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PE455_Lecture1_2023

The document outlines the workflow and key concepts involved in reservoir simulation, which is used to model the behavior of reservoirs in terms of production pressure and rates. It details the types of models, the process of building a reservoir model, and the importance of accuracy in predictions. Additionally, it highlights the steps involved in the reservoir simulation workflow, from problem definition to reporting.

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Kelvin Hayford
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13 views

PE455_Lecture1_2023

The document outlines the workflow and key concepts involved in reservoir simulation, which is used to model the behavior of reservoirs in terms of production pressure and rates. It details the types of models, the process of building a reservoir model, and the importance of accuracy in predictions. Additionally, it highlights the steps involved in the reservoir simulation workflow, from problem definition to reporting.

Uploaded by

Kelvin Hayford
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PE 455 Reservoir Simulation

Lecture 1: Reservoir Simulation Workflow

Dr. Yen Adams Sokama-Neuyam


Department of Petroleum Engineering, KNUST.
Email: asokama@knust.edu.gh
Office: Casely-Hayford Building, Rm F25.
Introduction
Reservoir simulation means to imitate the behaviour of a reservoir
in terms of production pressure and production rates as a function of
time by using a mathematical model.

2
Introduction
When a field is discovered, the following are some of the important
questions that reservoir engineers must try to answer:

1. What is the volume of hydrocarbons in the reservoir?


2. What fraction of that hydrocarbon can be potentially recovered?
3. How fast can the recoverable hydrocarbons be produced?
4. What is the most optimal way to produce the recoverable
hydrocarbons?
5. How will the reservoir perform under various development
scenarios?
A good reservoir model can help to find answers to some of these
questions.
3
Introduction
§ A mathematical model is an equation used to describe a physical
system. A reservoir model is therefore a mathematical equation
used to describe some process taking place in the reservoir.

§ The solution of the equations used to model flow in reservoirs


requires numerical techniques, and the models are therefore often
called numerical models.

• Using large computers and sophisticated software most processes


taking place in a reservoir can be adequately modeled. A computer
program written to solve the equations for flow of fluids in a
reservoir is called a reservoir simulator.

4
Introduction
§ A reservoir simulator integrates geology, geophysics, petrophysics,
drilling, production, reservoir engineering, surface facilities
aspects, regulatory constraints etc.

§ Using reservoir simulation, engineers are able to forecast a range


of production and depletion scenarios based on different variables
to improve decision making before money is spent.

§ The reservoir simulation process enables companies to make


smarter business decisions and use capital more wisely by
quantifying risk and uncertainty with greater precision.
5
Types of Models
§ The reservoir model: Fluid flow equation within the reservoir.

§ The well model: Fluid flow that represents the extraction of fluids
from the reservoir or the injection of fluids into the reservoir.

§ The wellbore model: fluid flow from the sand face to the surface.

§ The surface model: constraints associated with surface facilities


such as platform and separator limitations.

6
Some Uses of Reservoir Simulation
Prediction of future reservoir production performance
• drilling scenarios
• injection of water/gas
• other IOR actions
• quantify production forecast required by governmental agencies
and license partners

Other applications
• interpretation of laboratory experiments

7
Types of Reservoir Simulators
Reservoir simulators can be classified according to the type of
reservoir they are intended to simulate.

§ Black oil simulators: One porous medium + black oil functions


§ Compositional simulators: One porous medium + EOS
§ Dual porosity simulator: Two porous media (matrix and fractures)
§ Chemical flood models: EOR scenarios
§ Thermal models: Pressure + Temperature equations

8
Three Constituents of a Reservoir Model

9
Building a Reservoir Model
The basic process for developing a reservoir simulation model are
1. Formulation of differential equations: the differential equations
together with appropriate boundary conditions describe the physical
process to be modelled. Conservation of mass is the basic principle for
reservoir simulation models.
2. Discretization: the reservoir is divided into smaller units, grid blocks,
and the basic differential equations are replaced by algebraic
equations for each grid block. The algebraic equations are non-linear.
3. Linearization: algebraic equations are replaced by linear equations.
The Newton- Raphson method is frequently used at this stage of the
solution procedure.
4. Solving linear equations: both direct and iterative methods are used.
10
Building a Reservoir Model

11
Design of a Model

12
Numerical Procedure

13
Discretization of Time

14
Running the Model

15
Running the Model

16
Accuracy of Reservoir Simulation
The accuracy of performance predictions will depend on the
characteristics of the model and the accuracy and completeness of the
reservoir description:
1. The basic equations and boundary conditions only give an approximate
description of the physical process.
2. Numerical techniques are used to solve the equations and hence,
approximations to the exact solution is computed. The reservoir
description is insufficient. Reservoir data (rock properties, fluid
properties, initial distribution of hydrocarbons) are estimated at a
limited number of reservoir locations. In addition, the methods used to
measure data can be inaccurate.
3. Approximations introduced during upscaling. Reservoir properties
usually vary on a much smaller scale than the size of a grid block, and
information is lost during upscaling.
17
Important Definitions
§ Modelling: Building the model
§ Simulation: Running the model
§ History Matching: Fitting history data.
§ Production forecasting: Predicting future data.

18
Workflow
1. Problem definition
2. Data review
3. Data acquisition
4. Approach selection
5. Reservoir characterization – building a geological static model
6. Upscaling to generate dynamic reservoir simulation model
7. Computing support
8. Initialization
9. History matching
10. Prediction
11. Reporting
19
Scales of Study

20
Prediction of future performance

21
Reservoir Management and Simulation

22

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