 {𝑛2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1)}
2
=𝜋 = − 𝑛2 𝜋 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }

Therefore, Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
𝜋 2 1
= 2 − 𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 {1 − (−1) } cos 𝑛𝑥

𝜋 2 2cos 𝑥 2cos 3𝑥 2 cos 5𝑥

= 2 −𝜋{ + + +⋯}
12 32 52

Deduction:
Put 𝑥 = 0,
𝜋 2 2 2 2
𝑓(0) = 2 − 𝜋 {12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ }
𝜋 4 1 1 1
0 = 2 − 𝜋 {12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ }
4 1 1 1 𝜋
{ + 32 + 52 + ⋯ } =
𝜋 12 2
𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 21

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𝝅𝒙, 𝟎≤𝒙≤𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝝅𝟐
5. Find a Fourier series if𝒇(𝒙) = { Deduce that 𝟏𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + 𝟓𝟐 + … = 𝟖 .
𝝅(𝟐 − 𝒙), 𝟏 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
[Sep 2020]
Solution: 2𝑙 = 2, 𝑙 = 1
𝜙(𝑥), 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝜒(𝑥), 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝜒(2 − 𝑥) = 𝜋(2 − (2 − 𝑥)) = 𝜋𝑥 = 𝜙(𝑥)
Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑙 = 1 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 1
𝑙
2 1 2 1
= 1 [∫0 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = 1 [∫0 𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
1 1
𝑥2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 2𝜋 {[ 2 ] } = 2𝜋 {[𝑥 ( ) − 1 (− )] }
0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0
1 1
= 2𝜋 {2} = 2𝜋 {𝑛2 𝜋2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1)}
2
=𝜋 = − 𝑛2 𝜋 {1 − (−1)𝑛 }

Therefore, Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 1
2 𝑙
𝜋 2 1
= 2 − 𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 {1 − (−1) } cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝜋 2 2 cos 𝑥 2 cos 3𝑥 2cos 5𝑥

= 2 −𝜋{ + + +⋯}
12 32 52

Deduction:
Put 𝑥 = 0,
𝜋 4 1 1 1
𝑓(0) = 2 − 𝜋 {12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ }
𝜋 2 1 1 1
0 = 2 − 𝜋 {12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯ }
4 1 1 1 𝜋
{ + 32 + 52 + ⋯ } =
𝜋 12 2
𝜋2 1 1 1
= 12 + 32 + 52 + ⋯
8

𝝅𝟐
6. Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝟐𝝅 − 𝒙)in (𝟎, 𝟐𝝅). Deduce .
𝟔

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 22

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Solution:
𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = (2𝜋 − 𝑥)(2𝜋 − (2𝜋 − 𝑥)) = 𝑓(𝑥)
∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is even.
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0
2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(2𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 (2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥
2 𝑥3 = 𝜋 [(2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) ( )− (2𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( )+
= π [𝜋𝑥 2 − ] 𝑛 𝑛2
3 0
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2 3 𝜋3 (−2) ( )]
= 𝜋 [𝜋 − ] 𝑛3 0
3
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
4𝜋 2 = 𝜋 [(2𝜋 − 2𝑥) ( )]
= 𝑛2 0
3
2 2𝜋 4
= 𝜋 [0 − 𝑛2 ] = − 𝑛2

∴ Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
2𝜋 2 1
𝑥2 = − 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑥 ---------------- (1)
3

Deduction:
2𝜋 2 1
Put 𝑥 = 0 in (1), 0 = − 4 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2
3
𝜋2 1 1
= 1 + 22 + 32 + ⋯
6

7. Find the Fourier series expansion of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 in (𝟎, 𝟑)

Solution:

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 23

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3
2𝑙 = 3, 𝑙 = 2
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 3
2 3
= 3 ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
2 𝑥3
= 3 [𝑥 2 − ]
3 0
2 27
= 3 {9 − }
3

=0
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 3
𝑙
2 3 2𝑛𝜋
= 3 [∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 3
2 sin cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2) 3 3 3
= 3 {[(2𝑥 − 𝑥 ( 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (2 − 2𝑥) (− 4𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) (− 4𝑛3 𝜋3
)] }
3 9 27 0

2 9 2𝑛𝜋 3
= 3 . 4𝑛2 𝜋2 {(2 − 2𝑥) cos 𝑥}
3 0
3 9
= 2𝑛2 𝜋2 (−4 − 2) = − 𝑛2 𝜋2
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 3
𝑙 𝑙
2 3 2𝑛𝜋
= 3 [∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
3
2𝑛𝜋𝑥 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 3
2 cos sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2) 3 3 3
= 3 {[(2𝑥 − 𝑥 (− 2𝑛𝜋 ) − (2 − 2𝑥) (− 4𝑛2 𝜋2
) + (−2) ( 4𝑛3 𝜋3
)] }
3 9 27 0
2 −3
= 3 {(6 − 9) (2𝑛𝜋)}
3
= 𝑛𝜋

Therefore, Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin ,𝑙 = 3
2 𝑙 𝑙
9 1 2𝑛𝜋 3 1 2𝑛𝜋
2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = − 𝜋2 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 cos 𝑥 + 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 sin 𝑥
3 3

8. An alternating current after passing through a rectifier has the form

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 24

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𝑰𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝝅
𝒊(𝒙) = { where 𝑰𝟎 is the maximum current and the period is 𝟐𝝅.
𝟎 𝝅 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐𝝅
[MQP 1]
Solution:
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = 0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 (𝐼0 sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
I0
= [− cos 𝑥]𝜋0
π
𝐼0
= [− cos 𝜋 + cos 0]
𝜋
2𝐼0
= 𝜋
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼0𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐼 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 ∫0 [sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 [− + ]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
𝐼 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝜋
= − 2𝜋0 [ − ]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
𝐼 1 1
= − 2𝜋0 {𝑛+1 [(−1)𝑛+1 − 1] − 𝑛−1 [(−1)𝑛−1 − 1]}
𝐼 1 1
= − 2𝜋0 {𝑛+1 [(−1)𝑛+1 − 1] − 𝑛−1 [(−1)𝑛+1 − 1]}
𝐼 1 1
= − 2𝜋0 {[(−1)𝑛+1 − 1] [𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]}
𝐼0
=− {(−1)𝑛+1 − 1}
𝜋(𝑛2 −1)
𝐼
= 𝜋(𝑛20−1) {1 − (−1)𝑛+1 }, 𝑛 ≠ 1
1 2𝑙 𝜋
𝑎1 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑙 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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𝐼0 𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐼 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 cos 2𝑥 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 [− ]
2 0
𝐼
= − 4𝜋0 (1 − 1)

=0
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
1 2𝜋
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝐼0𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐼 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 ∫0 [cos(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − cos(𝑛 + 1)𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 [ + ]
𝑛−1 𝑛+1 0

= 0, 𝑛 ≠ 1
1 2𝑙 𝜋
𝑏1 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑙 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
1 2𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼0𝜋
= ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐼0 𝜋
= ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0
𝐼 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 ∫0 (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 sin 2𝑥 𝜋
= 2𝜋0 [𝑥 − ]
2 0
𝐼0
= 2

∴ Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2
𝑎0
𝑖(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2
𝐼0 𝐼 1−(−1)𝑛+1 𝐼0
= + 𝜋0 ∑∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝑛2 −1 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 26

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𝝅−𝒙 𝟐 𝝅𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏𝒙
9. If 𝒇(𝒙) = ( ) in the range 0 to 𝟐𝝅, show that 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐 + ∑∞
𝒏=𝟏
𝟐 𝒏𝟐

Solution:
𝜋−(2𝜋−𝑥) 2 𝜋−𝑥 2
𝑓(2𝜋 − 𝑥) = [ ] =( ) = 𝑓(𝑥)
2 2

Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function.

∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 0.
2 𝑙 𝜋−𝑥 2
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
2

2 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 2
= ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2

𝜋−𝑥 3
𝜋
2 ( 2 )
= [ ]
𝜋 3(−1)
2 0
𝜋
4 𝜋−𝑥 3
= − 3𝜋 [( ) ]
2
0
𝜋2
= 6
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

2 𝜋 𝜋−𝑥 2
= 𝜋 ∫0 ( ) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋
2 𝜋−𝑥 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋−𝑥 1 cos 𝑛𝑥
= 𝜋 [( ) ( ) − 2( ) (− 2) (− )]
2 𝑛 2 𝑛2
0
1 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝜋
= −𝜋[ cos 𝑛𝑥]
𝑛2 0
1 1
= − 𝜋𝑛2 (0 − 𝜋) = 𝑛2

∴ Fourier series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥 ,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
𝜋2 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1
12 𝑛2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 27

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2.3 Half range series

Half range cosine series of f(x) over (0, l):
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) , Where 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙 𝑙

Half range sine series of 𝒇(𝒙) over (𝟎, 𝒍):

𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) , Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

Note: Put 𝑙 = 𝜋 to get series of 𝑓(𝑥) over the (0, 𝜋)

Problems:
1. Obtain half range Fourier cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 in (𝟎, 𝝅)
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋2
= 𝜋(2 )

=𝜋
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 +1 ]
𝑛 𝑛2 0
2 1 1
= 𝜋 [𝑛 (0 − 0) + 𝑛2 ((−1)𝑛 − 1)]
2
= 𝜋𝑛2 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]

Required half range Fourier cosine series is

𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2
𝜋 2 1
= 2 + 𝜋 ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 [(−1) − 1] cos 𝑛𝑥

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2. Obtain half range Fourier cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 in (𝟎, 𝝅)
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (−cos 𝑥) − 1(− sin 𝑥)]𝜋0
2
= 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 0) + (0 − 0)] = 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋𝑥
= 𝜋 ∫0 [sin(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − sin(𝑛 − 1)𝑥]𝑑𝑥
2
1 cos(𝑛+1)𝑥 cos(𝑛−1)𝑥 sin(𝑛+1)𝑥 sin(𝑛−1)𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (− + ) − 1 (− (𝑛+1)2
+ (𝑛−1)2
)]
𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
1 (−1)𝑛−1 (−1)𝑛+1
= 𝜋 [𝜋 ( − ) − 0]
𝑛−1 𝑛+1
1 1 2(−1)𝑛−1
= (−1)𝑛−1 [𝑛−1 − 𝑛+1] = ,𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛2 −1
2 𝜋
𝑎1 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (− ) − 1 (− )]
2 4 0
1 𝜋 1
= (− ) = −
𝜋 2 2

Required half range Fourier cosine series is

𝑎0 𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 = + 𝑎1 + ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥
2 2
1 (−1)𝑛−1
= 1 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∑∞
𝑛=2 cos 𝑛𝑥
𝑛2 −1

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 29

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3. Obtain half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐in (𝟎, 𝟏).
Solution:
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 𝑙
= 𝑙 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 1
1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥−1)3 1
= 2[ ]
3 0
1
= 2 [0 + ]
3
2
=3
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 1
𝑙
1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 2 [(𝑥 − 1)2 ( ) − 2(𝑥 − 1) (− ) + 2( )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
2
= [2(𝑥 − 1) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥]10
𝑛2 𝜋 2
2
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [0 + 2]
4
= 𝑛2 𝜋 2

Half range Fourier cosine series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥,𝑙 = 1
2 𝑙
1 4
= 3 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 30

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4. Obtain half range sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 in (𝟎, 𝟏).
Solution:
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 sins 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 1
𝑙
1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑥 − 1)2 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
= 2 [(𝑥 − 1)2 (− ) − 2(𝑥 − 1) (− ) + 2( )]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 𝑛3 𝜋 3 0
2 cos 𝑛𝜋 1 2
= 2 [0 + + 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑛3 𝜋3 ]
𝑛3 𝜋 3
2
= 𝑛3 𝜋3 [2{(−1)𝑛 − 1} + 𝑛2 𝜋 2 ]

Half range Fourier sine series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 1
𝑙
2
= ∑∞ 𝑛 2 2
𝑛=1 𝑛3 𝜋 3 [2{(−1) − 1} + 𝑛 𝜋 ] sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥

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𝒌𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝒍/𝟐

5. Obtain half range Fourier cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝒍
𝒌(𝒍 − 𝒙), <𝒙≤𝒍
𝟐

Solution:
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙
= 𝑙 {∫02 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙 𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥}
2

𝑙/2 𝑙
2 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑘𝑥 2
= 𝑙 {[ ] + [𝑘𝑙𝑥 − ] }
2 0 2 𝑙/2

𝑘 𝑙/2
= 𝑙 {[𝑥 2 ]0 + [2𝑙𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]𝑙𝑙 }
2

𝑘 𝑙2 𝑙2
= 𝑙 { 4 − 0 + 2𝑙 2 − 𝑙 2 − 𝑙 2 + 4 }
𝑘𝑙
= 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
2 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙 {∫0 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/2 𝑘(𝑙 − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝑙 𝑙
2𝑘 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= {∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑙/2(𝑙 − 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙
2𝑘 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
= {[𝑥 ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − 1 (− 𝑛2 𝜋2
)] + [(𝑙 − 𝑥) ( 𝑛𝜋 ) − (−1) (− 𝑛2 𝜋2
)] }
𝑙
𝑙 𝑙2 𝑙 𝑙2
0 𝑙/2

2𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙/2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑙
= 𝑙𝑛2 𝜋2 {[𝑛𝜋𝑙𝑥 (sin 𝑥) + 𝑙 2 cos 𝑥] + [𝑛𝜋𝑙(𝑙 − 𝑥) sin 𝑥 − 𝑙 2 cos 𝑥] }
𝑙 𝑙 0 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙/2

2𝑘 𝑛𝜋𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋𝑙2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑙𝑛2 𝜋2 { sin + 𝑙 2 cos − 0 − 𝑙 2 + 0 − (−1)𝑛 𝑙 2 − sin + 𝑙 2 cos }
2 2 2 2 2 2
2𝑘𝑙 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 }
2

Half range Fourier cosine series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥,𝑙 = 1
2 𝑙
𝑘𝑙 2𝑘𝑙 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 2 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 } cos 𝑥
2 2 𝑙

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𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝟒
6. Obtain half range Fourier sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙 − 𝟒, <𝒙<𝟏
𝟐

Solution:
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 1
𝑙
1
= 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1/2 1 1 3
= 2 {∫0 (4 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫1/2 (𝑥 − 4) sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
1
1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1
2
= 2 [( − 𝑥) (– ) − (−1) (− )] + 2 [(𝑥 − ) (– ) − 1 (− )]1
4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2 0 4 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2
2

2 1 1/2 2 3 1
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 [−𝑛𝜋 (4 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥] + 𝑛2 𝜋2 [−𝑛𝜋 (𝑥 − 4) cos 𝑛𝜋𝑥 + sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥]1
0
2

2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 { 4 cos − sin + +0− (−1)𝑛 + 0 − cos − sin }
2 2 4 4 4 2 2
2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋2 ( 4 ) {1 − (−1)𝑛 } − 𝑛2 𝜋2 (2 sin )
2
1 4 𝑛𝜋
= 2𝑛𝜋 {1 − (−1)𝑛 } − 𝑛2 𝜋2 sin 2

Half range Fourier sine series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 1
𝑙
1 4 𝑛𝜋
= ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 [2𝑛𝜋 {1 − (−1) } − 𝑛2 𝜋 2 sin ] sin 𝑛𝜋𝑥
2

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𝝅
𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙≤ 𝟐
7. Obtain half range sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅
𝝅 − 𝒙, <𝒙<𝝅
𝟐

Solution:
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋/2 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫0 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋/2(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝜋
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (– ) − 1 (− )] + 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (– ) − (−1) (− )]𝜋
𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2
2

2 𝜋/2 2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 [−𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑛𝑥]0 + 𝑛2 𝜋 [−𝑛(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥]𝜋𝜋
2

2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {− cos + sin +0−0−0−0+ cos + sin }
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 sin ( 2 )

Half range Fourier sine series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
4 𝑛𝜋
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ sin ] sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋𝑛2 2

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𝝅
𝒙, 𝟎<𝒙≤ 𝟐
8. Obtain half range cosine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅
𝝅 − 𝒙, <𝒙<𝝅
𝟐

Solution:
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫02 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 (𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥}
2

𝜋/2 𝜋
2 𝑥2 𝑥2
= 𝜋 {[ 2 ] + [𝜋𝑥 − ] }
0 2 𝜋/2

2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋2
= 𝜋 { 8 − 0 + 𝜋2 − − + }
2 2 8
2 𝜋2
= 𝜋{4 }
𝜋
= 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋/2 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋/2(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥}

2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋/2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= 𝜋 {[𝑥 ( ) − 1 (− )] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )] }
𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋/2
2 𝜋/2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {[𝑛𝑥 (sin 𝑛𝑥) + cos 𝑛𝑥]0 + [𝑛(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥]𝜋𝜋/2 }
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 { 2 sin + cos − 0 − 1 + 0 − (−1)𝑛 − sin + cos }
2 2 2 2 2
2 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 }
2

Half range Fourier cosine series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = 2
+ ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑙
𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋
= 4 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 } cos 𝑛𝑥
2

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𝜋
𝑘𝑥, 0<𝑥≤ 2
9. Obtain half range cosine series for 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝜋
𝑘(𝜋 − 𝑥), <𝑥<𝜋
2

Solution:
2 𝑙
𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝜋
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫02 𝑘𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋 𝑘(𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥}
2

𝜋/2 𝜋
2 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑘𝑥 2
= 𝜋 {[ ] + [𝑘𝜋𝑥 − ] }
2 0 2 𝜋/2
𝑘 𝜋/2
= 𝜋 {[𝑥 2 ]0 + [2𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ]𝜋𝜋/2 }
𝑘 𝜋2 𝜋2
= 𝜋 { 4 − 0 + 2𝜋 2 − 𝜋 2 − 𝜋 2 + }
4
𝑘𝜋
= 2
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋/2 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫0 𝑘𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋/2 𝑘(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
2𝑘 𝜋/2 𝜋
= {∫0 𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝜋/2(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝜋

2𝑘 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋/2 sin 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋

= {[𝑥 ( ) − 1 (− )] + [(𝜋 − 𝑥) ( ) − (−1) (− )] }
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2 𝜋/2
2𝑘 𝜋/2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {[𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 + cos 𝑛𝑥]0 + [𝑛(𝜋 − 𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 − cos 𝑛𝑥]𝜋𝜋/2 }
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 { 2 sin + cos − 0 − 1 + 0 − (−1)𝑛 − sin + cos }
2 2 2 2 2
2𝑘 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 }
2

Half range Fourier cosine series is given by

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
2 𝑙
𝑘𝜋 2𝑘 𝑛𝜋
= + ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2 𝜋 {2 cos − 1 − (−1)𝑛 } cos 𝑛𝑥
2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 36

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𝝅
𝒕, 𝟎<𝒕≤ 𝟐
10. Obtain half range sine series for 𝒇(𝒙) = { 𝝅 𝝅
, <𝒕<𝝅
𝟐 𝟐

Solution:
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 𝜋/2 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 {∫0 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝜋/2 2 sin 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡}
𝜋
2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2
= 𝜋 [𝑥 (– ) − 1 (− )] + 𝜋 [(𝜋 − 𝑥) (– ) − (−1) (− )]𝜋
𝑛 𝑛2 0 𝑛 𝑛2
2

2 𝜋/2 2
= 𝑛2 𝜋 [−𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 + sin 𝑛𝑥]0 + 𝑛2 𝜋 [−𝑛(𝜋 − 𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥]𝜋𝜋
2

2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 {− cos + sin +0−0−0−0+ cos + sin }
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 𝑛𝜋
= 𝑛2 𝜋 sin ( 2 )

Half range Fourier sine series is given by

𝑛𝜋
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑥,𝑙 = 𝜋
𝑙
4 𝑛𝜋
= ∑∞
𝑛=1 [ sin ] sin 𝑛𝑥
𝜋𝑛2 2

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 37

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2.4 Practical Harmonic Analysis

Introduction:
 When 𝑓(𝑥) is given in tabular form we evaluate 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 using the procedure known as
Harmonic Analysis.
𝑎0 1 𝑎𝑛 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑏𝑛 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 = 𝑁∑𝑦, = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos , = 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin
2 2 𝑙 2 𝑙

 Fourier series of y over (0, 2𝑙) is

𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 𝑙 𝑙
𝑎0 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
= + (𝑎1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) + (𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )+ …
2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙

= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 + 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 + 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 + ⋯

1 2𝑙 1 𝑎0
 Mean value of y over (0, 2𝑙) = 2𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 = 2
𝑎0
 Direct current part in the variable current = 2

 Amplitude of the first Harmonic= √𝑎12 + 𝑏12

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Problems:
1. Obtain the constant term and the first two coefficients in the half range Fourier cosine
series of y for the following data: 𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝒚 4 8 15 7 6 2
𝑎0
𝐻𝑖𝑛𝑡:(0, 𝑙) = (0, 6), 𝑁 = 6, = 7, 𝑎1 = 4.5669, 𝑎2 = −2.8333
2

Solution:
By data, (0, 𝑙) = (0, 6), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋 𝜋
Therefore, 𝑙 𝑥 = 6 𝑥 = (30𝑥)° = 𝜃 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝑦
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃
2 𝑙
𝑎2 1 2𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑦 cos 2𝜃
𝜃=
6
0° 4 1 1 4 4
30° 8 0.8660 0.5 6.9282 4
60° 15 0.5 −0.5 7.5 −7.5
90° 7 0 −1 0 −7
120° 6 −0.5 −0.5 −3 −3
150° 2 −0.8660 0.5 −1.7320 1
42 13.6962 −8.5

𝑎0 1 42
Constant term = = 6∑𝑦 = =7
2 6
1 13.6962
First coefficient = 𝑎1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = = 4.5654
3
1 8.5
Second coefficient = 𝑎2 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = − = −2.8333
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 39

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2. Obtain the constant term and the coefficients of the first sine and cosine terms in the
Fourier expansion of y as given below: 𝒙 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝒚 9 18 24 28 26 20 9
Solution:
Ignore the last term. By data, (0, 2𝑙) = (0, 6), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋 𝜋
Therefore, 𝑙 𝑥 = 3 𝑥 = (60𝑥)° = 𝜃 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝑦
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃
2 𝑙
𝑏1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝜃
2 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑦 cos 𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃
𝜃=
3
0° 9 1 0 9 0
60° 18 0.5 0.8660 9 15.5880
120° 24 −0.5 0.8660 −12 20.7840
180° 28 −1 0 −28 0
240° 26 −0.5 −0.8660 −13 −22.5160
300° 20 0.5 −0.8660 10 −17.3200
125 −25 −3.4640

𝑎0 1 125
Constant term = = 6∑𝑦 = = 20.8333
2 6
1 25
Coefficient of first cosine term = 𝑎1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝜃 = − = −8.3333
3
1 3.4640
Coefficient of first sine term = 𝑏1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = − = −1.1547
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 40

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3. The following values of y give the displacement in inches of a certain machine part for the
rotation x of the flywheel. Find the first two harmonics of half range Fourier sine series.
𝜽 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑻 𝟎 𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝟖. 𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓𝟎 𝟓. 𝟒𝟗𝟗 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐𝟔

Solution:
By data, (0, 𝑙) = (0, 𝜋), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋
Therefore, 𝑙 𝑥 = 𝜃

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝑇
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝑇 sin 𝜃
2 𝑙
𝑏1 1 2𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝑇 sin 2𝜃
2 𝑙
𝜋𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜃 𝑦 sin 𝜃 𝑦 sin 2𝜃
𝜃=
3
0° 9 0 0 0 0
60° 18 0.5 0.8660 2.612 4.5239
120° 24 0.8660 0.8660 7.0120 7.0120
180° 28 1 0 7.850 0
240° 26 0.8660 −0.8660 4.7621 −4.7621
300° 20 0.5 −0.8660 1.313 −2.2741
125 23.5291 4.4997

1 23.5291
First harmonic = 𝑏1 sin 𝜃 = 3 (∑ 𝑦 sin 𝜃) sin 𝜃 = × sin 𝜃 = 7.8497 sin 𝜃
3
1 4.4997
Second harmonic = 𝑏2 sin 2𝜃 = 3 (∑ 𝑦 sin 2𝜃) = = 1.4999 sin 2𝜃
3

Dr. Narasimhan G, RNSIT 41

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4. The following table gives the variations of periodic current over a period T
𝒕(𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐬) 𝟎 𝐓 𝐓 𝐓 𝟐𝐓 𝟓𝐓 T
𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔
𝑨(𝑨𝒎𝒑) 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖 1.30 1.05 1.30 -0.88 -0.25 1.98
Show that there is a direct current part of 𝟎.75 amp. In the variable current and obtain the
amplitude of the first harmonic.
Solution:
Ignore the last term. By data, (0, 2𝑙) = (0, 𝑇), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑡 = 𝜃 (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑙 𝑇

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝐴
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝐴 cos 𝜃
2 𝑙
𝑏1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝐴 sin 𝜃
2 𝑙

2𝜋𝑡 𝐴 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝐴 cos 𝜃 𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝜃=
𝑇
0° 1.98 1 0 1.98 0
60° 1.30 0.5 0.8660 0.65 1.1258
120° 1.05 −0.5 0.8660 −0.525 0.9093
180° 1.30 −1 0 −1.30 0
240° −0.88 −0.5 −0.8660 0.44 0.7621
300° −0.25 0.5 −0.8660 −0.125 0.2165
4.5 1.12 3.0136

𝑎0 1 4.5
Constant term = = ∑𝐴 = = 0.75
2 6 6
1 1.12
𝑎1 = 3 ∑ 𝐴 cos 𝜃 = = 0.3733
3
1 3.0136
𝑏1 = 3 ∑ 𝐴 cos 2𝜃 = = 1.0045
3

Direct current part in the variable current = 0.75

Amplitude of the first harmonic = √𝑎12 + 𝑏12 = √1.122 + 3.01362 = 1.0716

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5. Compute the constant term and first harmonic in the Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) given in the
following table: 𝒙 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.2 1.0

Solution:
(0, 2𝑙) = (0, 2𝜋), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋
Therefore, 𝑙 𝑥 = 𝑥

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝑦
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝑥
2 𝑙
𝑏1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝑥
2 𝑙

𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑥

60° 1.4 0.5 0.8660 0.7 1.2124
120° 1.9 −0.5 0.8660 −0.95 1.6454
180° 1.7 −1 0 −1.7 0
240° 1.5 −0.5 −0.8660 −0.75 −1.2990
300° 1.2 0.5 −0.8660 0.6 −1.0392
360° 1.0 1 0 1.0 0
8.7 −1.1 0.5196

𝑎0 1 8.7
Constant term = = 6∑𝑦 = = 1.45
2 6
1 1.1
𝑎1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = − = −0.3667
3
1 0.5196
𝑏1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = = 0.1732
3

First harmonic = 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 = −0.3667 cos 𝑥 + 0.1732 sin 𝑥

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6. Given the following table

𝒙 𝟎° 𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝟒𝝅 𝟓𝝅
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒚 𝟕. 𝟗 7.2 3.6 0.5 0.9 6.8

Obtain the Fourier series neglecting the terms higher than first Harmonics.
Solution:
(0, 2𝑙) = (0, 2𝜋), 𝑁 = 6
𝜋
Therefore, 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑙

By Harmonic analysis,
𝑎0 1 1
= 𝑁∑𝑦 = 6∑𝑦
2
𝑎1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 cos = 6 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝑥
2 𝑙
𝑏1 1 𝜋𝑥 1
= 𝑁 ∑ 𝑦 sin = 6 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝑥
2 𝑙

𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑦 cos 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝑥

0° 7.9 1 0 7.9 0
60° 7.2 0.5 0.8660 3.6 6.0352
120° 3.6 −0.5 0.8660 −1.8 3.1176
180° 0.5 −1 0 −0.5 0
240° 0.9 −0.5 −0.8660 −0.45 −0.7794
300° 6.8 0.5 −0.8660 3.4 −5.8888
26.9 −12.15 2.6846

𝑎0 1 26.9
Constant term = = 6∑𝑦 = = 4.4833
2 6
1 12.15
𝑎1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 cos 𝑥 = − = 4.05
3
1 2.6846
𝑏1 = 3 ∑ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = = 0.8948
3

Fourier series:
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑏1 sin 𝑥 = 4.4833 + 4.05 cos 𝑥 + 0.8948 sin 𝑥
2

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