MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES

Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering

Electrical Simulation Tools

Laboratory
B.Tech II -YEAR I-SEM
STUDENT LAB MANUAL

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MALLREDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)
Kistapur, Medchal, Medchal – 501401
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Vision of the Institute:
The aspiration is to emerge as a premier institution in technical education to produce competent
engineers and management professionals contributing to Industry and Society.

Mission of the Institute (MI):

The aspirations are fulfilled and continue to be fulfilled:

MI-1: By providing the student supporting systems:

To impart updated pedagogical techniques with supportive learning environment and state-of-the-
art facilities.

MI-2: By training the students as per the industry needs:

To cultivate a culture of interdisciplinary approach, problem solving, innovative ecosystem, and
entrepreneurship by facilitating critical thinking, teamwork, and research-driven activities with
hands-on learning.

MI-3: By educating the students about society's needs:

To instill ethical, social, and environmental values through community engagement resulting in
sustainable development of society.

Vision of the EEE-Department:

The aspiration is to produce competent Electrical and Electronics Engineering Graduates capable
of making valuable contributions in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
Mission of the Department:
MD-1: Student Support Systems:
To equip students with advanced learning skills in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, while
providing them with the necessary professional competencies to overcome future challenges.
MD-2:Training the students as per the industry needs:
To facilitate the students to acquire interdisciplinary skills in renewable energy, electric vehicles,
and power electronics applications through practical knowledge and innovative
techniques to meet evolving global challenges.

MD-3:Educating the students, the needs of society:

To develop professional ethics, self-confidence, and leadership qualities among students.
 Program Educational Objectives (PEO’S)

PEO 1: MREM B.Tech EEE graduates shall be able to apply technical knowledge in Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, empowering them to pursue higher studies or succeed in their
professional careers in the electrical Power Industry.

PEO 2: MREM B.Tech EEE graduates shall be able to design and implement complex electrical
systems, meeting the electrical and electronics industry demands.

PEO 3: MREM B.Tech EEE graduates shall be able to h a n d l e s o c i e t a l a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l

p r o b l e m s w i t h e t h i c a l v a l u e s as demanded by society.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO1: Provide efficient problem-solving techniques in the areas of Power Electronics, Power
Systems, Control systems, and Electrical Machines using MATLAB/MULTISIM.

PSO2: Design and develop a wide range of Electrical and Electronics Systems, specifically
emphasizing Electric Drives, Conventional Renewable Energy, and Automation to demonstrate
overall knowledge and contribute to the betterment of society.
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
PO1: ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE:
Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2: PROBLEM ANALYSIS:
Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3: DESIGN/DEVELOPMENT OF SOLUTIONS:
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system components or
processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public
health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
PO4: CONDUCT INVESTIGATIONS OF COMPLEX PROBLEMS:
Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments,
analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
PO5: MODERN TOOL USAGE:
Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering
and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6: THE ENGINEER AND SOCIETY:
Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety, legal
and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
PO7: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY:
Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
PO8: ETHICS:
Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of
the engineering practice.
PO9: INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM WORK:
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, and
in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10: COMMUNICATION:
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE:
Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management
principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 LIFE-LONG LEARNING:
Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

GENERAL LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS

● Before entering the lab the student should carry the following things
o Identity card issued by the college
o Class notes
o Lab Manual
o Lab Record
o Calculator, scales, pencils etc
● Student must sign in and sign out in the register provided when attending the lab session
without fail
● Come to the laboratory in time. Students, who are late more than 5 min., will not be
allowed to attend the lab.
● Students need to maintain 100% attendance in lab if not a strict action will be taken.
● All students must follow a Dress Code while in the laboratory
● Foods, drinks are NOT allowed.
● All bags must be left at the indicated place.
● The objective of the laboratory is learning. The experiments are designed to illustrate
phenomena in different areas of Physics and to expose you to measuring instruments,
conduct the experiments with interest and an attitude of learning
● You need to come well prepared for the experiment.
● Work quietly and carefully
● Be honest in recording and representing your data.
● If a particular reading appears wrong repeat the measurement carefully, to get a better fit
for a graph
● All presentations of data, tables and graphs calculations should be neatly and carefully
done
● Graphs should be neatly drawn with pencil. Always label graphs and the axes and display
units.
● If you finish early, spend the remaining time to complete the calculations and drawing
graphs.
● Do not fiddle with apparatus. Handle instruments with care. Report any breakage to the
Instructor. Return all the equipment you have signed out for the purpose of your
experiment.
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING

SPECIFIC SAFETY RULES FOR LABORATORY

● NO STUDENT is allowed in to the lab without shoe or apron.

● You must not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.
● You should inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is a
problem with a piece of equipment, report it to the technician or lecturer. DONOT return
equipment to a storage area
● You should not work on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts without very
specific approval from your lab supervisor. If you need to work on such circuits, you
should contact your supervisor for approval and instruction on how to do this safely
before commencing the work.
● Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an appropriate
wire stripping tool.
● Shield wire with your hands when cutting it with a pliers to prevent bits of wire flying
about the bench.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No Title of the Experiment Page No
Introduction to basic block sets of simulation
platforms. Basic matrix operations, Generation of
1.
standard test signals

Solving the linear and nonlinear differential equations

2.
Measurement of Voltage, Current and Power in DC
3. circuits.

Verification of different network theorems with

4. dependent and independent sources using suitable
simulation tools
Verification of performance characteristics of basic
5.
Electronic Devices using suitable simulation tools
Analysis of series and parallel resonance circuits using
6. suitable simulation tools

Obtaining the response of electrical network for

7.
standard test signals using suitable simulation tools.
Modeling and Analysis of Low pass and High pass
8. Filters using suitable simulation tools

Performance analysis of DC motor using suitable

9.
simulation tools
Modeling and analysis of Equivalent circuit of
10. transformer using suitable simulation tools.

Analysis of single-phase bridge rectifier with and

11.
without filter using suitable Simulation tools
Modeling and Verification of Voltage Regulator using
12. suitable simulation tools.

Modeling of transmission line using simulation tools.

13.
Performance analysis of Solar PV model using suitable
14. simulation tools
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL SIMULATION TOOLS LAB

Course Bloom’s Taxonomy

Course Outcome Statement
Outcome level

C218.1 Develop knowledge of software packages to model and Understand

program electrical and electronics systems
C218.2 Model different electrical and electronic systems and Analyze
analyze the results
Articulate importance of software packages used for
C218.3 simulation in laboratory experimentation by analyzing the Evaluate
Simulation results
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB

Course Outcomes Mapping With Bloom’s Taxonomy

PO,PSO,CO’s and Mapping

CO-PO MAPPING

P P
P P P P P P P P P
P P P O S
O O O S
O O O O O O O O O
1 1 1 O
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 0 1 2 1
2
C218.1 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 2 3

C218.2 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 3

C218.3 3 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 2 3 2 3

AVG 3 2.3 1 1.3 2 1.3 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.3 2 3 2.3 3

 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE AND MANAGEMENT
SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL SIMULATION TOOLS LAB

List of Experiments:
Exp COs PO PSO Bloom’s
Name of the experiment
No Mapped Taxonomy
Introduction to basic block sets PO1,PO2,PO5,PO1 PSO2 Apply
of simulation platforms. Basic 2
1 matrix operations, Generation of CO1
standard test signals

Solving the linear and nonlinear PO3,PO4,PO12 Analyze

2 differential equations CO1

Measurement of Voltage, Current PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2 Understand

3 and Power in DC circuits. CO1

Verification of different PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO1,PSO Analyze

network theorems with 2
4 dependent and independent CO2
sources using suitable
simulation tools
Verification of performance PO1,PO2,PO5,PO1 PSO1 Analyze,
characteristics of basic 2 Understand
5 CO2
Electronic Devices using
suitable simulation tools
Analysis of series and parallel CO2 PO1,PO2,PO5,PO1 PSO1 Analyze,
resonance circuits using suitable 2 Understand
6 simulation tools

Obtaining the response of CO2 PO1,PO2,PO5,PO1 PSO1 Analyze,

electrical network for standard 2 Understand
7
test signals using suitable
simulation tools.
Modeling and Analysis of Low PO3,PO4,PO12 Analyze
pass and High pass Filters using
8 CO2,CO3
suitable simulation tools

Performance analysis of DC PO1,PO2,PO5 PSO2 Analyze

9 motor using suitable CO2,CO3
simulation tools
Modeling and analysis of PO1,PO3,PO4 PSO1 Analyze,
Equivalent circuit of transformer Understand
10 CO2,CO3
using suitable simulation tools.

Analysis of single-phase PO1,PO3,PO4 PSO2 Analyze

bridge rectifier with and
11 CO3
without filter using suitable
Simulation tools
Modeling and Verification of PO1,PO3,PO4 PSO2 Analyze,
Voltage Regulator using suitable Understand
12 CO2,CO3
simulation tools.
 Modeling of transmission line PO1,PO3,PO4 PSO1 Analyze,
13 using simulation tools. CO2,CO3 Understand

Performance analysis of Solar PV PO1,PO3,PO4,PO5 PSO2 Analyze,

model using suitable simulation Understand
14 CO2,CO3
tools
Introduction to MATLAB:
MATLAB is a high performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation. MATLAB is numeric computation software for
engineering and scientific calculations. MATLAB is primary tool for matrix computations.
MATLAB is being used to simulate random process, power system, control system and
communication theory. MATLAB comprising lot of optional tool boxes and block set like control
system, optimization, and power system and so on.

Typical uses:

Mathematics tools and computation

Algorithm development
Modeling, simulation and prototype
Data analysis, exploration and visualization
Scientific and engineering graphics
Application development, including graphical user interface building

MATLAB is a widely used tool in electrical engineering community. It can be used for simple
mathematical manipulation with matrices for understanding and teaching basic mathematical and
engineering concepts and even for studying and simulating actual power system and electrical
system in general. The original concept of a small and handy tool has evolved replace and/or
enhance the usage of traditional simulation tool for advanced engineering applications.to becomes
an engineering work house. It is now accepted that MATLAB and its numerous tool boxes
Getting started with MATLAB:
To open the MATLAB applications double click the MATLAB icon on the desktop. To quit from
MATLAB type…
>> quit
(Or)
>>exit
To select the (default) current directory click ON the icon […] and browse for the folder named
“D:\SIMULAB\xxx”, where xxx represents roll number of the individual candidate in which a
folder should be created already.
When you start MATLAB you are presented with a window from which you can enter commands
interactively. Alternatively, you can put your commands in an M- file and execute it at the
MATLAB prompt. In practice you will probably do a little of both. One good approach is to
incrementally create your file of commands by first executing them.

M-files can be classified into following 2 categories,

i) Script M-files – Main file contains commands and from which functions can also be called

ii) Function M-files – Function file that contains function command at the first line of the M-file
Simulink

At the MATLAB prompt type simulink and brings up the “Simulink Library Browser”. Each of the
items in the Simulink Library Browser are the top level of a hierarchy of palette of elements that
you can add to a simulink model of your own creation. The “simulink” pallete contains the
majority of the elements used in the MATLAB. Simulink has built into it a variety of integration
algorithm for integrating the dynamic equations. You can place the dynamic equations of your
system into simulink in four ways.
1 Using integrators
2. Using transfer functions

3. Using state space equations

MATLAB workspace:

The workspace is the window where you execute MATLAB commands (Ref. figure-1). The best
way to probe the workspace is to type whos. This command shows you all the variables that are
currently in workspace. You should always change working directory to an appropriate location
under your user name.Another useful workspace like command is
>>clear all
It eliminates all the variables in your workspace. For example, start MATLAB and execute the
following sequence of commands
>>a=2;
>>b=5;
>>whos
>>clear all
The first two commands loaded the two variables a and b to the workspace and assigned value of 2
and 5 respectively. The clear all command clear the variables available in the work space. The
arrow keys are real handy in MATLAB. When typing in long expression at the command line, the
up arrow scrolls through previous commands and down arrow advances the other direction. Instead
of retyping a previously entered command just hit the up arrow until you find it. If you need to
change it slightly the other arrows let you position the cursor anywhere. Finally any DOS
command can be entered in MATLAB as long as it is preceded by any exclamation mark.
MATLAB data types:

The most distinguishing aspect of MATLAB is that it allows the user to manipulate vectors As for
as MATLAB is concerned a scalar is also a 1 x 1 array. For example clear your workspace and
execute the commands.
>>a=4.2:
>>A=[1 4;6 3];
>>whos
Two things should be evident. First MATLAB distinguishes the case of a variable name and that
both a and A are considered arrays. Now let’s look at the content of A and a.
>>a
>>A
Again two things are important from this example. First anybody can examine the contents of any
variables simply by typing its name at the MATLAB prompt. When typing in a matrix space
between elements separate columns, whereas semicolon separate rows. For practice, create the
matrix in your workspace by typing it in all the

MATLAB prompt.
>>B= [3 0 -1; 4 4 2;7 2 11];
(use semicolon(;) to represent the end of a row)
>>B
Arrays can be constructed automatically. For instance to create a time vector where the time points
start at 0 seconds and go up to 5 seconds by increments of 0.001
>>mytime =0:0.001:5;
Automatic construction of arrays of all ones can also be created as follows,
>>myone=ones (3,2)

Outcome:
By doing the experiment, the students can understand the concepts of MATLAB programming in
solving power systems problems.

Application:

MATLAB Used
Algorithm development
Scientific and engineering graphics
Modeling, simulation, and prototyping
Application development, including Graphical User Interface building
Math and computation
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization

Viva Questions:
1. What is meant by MATLAB?
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
2. What are the different functions used in MATLAB?

The different function intersect ,bitshift, categorical, isfield

3. What are the different operators used in MATLAB?

Arithmetic, Relational Operations, Logical Operations, Set Operations, Bit-Wise Operations

4. What are the different looping statements used in MATLAB?

For , while
5. What are the different conditional statements used in MATLAB?

If, else
6. What is Simulink?

Simulink, developed by Math Works, is a graphical programming environment for modeling,

simulating and analyzing multi domain dynamical systems. Its primary interface is a graphical
block diagramming tool and a customizable set of block libraries.
7. What are the four basic functions to solve Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)?

ode45, ode15s, ode15i

8. Explain how polynomials can be represented in MATLAB?

poly, polyval, polyvalm , roots

9. What is meant by M-file?

An m-file, or script file, is a simple text file where you can place MATLAB commands. When the
file is run, MATLAB reads the commands and executes them exactly as it would if you had typed
each command sequentially at the MATLAB prompt.
10. What is Interpolation and Extrapolation in MATLAB?

Interpolation in MATLAB is divided into techniques for data points on a grid and scattered data
points.
11. List out some of the common toolboxes present in MATLAB?

Control system tool box, power system tool box, communication tool box,
12. What are the MATLAB System Parts?

MATLAB Language, MATLAB working environment, Graphics handler, MATLAB mathematical

library, MATLAB Application Program Interface.
13. What are the different applications of MATLAB?

Algorithm development, Scientific and engineering graphics, Modeling, simulation, and

prototyping, Application development, including Graphical User Interface building, Math and
computation, Data analysis, exploration, and visualization.
 EXPERIMENT NO-1
BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
AIM: Generate a matrix and perform basic operation on matrices using MATLABsoftware.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

COMMANDS:

1. eye - identity matrix

2. zeros - matrix of zeros
3. ones - matrix of ones
4. diag - extract diagonal of a matrix or create diagonal matrices
5. triu - upper triangular part of a matrix
6. tril - lower triangular part of a matrix
7. rand - ran
8. size- size of a matrix
9. det -determinant matrix
10. inv- inverse of a matrix
11. rank- rank of a matrix

PROGRAM
%%%% % creating a column vector
>> a= [1; 2; 3]
a =1
2
3

%%%% Creating a row vector

>> b= [1 2 3]
b=
123
% creating a matrix
>> m= [1 2 3; 4 6 9; 2 6 9]

m= 1 2 3
4 6 9
2 6 9
% creating zeros matrix
>>
D=zeros(3,3
)D=

0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
% creating identity matrix
>>
F=eye(3
,3)F =

1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
% creating one’s matrix
>>
k=ones(5,
5)k =

1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1

% Create a diagonal matrix

>>

diag(k)

ans =
1
1
1
1
1
% Create a upper diagonal matrix

>>

triu(k)

ans =
 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 1
% Create a lower diagonal matrix

>> tril(k)

ans =
1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
% Size of a matrix
>> Size(k)

ans =

5 5

% det of a matrix
>> det(k) ans =

0
% Rank of a matrix
>> rank(k) ans =

1
% inv of a matrix
>> inv(k) ans =

Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf

Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf
Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf

% matrix multiplication
>> l=a*b l =

1 2 3
2 4 6
3 6 9

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-1
BASIC OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

Basic Matrix Operations:

Results:
 EXPERIMENT NO-1.1
GENERATION OF STANDARD SIGNALS

AIM: Generate various signals such as Unit Step, Unit Ramp, Unit impulse and
Sinusoidalsignals.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

Simulation Diagram:

1. Unit Step Signal:

𝐫(𝐭) = 𝟏 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟎 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 < 𝟎

2. Unit Ramp Signal:

𝐫(𝐭) = 𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≥ 𝟎, 𝟎 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 < 𝟎

3. Unit Impulse Signal:

⸹(𝐭) = 𝟏 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 = 𝟎, 𝟎 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐭 ≠ 𝟎

4. Sinusoidal Signal

𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨𝑺𝒊𝒏(𝟐п𝑭 ± ф)
Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-1.1

GENERATION OF STANDARD SIGNALS

Standard Signal Results

 EXPERIMENT NO-2

Solving the linear and nonlinear differential equations

AIM: To solve the linear and non linear differential equations by using MAT LAB
Results:
 EXPERIMENT NO-3

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT IN DC

CIRCUITS
AIM: To measure Voltage and current in Dc circuits using MATLAB Simulation.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

Simulation Diagram:

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-3
MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT IN DC CIRCUITS

Results:
 EXPERIMENT NO-4
VERIFICATION OF NETWORK THEOREMS
AIM: To verify Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem. SOFTWARE USED:
MATLAB Simulink THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
Procedure:
Step 1:
1. Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources in the
network.

Step 2:
Finding Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth)
1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal
impedances.
2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is known as
Thevenin’s Resistance.

Step 3: Finding Thevenin’s Voltage (Vth)

1. Open the load terminals and measure the voltage across the open circuited
terminals.
2. Measured voltage will be known as Thevenin’s Voltage.
Step 4: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
1. Vth and Rth are connected in series with the load.
2. Measure the current through the load resistor
𝑉𝑡ℎ
I =
𝐿
𝑅𝑡ℎ+𝑅𝐿

Result:
 NORTON’S THEOREM:

Procedure:

Step 1: Measure the response ‘I’ in the load resistor by considering all the sources in
the network.

Step 2: Finding Norton’s Resistance (RN)

1. Open the load terminals and replace all the sources with their internal impedances.
2. Measure the impedance across the open circuited terminal which is
known as Norton’sResistance.

Step 3: Finding Norton’s Current (IN)

1. Short the load terminals and measure the current through the short-circuited
terminals.
2. Measured current is be known as
Norton’s Current.Step 4: Norton’s
Equivalent Circuit
1. RN and IN are connected in parallel to the load.
Measure the current through the load resistor

IL = (IN *RN) / (RL+RTH)

Result:
 EXPERIMENT NO-5

Verification of performance characteristics of basic Electronic

Devices using suitable simulation tools

A) PN junction diode: when an n-type semiconductor is joined with the p-type semiconductor, a
p-n junction is formed. The region where the p-type and n-type semiconductors are joined is
called p-n junction. It is also defined as the boundary between p-type and n-type
semiconductor. This p-n junction forms a most popular semiconductor device known as
diode.

B) Zener Diode: A zener diode is a special type of device designed to operate in the zener
breakdown region. Zener diodes acts like normal p-n junction diodes under forward biased
condition. When forward biased voltage is applied to the zener diode it allows large amount
of electric current and blocks only a small amount of electric current. Zener diode is heavily
doped than the normal p-n junction diode. Hence, it has very thin depletion region. Therefore,
zener diodes allow more electric current than the normal p-n junction diodes.
Zener diode allows electric current in forward direction like a normal diode but also allows
electric current in the reverse direction if the applied reverse voltage is greater than the zener
voltage. Zener diode is always connected in reverse direction because it is specifically
designed to work in reverse direction.
 1. After clicking on the simulate option we will get a graph which will plot the characteristics of
the PN junction diode with the voltages range mentioned.

Results:
In common emitter configuration, the emitter terminal is grounded so the common emitter
configuration is also known as grounded emitter configuration. The common emitter (CE) amplifiers
are used when large current gain is needed.

The input signal is applied between the base and emitter terminals while the output signal is taken
between the collector and emitter terminals. Thus, the emitter terminal of a transistor is common for
both input and output and hence it is named as common emitter configuration.
The supply voltage between base and emitter is denoted by VBE while the supply voltage between
collector and emitter is denoted by VCE. In common emitter (CE) configuration, input current or base
current is denoted by IB and output current or collector current is denoted by IC.

Multisim Steps:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.

2. For transistors go to transistor family and then select BJT NPN in that library search for the 2n222a
transistor. After connecting in this format select the analysis under the simulation tab and then select
the dc sweep analysis and then enter the two voltage sources and ranging values then the plots will be
plotted for multiple voltages.

For output characteristics

 Electrical Simulation Tools Lab Dept of EEE

For input characteristics:

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

39
 Electrical Simulation Tools Lab Dept of EEE

Malla Reddy Engineering College and Management Sciences (UJ)

40
 Electrical Simulation Tools Lab Dept of EEE

EXPERIMENT NO-6

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

SERIES RESONANCE:

Aim: - To obtain the plot of frequency versus XL, frequency versus XC, frequency
impedance and frequency vs. current for the given series RLC circuit and determine the
resonant frequency and check by theoretical calculations.
R = 15Ω, C = 10 µ F, L = 0.1 H, V = 50V vary frequency in steps of 1 Hz using
MATLAB. clc;
clear all; close all;
r=input('enter the resistance value >');
l=input('enter the inductance value >');
c=input('enter the capacitance value >');
v=input('enter the input voltage >');
f=5:2:300;
xl=2*pi*f*l; xc=(1./(2*pi*f*c)); x=xl-xc; z=sqrt((r^2)+(x.^2)); i=v./z;
%plotting the graph subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f,xl); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('X1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(f,xc); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Xc');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(f,z); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Z');
subplot(2,2,4);

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plot(f,i);
grid; xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('I');

PROGRAM RESULT:
enter the resistance value >15
enter the inductance value >0.1
enter the capacitance value----->10*10^-6
enter the input voltage >50

Result:

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PARALLEL RESONANCE: -

To obtain the graphs of frequency vs. BL, frequency vs. BC, frequency vs. admittance and
frequency vs. current vary frequency in steps for the given circuit and find the resonant
frequency and check by theoretical calculations.
R = 1000Ω , C = 400 µ F, L = 1 H, V = 50V vary frequency in steps of 1 Hz using
MATLAB.

clc; clear all; close all;

r=input('enter the resistance value >');
l=input('enter the inductance value >');
c=input('enter the capacitance value >');
v=input('enter the input voltage >');
f=0:2:50;
xl=2*pi*f*l; xc=(1./(2*pi*f*c)); b1=1./xl; bc=1./xc;
b=b1-bc; g=1/r;
y=sqrt((g^2)+(b.^2)); i=v*y;
%plotting the graph subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f,b1); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('B1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(f,bc); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Bc');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(f,y); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Y');
subplot(2,2,4);
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plot(f,i); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('I');

PROGRAM RESULT:
enter the resistance value >1000
enter the inductance value >1
enter the capacitance value----->400*10^-6
enter the input voltage >50

Result:

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EXPERIMENT NO-6
SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE
1. Series Resonance Circuit Programming:
clc;
clearall; close all;
r=input('enter the resistance value >');
l=input('enter the inductance value >');
c=input('enter the capacitance value >');
v=input('enter the input voltage >');
f=5:2:300;
xl=2*pi*f*l; xc=(1./(2*pi*f*c)); x=xl-xc; z=sqrt((r^2)+(x.^2)); i=v./z;
%plotting the graph subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f,xl); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('X1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(f,xc); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Xc');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(f,z); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Z');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(f,i);
grid; xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('I');

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Then enter the variables in command window

Enter the resistance value >15
Enter the inductance value >0.1
Enter the capacitance value >10*10^-6
Enter the input voltage >50

Series Resonance Result

2. Parallel Resonance Circuit Programming:

clc; clear all; close all;

r=input('enter the resistance value >');
l=input('enter the inductance value >');
c=input('enter the capacitance value >');
v=input('enter the input voltage >');
f=0:2:50;
xl=2*pi*f*l; xc=(1./(2*pi*f*c)); b1=1./xl; bc=1./xc;
b=b1-bc; g=1/r;
y=sqrt((g^2)+(b.^2)); i=v*y;
%plotting the graph subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(f,b1); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('B1');
subplot(2,2,2);
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plot(f,bc); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Bc');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(f,y); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('Y');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(f,i); grid;
xlabel('frequency'); ylabel('I');

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Parallel Resonance Result

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO – 7

RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUIT WITH STEP SIGNAL

AIM: To Obtain the response of RL circuit with Step Signal.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

Simulation Diagram:

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Simulation Output:

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO – 7
RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUIT WITH STEP SIGNAL
AIM: To find the response of RL circuit by using step signal and draw its
characteristics.

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EXPERIMENT-8

Simulation of Low pass and High pass filters

A) Low pass filters: A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can be designed to modify, reshape or reject all unwanted
high frequencies of an electrical signal and accept or pass only those signals wanted by the circuit’s designer. A
simple passive RC Low Pass Filter or LPF, can be easily made by connecting together in series a single
Resistor with a single Capacitor as shown below. In this type of filter arrangement the input signal (V IN) is
applied to the series combination (both the Resistor and Capacitor together) but the output signal (V OUT)
istaken across the capacitor only.
B) High pass filters: A High Pass Filter is the exact opposite to the low pass filter circuit as the two components
have been interchanged with the filters output signal now being taken from across the resistor. The reactance of
the capacitor is very high at low frequencies so the capacitor acts like an open circuit and blocks any input
signals at VIN until the cut-off frequency point (ƒc) is reached. Above this cut-off frequency point the reactance
of the capacitor has reduced sufficiently as to now act more like a short circuit allowing all of the input signal to
pass directly to the output as shown below in the filters response curve.
So high pass filters will allow only high frequencies to pass through it and low pass filters work
exactly opposite to high pass filters it will allow only the frequencies less than the cut off

frequencies.
Fig 1 low pass filter circuit.

Fig 2 high pass filter circuit

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Multisim Steps:
1. Low pass circuit and high pass circuits in Multisim

1. The time constants of both the circuits are equal to 1ms i.e. T=R*C=10^ (3)*10^ (-6)
=0.001s.So adjust the frequency of square wave input according to the time constant. We should monitor
three steps accordingly and those are RC=T, RC<T and RC>T.
a) In RC=T case the frequency is given as 1 kHz, both the wave form are taken channel ‘a’ and channel ‘b’ of the
oscilloscope. Channel ‘a’ is low pass out and channel ‘b’ is high pass out.

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Results:

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EXPERIMENT-9
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DC MOTOR DRIVE UNDER
CONSTANT & VARIABLE SPEED CONDITIONS
1. Under Constant Speed Condition

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1. Under Variable Speed Condition

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EXPERIMENT NO -10
MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER USING MATLAB
AIM: Analyze of Step-down transformer with MATLAB software.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

SIMULATION DIAGRAM:

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Simulation output:

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO -10
MODELLING OF TRANSFORMER USING MATLAB

AIM: Analyze of Step-down transformer with MATLAB software.

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EXPERIMENT NO -11

Single Phase Bridge Rectifier with and without filter

AIM: To analyze the rectifier output with and without C-type filter.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

Simulation Diagram without Filter:

Simulation output without Filter:

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Simulation Diagram with Filter:

Simulation output with Filter:

Result:

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Experiment-11
Single Phase Bridge Rectifier with and without filter

Matlab/Simulink Model of Single-Phase Rectifier without Filter

Input Source Voltage & Current

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Output Load Voltage & Current

Matlab/Simulink Model of Single-Phase Rectifier with Filter

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Input Source Voltage & Current

Output Load Voltage & Current

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EXPERIMENT NO-12
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
AIM: To analyze the voltage regulator output with R-LOAD.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

Simulation Diagram:

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Simulation Output at α=𝟗𝟎𝟎:

Simulation Output at α=45𝟎:

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO-12
VOLTAGE REGULATOR

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Simulation Output at α=𝟗𝟎°:

Simulation Output at α=45°:

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EXPERIMENT NO -13
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING MATLAB

AIM: A three phase, 60Hz, 500 KV transmission line is 300 km long. The line inductance is0.97mh/km
per phase and its capacitance is 0.0115 µf/km per phase.Assume a lossless line.

Software Required: MATLAB software.

SIMULATION DIAGRAM:

Results:

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EXPERIMENT NO -13
MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING MATLAB
AIM: To Analyze transmission line with MATLAB software.

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EXPERIMENT-14

PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR-PV MODEL

AIM: To Analyze SOLAR PV model with MATLAB software.

Under Constant Irradiance Level:

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Under Variable Irradiance Level:

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Results:

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