QUESTIONS

List the advantages of optical fibers.

What are the frequency bands used for optical communication?
What is double refraction?
What is Faraday rotator?
What is intermodal dispersion?
Define Acceptance angle with mathematical expression.
How can you calculate internal quantum efficiency of a LED.
How can you calculate external quantum efficiency of a LED.
How can you define space charge region in a p-n junction?
Define Numerical aperture with mathematical expression.
Define active glass fibers.
"To achieve a high radiance and a high quantum efficiency, the LED structure must be modified"-
justify your answer.
Analyse the importance of splice and connector used for fibre optic communication?
Analyse the principal requirements of a good connector design?
Discuss advantages of multimode fiber.
Discuss disadvantages of multimode fiber.
Discuss advantages of single mode fiber.
How can you define carrier confinement in LED?
Name one material used for surface emitting LED mentioning the operating wavelength.
Consider the interface between a glass slab with n1 = 1.48 and air for which n2 = 1.00. What is the
critical angle for light traveling in the glass?
Analyse the characteristics of good optical network.
While designing optical network, how can you express splitting loss?
Discuss disadvantages of single mode fiber.
A double-heterojunction InGaAsP LED emitting at a peak wavelength of 1310 nm has radiative and
nonradiative recombination times of 30 and
100 ns, respectively. The drive current is 40 mA. Find the bulk recombination time.
Discuss advantages of graded index fiber.
Analyse the term Optical SNR?
Suppose you need to design erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), what are the frequeny range
used for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs)?
Define optical windows used for optical communication.
Define bending loss in fiber.
What are the basic attenuation mechanisms in a fiber?
Analyse the reasons of Scattering losses in glass
Define chromatic dispersion.
What is attenuation?
Analyse the reasons for amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise?
Analyse the term Kerr nonlinearity?
Define spontaneous emission.
Define stimulated emission.
What is optical coupler?
Draw a typical WDM network containing various types of optical
amplifiers
Consider a spectral band of 0.8 nm within which lasers with narrow
linewidths are transmitting. How many of such signal channels fit into the C band?
Define DWDM and CWDM.
Draw the structure of a distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode.
Draw the basic architecture of a LASER diode.
What is Star Couplers?
Why direct band gap semiconductors are suitable for optical devices?
Draw the structure for quantum dot laser.
What is Wavelength Converters?
How can you use optical spectrum analyzer?
How can you justify power penalty?
What is time division multiplexing?
What do you mean by SONET?
What are the structural compositions for Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers?
What are the Active WDM components?
Name one material used for edge emitting LED mentioning the operating wavelength.
Why optical pumping is necessary?
List the characteristics of SOA.
What are the advantages of SOA?
Explain the disadvantages of SOA?
Define quantum efficiency of photodetector.
Define responsivity of a photodetector.
A photodiode is constructed of GaAs, which has a bandgap energy of 1.43 eV at 300 K. What is the
cutoff wavelength of this device?
With a suitable example evaluate the necessity of optical amplifier.
With a suitable example evaluate the necessity of optical filter.
What do you mean by photon lifetime in a laser cavity?
Why four-wave mixing is generated?
What are the effects of SBS?
What are the effects of SRS?
How can you define the characteristics of OTDR Dead Zone?
How can you define the advantages of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering?
Justify the importance of Fabry-Perot resonator cavity for a laser diode
What are the utilities of reflection gratings?
What is graded indexed fiber?
Define self-phase modulation?
Differentiate between Intramodal and Intermodal dispersion.
Analyse the necessecities of Wavelength Converters?
Analyse the different types of Wavelength Converters?
What are the different types of Optical nonlinearities?
Define splitting ratio or coupling ratio.
Write down the advantages of multiple quantum-well (MQW) lasers.
Define Stokes photon.
Design a multimode silica fiber that has a core refractive index n1 = 1.480 and a cladding index n2 =
1.460. Find the critical angle.
Design a multimode fiber that has a core refractive index of 1.480 and a core-cladding index
difference 2.0 percent (D = 0.020). Find the numerical aperture.
Design a step-index fiber has a normalized frequency V = 26.6 at a 1300-nm wavelength. If the core
radius is 25 mm, what is the numerical aperture?
During design, what are the factors you should consider for absorption in optical fiber?
What are the materials you should choose for Avalanche photodetector ?
What are the materials you should choose for p-i-n photodetector ?
What are the materials you should choose for surface emitting LED ?
What are the materials you should choose for edge emitting LED ?
What are the necessities of distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode?
Why heterostructure LED is essential?
What are the structural differences between heterostructure LED and homojunction LED?
How can you calculate internal quantum efficiency in a LED?
How can you calculate external quantum efficiency in a LED?
How can you use Optical Isolators?
How can you use Optical Circulators?
How can you use Optical Amplifier?
How can you define optical return loss?
How can you measure OSNR?
Draw the Fabry-Perot resonator cavity for a laser diode
What are the purpose of using dielectric thin film filters?
QUESTIONS
Explain the working principle of Optical Isolators with proper diagrams.
Explain minimum detectable optical power in a optical network.
Explain noise equivalent power or NEP in a optical network.
Explain Optical SNR with mathematical expressions.
Discuss about different types of optical fibers with proper diagrams.
A light ray traveling in air (n1 = 1.00) is incident on a smooth, flat slab of crown glass, which has a
refractive index n2 = 1.52. If the incoming ray makes an angle of j1 = 30.0° with respect to the
normal, what is the angle of refraction j2 in the glass?
Consider a multimode silica fiber that has a core refractive index n1 = 1.480 and a cladding index n2
= 1.460. Find (a) the numerical aperture, and (b) the acceptance angle.
Consider a multimode fiber that has a core refractive index of 1.480 and a core-cladding index
difference 2.0 percent (D = 0.020). Find (a) the acceptance angle, and (b) the critical angle.
How do you prepare the fiber end faces properly before fibers are connected or spliced to each
other?
Suppose we have a multimode step index optical fiber that has a core radius of 25 mm, a core index
of 1.48, and an index difference D = 0.01. What are the number of modes in the fiber at wavelengths
860, 1310, and 1550 nm?
Analyse the concept of V number in optical fiber with mathematical expression.
Explain the working principle Dielectric Thin-Film Filters with proper diagrams.
Consider an InGaAsP SOA with w = 5 mm and d = 0.5 mm. Given that Vg = 2 *10^8 m/s, if a 1.0
mW optical signal at 1550 nm enters the device, what is the photon density?
A 2*2 biconical tapered fiber coupler has an input optical power level of P0 = 200 mW. The output
powers at the other three ports are P1 = 90 mW, P2 = 85 mW, and P3 = 6.3 nW. What are the
coupling ratio, excess loss for this coupler?
Derive Laser Diode Rate Equations.
Explain with diagram direct and indirect band gap semiconductors.
Why direct bandgap semiconductor is more suitable for LED compared to indirect band gap
semiconductor?
Analyse Active Glass Fibers with proper illustration and also specify its importance.
Analyse Photonic Crystal Fibers with proper illustration and also specify its importance.
Analyse the reasons behind different kind of attenuation in optical fiber
Explain the reasons behind bending losses in optical fiber.
Explain the origin of signal dispersion in optical fiber.
Analyse the enegy band diagram and explain the working principle of LED.
Discuss the construction of a surface emitting LED and analyse the novelty of that structure.
Describe the construction of Fabry-Perot resonator cavity for a laser diode and analyse the novelty
of that structure.
Describe the Structure of a distributed-feedback (DFB) laser diode and analyse the novelty of that
structure.
Explain the construction of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
Describe different types of fiber optic Connectors with applications in detail.
What are the applications of FDM and TDM?
Explain with proper diagram the working principle of Optical Circulators.
Analyse the eye diagram tests for assessing the quality of a received signal.
Analyse the operational principle of an OTDR with a diagram.
A GaAs optical source with a refractive index of 3.6 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a refractive
index of 1.48. What is the power loss between the source and the fiber?
What are the lensing Schemes for coupling improvement?
Describe self-phase modulation process in detail.
Consider an optical signal level of –15 dBm (32 mW) arriving at a pin optical receiver in a 10-Gb/s
link. If the noise power density is –34.5 dBm (0.35 mW), what is the OSNR?
Evaluate the concept of material dispersion in optical fiber.
Evaluate Intramodal and Intermodal dispersion with proper diagram.
Describe Cross-Phase Modulation in detail.
What are the fundamental functions of optical performance monitoring
Differentiate between ST, SC and LC connector.
List the basic network management functions and their purposes.
Explain the functions of optical power meter.
Design an experimental setup for determining fiber attenuation by the cutback technique and
explain it.
Design and explain the components of a typical optical network management system and their
relationships.
Design a basic construction of a edge emitting LED and analyse the novelty of that structure.
Design a basic construction of a surface emitting LED and analyse the novelty of that structure.
Design a basic construction of a heterostructure LASER and analyse the novelty of that structure.
Design a basic construction of a Avalanche Photodetector and analyse the novelty of that structure.
Design a basic construction of a Fabry-Perot resonator cavity for a laser diode and analyse the
novelty of that structure.
QUESTIONS
What are the important aspects of fiber optic communication? Also mention the significance of optical
windows.
How do you measure BER in optical fiber?
How can you describe the different types of mechanical misalignments that can occur between two
joined fibers.
Explain 2*2 Fiber Coupler and analyse why it is known as directional coupler?
Compare different types optical amplifiers and analyse their merits and demerits.
Consider a multimode step-index fiber with a 62.5-mm core diameter and a core-cladding index
difference of 1.5 percent. If the core refractive index is 1.480, estimate the normalized frequency of the
fiber and the total number of modes supported in the fiber at a wavelength of 850 nm
Suppose we have three multimode step-index optical fibers each of which has a core index of 1.48 and
an index difference D = 0.01. Assume the three fibers have core diameters of 50, 62.5, and 100 mm.
What are the number of modes in these fibres at a wavelength of 1550 nm?
A manufacturing engineer wants to make an optical fiber that has a core index of 1.480 and a cladding
index of 1.478. What should the core size be for single-mode operation at 1550 nm?
An applications engineer has an optical fiber that has a 3.0-mm core radius and a numerical aperture of
0.1. Will this fiber exhibit single-mode operation at 800 nm?
Explain the working principle of Raman Amplifiers.
Evaluate different types of splicing techniques in detail.
How can you explain In-Line Amplifiers and Preamplifiers?
Illustrate EDFA Architecture with diagram.
Illustrate the key elements of optical fiber systems.
Classify different types of Photonic Crystal Fibers and analyse them.
Describe the concept of modal delay, group delay and waveguide dispersion.
Discuss different Fiber Fabrication techniques.
Analyse Stimulated Brillouin Scattering effect in detail.
Based on the structures, describe different types of indoor cable designs.
Based on the structures, describe different types of outdoor cable designs.
Analyse Stimulated Raman Scattering effect in detail.
How can you evaluate coupling ratio, excess loss, insertion losses, and return loss for a coupler?
Illustrate with an example.
Analyse one of the Attenuation Measurements Techniques in a optical network.
How can you evaluate the characteristics and advantages of Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer.
Analyse the effects of Self-Phase Modulation with proper diagram.
Consider an OTDR that has a dynamic range of 36 dB. If a cable installation engineer wants to use this
instrument to characterize a fiber with a 0.5-dB/km attenuation, what is the maximum fiber range Rmax
that can be tested?
An OTDR is used to measure the attenuation of a long length of fiber. If the optical power level
measured by the OTDR at the 8-km point is 0.5 of the measured value at the 3-km point, what is the
fiber attenuation?
Consider a long optical fiber with a core refractive index n1 = 1.460. Suppose that an engineer uses
OTDR to locate a break in the fiber. If the break is located 15 km away, what is the return time of an
OTDR test pulse?
The radative and non radiative recombination life times of minority carriers in the active region of a p-
n junction LED are 25 ns and 125 ns respectively. Calculate the total carrier life time and internal
quantum efficiency.
An optical source with a circular output pattern is closely coupled to a step-index fiber that has a
numerical aperture of 0.22. If the source radius is rs = 50 mm and the fiber core radius a = 25 mm, what
is the maximum coupling efficiency from the source into the fiber?
Analyse the basic methods for achieving current confinement in laser diodes.
Illustrate the Operational Principles of WDM network.
Analyse the operational concept of a generic external modulator in a laser transmitter.
Analyse the concept of Solitons in optical fiber.
How can you reduce the effect of FWM in a DWDM link
Draw the two basic fiber optic cable structures and analyse them.
How do non-linerities in optical fiber depend on effective area and length?
A double-heterojunction InGaAsP LED emitting at a peak wavelength of 1310 nm has radiative and
nonradiative recombination times of 25 and 100 ns, respectively. The drive current is 50 mA. Find (a)
the bulk recombination time; (b) the internal quantum efficiency; and (c) the internal power level.
Draw the structure of a step-index fiber and analyse its characteristics.
Draw the structure and energy band diagram for p-i-n photodector and explain it highlighting its
advantages and disadvantages.
Based on fiber materials, classify optical fibers and desctibe in breif.
Design and explain the construction of index-guided lasers.
Design and explainabout buried heterostructure (BH) lasers.
Design and explain basic architecture of a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL)
Discuss different types of laser configurations using a built-in frequency-selective reflector with proper
diagram.
In a 100-ns pulse, 6 * 10^6 photons at a wavelength of 1300 nm fall on an InGaAs photodetector. On the
average, 5.4*10^6 electron–hole (e–h) pairs are generated. Calculate the quantum efficiency.
A given silicon avalanche photodiode has a quantum efficiency of 65 percent at a wavelength of 900 nm.
Suppose 0.5 mW of optical power produces a multiplied photocurrent of 10 mA. What is the
multiplication M ?
An InGaAs pin photodiode has the following parameters at a wave length of 1300 nm: ID = 4 nA, h =
0.90, RL = 1000 W, and the surface leakage current is negligible. The incident optical power is 300 nW
(–35 dBm), and the receiver bandwidth is 20 MHz. Find the various noise terms of the receiver.
An InGaAsP optical source that has a refractive index of 3.540 is closely coupled to a step-index fiber
that has a core refractive index of 1.480. Assume that the source size is smaller than the fiber core and
that the small gap between the source and the fiber is filled with a gel that has a refractive index of
1.520. What is the power loss in decibels from the source into the fiber?
A InGaAsP optical source with a refractive index of 3.540 is coupled to a silica fiber that has a
refractive index of 1.48. What is the power loss between the source and the fiber?