The Muscular System

Chapter 6
Zoology 1
 Objectives

01 Determine and explain the parts of the muscular system

02 Differentiate movement between animals;

03 Explain the disorders of the muscular system

The mind is just like a muscle - the
more you exercise it, the stronger it
gets and the more it can expand.
 01
Muscular
System
Introduction
The muscular system includes the organ, which by their contraction
and relaxation facilitate movement of the body. Muscle cell is the
structural unit, which is long and provided with myofibrils that enable
them to shorten or contract. It is attached to the skeletal system and
they give the body a graceful symmetry. Muscles are contractile, that
is they can change their shape. They are irritable, that is, they
received and respond to stimuli. They are elastic and flexible so they
can return to original position. They are covered by sarcolemma and
they all have blood vessels and nerves.
Functions of the Muscles
1. Motion – the most obvious type of
motion performed by the skeletal muscles is to
move the body and / or its appendages, as in
walking, running, writing, chewing, and
swallowing. The primary impetus for blood flow
is the contraction of cardiac muscles within
the heart. All of the involuntary systems
(urinary, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, etc.)
contain smooth muscles for the involuntary
movement of materials through the body.
 Functions of the Muscles
2. Heat production – body
temperature is remarkably consistent.
Metabolism within the cells releases heat
as an end product. Since muscles
constitute nearly one half of the body
weight and are in the continuous state of
fiber activity, they are very important in
the production of heat. The rate of heat
production increases immensely as a
person exercises strenuously.
Functions of the Muscles
3. Posture and body support –
the skeletal system gives support and
stability to the body, but skeletal
muscles maintain posture and support
around the flexible joints. Certain
muscles are active postural muscles
whose function is to work in
opposition to gravity. Some postural
muscles are working even you think
you are relaxed
Functions of the Muscles
4. Elasticity – a muscle tissue
has an innate tension that causes it to
assume a desired shape regardless of
how it might be stretched.
 02
Types of
Muscles
Types of Muscles
 1. Skeletal Muscles
■ - designed primarily to give
movement to the skeletal
framework. These are attached to
bones by tendons, their gross of
action are directed by higher
centers of the brain, and its
voluntary thus it is called
voluntary muscles.
 2. Smooth Muscles
■ – composed of elongated,
spindle-shaped cells with large
elongated nuclei. Ordinarily
microscopic, though maybe
greatly extended, as in the
uterus of pregnant women. It is
involuntary.
 3. Cardiac Muscles
■ – muscle tissue that composes
most of the wall of the heart. It
is involuntary; the brain does
not control it. Heart muscle has
the ability to contract and to
keep on contracting tirelessly
for all year of one’s life.
 03
Classification of
Muscles
Classification of muscles according to the type of action

■ 1. Agonist or prime mover

– each muscle bears the
responsibility for a specific
action.
■ 2. Antagonist – the muscle
produces the opposite action.
Classification of muscles according to the type of action

■ 3. Synergist – the muscle

helps to stabilize the action of
one joint so that the force can
be applied at the desired
point.
■ 4. Fixator – the muscle fixes
the position of a limb when
movement is occurring in the
distal point.
Muscle Contractions
■ Muscle produces force through the process of contraction. When it
contracts, it may change its shape, but its volume remains the same.
It does not become smaller.
■ During the process of contraction, the energy from chemical reactions
in the muscles can be converted into useful work. Thus, the
contraction of muscle enables human beings to move about and
perform directs actions to the environment.
■ The basic mechanism of contractile process is the coupling of the
splitting of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the interaction of two
proteins myosin and actin.
Muscle Contractions
The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 1. Flexors – to draw one

segment toward another.

■ 2. Extensors – to
straighten two segments
of a part such as limbs or
vertebral column at a joint.
The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 3. Adductors – to draw a
part such as a limb toward
the ventral surface.

■ 4. Abductors – cause
displacement away from
the ventral surface.
The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 5. Protractors – cause a
part, such as the tongue
or hyoid, to be thrust
forward or outward.

■ 6. Retractors – pull a part

backward or inward.
The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 7. Levators –
raise a part.

■ 8. Depressors –
lower a part.
The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 9. Rotators –
cause rotation of a
part on its axis.
 The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 10. Supinators –
rotators that turn a part
such as the palm
upward.

■ 11. Pronators –
rotators that turn a part
as the palm downward
or it make it prone.
 The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 12. Tensors – make a part such as the

eardrum more taut.
 The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 13. Constrictors – compress

internal parts.
 The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 14. Sphincters – constrictors

which make an opening
smaller.
 The chief actions of muscles are the following:

■ 15. Dilators – constrictors

which make an opening bigger.
 04
Classification of
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles are further classified into:
■ 1. Axial muscles –
attached to the skull,
vertebral column, ribs, and
sternum.
■ 2. Appendicular muscles
– attached to the
appendicular skeleton such
as the bones of the limbs,
pectoral and pelvic girdle.
Skeletal muscles are further classified into:
■ 3. Branchiometric
muscles – attached to
the visceral skeleton.

■ 4. Integumentary
muscles – some skeletal
muscles which are
inserted on the skin.
 05
Types of Muscle
Contractions
Types of muscle contraction:
■ 1. Isotonic – exhibited
when a muscle becomes shorter
and thicker. The example of
isotonic contraction is the
contraction of biceps brachii. The
tension remains essentially
constant, but the muscle
shortens, performing work. It
involved body movement.
Types of muscle contraction:
■ 2. Isometric – in this
type of contraction, the
tension increases with the
load, but the muscle does not
shorten. The muscles
concerned with posture are
examples of isometric
contraction.
 06
Common
Disorders
Common Disorders Associated with Muscular System

■ Rheumatism -
characterized by stiffness,
pain, or soreness of the
joints or muscles. Among
diseases commonly but
loosely called rheumatism
are gout, rheumatic fever,
osteoarthritis, myositis,
bursitis, and rheumatoid
arthritis.
Common Disorders Associated with Muscular System

■ Gout, complex disease of

uncertain origin of caused by the
faulty metabolism of uric acid
produced in the body by
breakdown of protein, and
resulting in elevated levels of
uric acid in the blood.
Common Disorders Associated with Muscular System

■ Arthritis, any of more than 100

different diseases causing pain.
Stiffness, and in most cases,
swelling in the joints. The most
common form of arthritis is
osteoarthritis (OA), also known
as degenerative joint disease.
Apply what you
have learned
1. What would result if the human heart were made of skeletal
muscle instead of cardiac muscle.
2. Why are there more mitochondria in muscle cells than in most
other cells in the body?
3. What are two types of involuntary muscle?
4. Compare and contrast cardiac and skeletal muscle.
5. Where in the body is smooth muscle located? How is the
function of smooth muscle different from skeletal muscle?
6. Name three organ systems that work together in moving the
arm? What is the function of the organ system in the process?
End of Chapter 6