1.

Overview of Thermodynamics of Fuel-air Cycles and Real Cycles (5 hours)

1. Discuss about the Composition of cylinder gases.
2. Discuss major losses of real cycle compare to air standard cycle that reduces thermal Efficiency.
3. Differentiate between air-cycle and fuel-air cycle. What assumptions are made in analyzing the fuel-air
cycle?[6]
4. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16. At the beginning of the compression process,
air is at 90 kPa and 40°C. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400°C, Determine: (a) The thermal
efficiency (b) Cutoff ratio (c) The mean effective pressure of the cycle.[2+3+3]
5. For an Otto cycle with y=1.4 and compression ratio=9.5. the temperature and the Initial pressure of the
gasoline-air mixture when it enters the cylinder is 22°C and 8.5x10 Pa respectively. a) What is the
temperature and pressure at the end of the compression stroke? b) Calculate the thermal efficiency of
the cycle. [2+2+2]
6. The ideal diesel engine has a diameter of 12 cm and stroke 15 cm. The clearance volume is 8% of swept
volume. Determine the compression ratio and air standard efficiency of the engine if the cut-off takes
place at 4% of the stroke.
7. Otto cycle takes the air in at 0.97 bar and 40°C. The compression ratio of the cycle is 7. The heat
supplied during the cycle is 1.2 MJ/kg of working fluid. Find (a) air standard efficiency of the cycle, (b)
maximum temperature attained in the cycle, and (c) work done per kg of working fluid.
8. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16. At the beginning of the compression process,
air is at 90 kPa and 40°C. The maximum temperature of the cycle is1400°C, Determine: (a) The thermal
efficiency (b) Cutoff ratio (©) The mean effective pressure of the cycle. [2+3+3]
9. The engine with engine capacity of 300 cm works on Otto cycle. The initial condition of air in an Otto
cycle is 288K and 1.05 bar. The air is compressed isentropically to a pressure of 13 bar. Then heat is
added at constant volume till the pressure becomes 35 bar. Calculate: a) compression ratio, b) standard
efficiency, and c) mean effective pressure of the cycle. Take c, = 0.718 J/gK) and R =0.287 /kg.K)
10. In a diesel cycle, the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression are 1 bar and 290 K
respectively. The maximum pressure of the cycle is 50 bars. The volume at the beginning of the
compression is 1m^3 and after constant pressure heating is 0.1m^3.Determine the temperature at the
end points of all process and also find out cycle efficiency.
11. In a SI engine working on the Otto cycle, the compression ratio is 5.5. The pressure and temperatures at
the beginning of the compression stroke are '100kPa and 27°C respectively. The peak pressure
developed in compression stroke is 3 MPa. Determine: i) The pressure and temperatures at the end of
each process (ii) The air standard efficiency and (iii) The mean effective pressure.

2. Engine Construction and operation

1. With neat sketches explain the working of 4-stroke cycle SI engine. Discuss the merits and demerits of
2-stroke engine over 4-stroke engines.[8]
 2. Describe the working of 2-stroke diesel engine with the help of P-v and T-s diagrams.[5+5] With neat
sketches explain the working of 4-stroke cycle SI engine. Discuss the merits and demerits of 2-stroke
engine over 4-stroke engines.
3. List and briefly describe major components of a C.I. engine. and S. I. engine working on four stroke.`
4. List down the major five differences between four-stroke and two stroke cycle engines.

5. Describe the functions of cylinder head, piston connecting rod, flywheel, of seals, cylinder liner, rocker,
camshaft bearings, and camshaft drive mechanism.
6. Describe the functions of cylinder block, piston rings, piston pin, crankshaft. journal bearings, vibration
damper, cylinder head gasket, valves, camshaft, v-belt.
7. With neat-sketches explain the working of 4-stroke cycle SI engine. Discuss the merits and demerits of
2-streke engine over 4-stroke engines.
8. Discuss the merits and demerits of 4-stroke engine over 2-stroke engine.

3. Engine Fuels
1. List out the basic requirements of a gasoline used in SI engines. How are SI and CI engine fuels rated?[8]
2. List out the basic requirements of a gasoline used in S.I. engine.
3. What are the factors that influence the process of carburation of gasoline fuel? Also list down the merit-
of electronic fuel injection system (EFI).
4. What are the non-conventional fuels for internal combustion engine? Describe their merits and
demerits? [6+2+2)
5. List out the basic requirements of a gasoline used in SI engines. How are SI and CI engine fuels rated?
6. List out the basic requirements of a gasoline used in S. 1. engine. Explain the working of a fuel injector
with the help of neat sketch.
7. Describe the properties of fuel that can be used in CI engine. Explain combustion equation for
hydrocarbon fuels.
8. Describe the properties of fuels that can be used in SI engine. Explain the rating of CI engine-fuels
9. How is fuel supply system of SI engines differ from CI engines.
10. What are the requirements of combustion in gasoline engine? Show the variation of air fuel ratio
depending on the driving condition.

4. Carburetor & Fuel Injection Systems

1. What are the functions of a carburettor? With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a simple
carburetor. Describe the benefits of fuel injection system.[2+3+3]
2. List down the merits and demerits of EFI system. What are the various sensors used in electronic fuel
injection system? Explain briefly.[4+4]
3. Why-is-carburetor replaced by electronic fuel injection system in modern vehicles?Describe the working
of multi-point fuel injection system.[5+5)
4. What are the functions of a carburetor? With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a simple
carburetor. Describe the benefits of fuel injection system.
 5. List down the merits and demerits of EFI system What are the various sensors used in electronic fuel
injection system? Explain briefly.
6. What are the functions of a carburetor? With a neat sketch explain the working principle of a simple
carburetor. Describe the benefits of fuel injection system. [2+3+3]
7. List down the merits and demerits of EFI system. What are the various sensors used in electronic fuel
injection system? Explain briefly.
8. Why multi point fuel injection (MPFI) system is widely used in modern cars? Compare-MPFI with GDI
system.
9. Explain common rail direct injection (CRDI) system with neat figure and state advantages and
disadvantages of CRDI system.
10. List the systems of carburetor and explain power system with neat figure
11. Why is-fuel-injection systems is popular in modern SI engines? Describe with the help of neat sketch in
how many ways-fuel can be injected in SI-engine.

5. Combustion in SI and CI Engines

1. Explain the components of ignition system. Why spark advance is required and how is it managed in the
SI engines? [10]
2. Describe the stages of combustion in SI engine. -
3. Discuss the merits and demerits of battery ignition system.
4. Describe the various modern ignition systems that are used in SI engine. What are their merits over
conventional battery ignition system?[5+5)
5. Explain the components of ignition system. Why spark advance is required and how is it managed in the
SI engine
6. What do you understand by ignition Iag? How does the mixture of air and fuel in the combustion of C.I.
engine differ from that of S.L. engine? Explain the effect of A:F ratio on CO, HC and NO x Emission from
petrol engine.
7. Explain the components of ignition system. Why spark advance is required and how is it managed in the
SI engines?[10]
8. Draw a schematic diagram of a conventional coil ignition system with parts name for four-cylinder SI
engine.[6]
9. Write down the factors that influence the velocity of flame propagation in combustion chamber of an Ic
engine.
10. Draw and explain circuit diagram of battery point ignition system. Discuss the roll of condenser in the
circuit.
11. What is the importance of ignition timing? Why ignition advance mechanism is necessary for variable
speed and load of the engine?
12. Describe the working of battery ignition system. What are the causes of knock? Describe the methods
that are used to control knock in internal combustion engine.
13. What are the factors should be taken into account to avoid knocking?
14. What are the requirements for combustion in internal combustion engine? What are the desirable
condition for low emission and how can them is achieved.
6 Engine lubrication systems
1. Explain the six functions of engine oil. What are the advantages of multi-grade oil over single grade oil?
[3+5)
2. Describe the desirable properties of lubricating oil that are used in large bus of truck in Nepal. What are
the consequences of not changing lubricant in time?
3. What is the purpose of engine lubricating oil? How often does it have to be changed? Specify the engine
oil for petrol engine.[8+2+2]
4. What is the function of an additive in lubricating oil? Discuss different types of additives and their effects
on the properties of lubricating oil. (3+4)
5. Explain the six functions of engine oil. What are the advantages of multi-grade oil over Single grade oil?
6. Why lubrication of an engine is essential? Mention when air cooling is used and when water cooling is
used. Justify your answer.
7. Explain the six functions of engine oil. What are the advantages of multi-grade oil over single grade oil?
[3+5]
8. Defines hydrodynamic lubrication.
9. Explain the purpose of lubricating system and explain its working. Also point out the common
requirements of lubricating oil. [4+2+4)
10. Explain full flow filter lubrication system in engine with figure.
11. Explain why engine oil should be changed periodically.
12. Why lubricating oil is changed time to time in internal combustion engine? Specify the lubricating oil for
internal combustion engine that is used for power generation.

7 Engine cooling
1. Describe the necessity of cooling system in an engine. What is the role of radiator cap in cooling system?
How operating temperature is maintained by cooling system? [4+2+2]
2. Why is engine cooling system necessary in internal combustion engine? List the various components of
water cooling engine system. What is the purpose of anti-freeze and how is it mixed with water?
3. Describe the necessity of cooling system in an engine: What is the role of radiator cap in cooling system?
How operating temperature is maintained by cooling system?
4. Explains to working of thermostatic controlled water cooling system with a neat diagram.
5. What is the function of air fins? When antifreeze solutions used in cooling system?
6. Describe the necessity of cooling system in an engine. What is the role of radiator cap in cooling system?
How operating temperature is maintained by cooling system?
7. Why cooling system is necessary for an IC engine? Mention the types of cooling system employed in an
IC engines and explain the working principle of forced water circulating cooling system with the help of
neat sketch.
8. What are the major functions of engine cooling system? Explain consequences of engine running too hot
and too cold.
9. List the various components are used in liquid cooling system in internal combustion engine. Explain
why the temperature of engine is desirable to keep at optimum condition.
 10. Why antifreeze is added to water in cooling system of internal combustion engine? Describe the tasks
that are included in cooling system service system.

8 Engine Performance and Testing of Engines

1. Define relative efficiency, List the performance parameters of an engine. Explain full load test of a SI
engine, draw and analyze a full load characteristics curve.[8]
2. List the performance parameters of an engine. Explain full load test of a SI engine, draw and analyze a
full load characteristics curve.
3. List the performance parameters of an engine. Explain full load test of a SI engine, draw and analyze a
full load characteristics curve.[8]
4. What are performance parameters of an engine? Distinguish between indicated horse power and brake
horsepower; which is grater and why?
5. List the basic performance parameters of IC engines. Draw and explain typical diagram of variable speed
test of SI engine at full throttle.
6. Differentiate between thermal efficiency and combustion efficiency. Describe the components of heat
balance in percentage at full load in internal combustion engine.
7. A single cylinder engine operating at 3000 rpm develops 12 Nm torque. The indicated power of the
engine is 5 kw. Find loss due to friction as the percentage of brake power.
8. In a four stroke single cylinder gasoline engine the indicated mean effective pressure is 6.46 MPA , the
brake power 9 kW, speed 250 rpm, mechanical efficiency.1.-08.and bore to stroke ratio = 0.66. Calculate
cylinder diameter and mean piston speed. [6+6]
9. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16. At the beginning of the compression process,
air is at 90 kPa and 40°C. The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400°C, Determine: (a) The thermal
efficiency (b) Cutoff ratio (e) The mean effective pressure of the cycle
10. Discuss the different performance parameters of LC. engines. An 8-cylinder, 4-stroke petrol engine of
82.5 mm bore and 85.7 mm stroke has a compression ratio 7. It is tested at 4000 RPM on a
dynamometer which has 53.35 cm arm. During a 10 minute test, the dynamometer reads 400 N and the
engine consumes 4.64 kg of fuel. Air is supplied at 1.013 bar pressure and 27°C at the rate of 6.5 kg per
minute. Assume C.V. of fuel = 4000 kJ/kg, find B.P., BMEP, volumetric efficiency. Air fuel ratio and
relative efficiency.
11. A 4-cylinder 4-stroke petrol engine having bore 6 cm and stroke 10 cm develops 65 Nm torque running
at 3000 rpm. Find the fuel consumption of the engine in kg/hr and brake mean effective pressure taking
relative efficiency of 50% and brake thermal efficiency. Total clearance volume = 60 cm and calorific
value of fuel = 40900 W/kg (8)