Practical Reference Book

Practical 1: Data Analysis in Excel

Aim:
To develop Excel skills in data entry, formatting, calculations, sorting, filtering, and
formulas to analyze business data effectively.

Steps:

1. Entering and Editing Data

1. Open Microsoft Excel and create the following table:

Product Price (₹) Quantity Total Sales (₹)

Laptop 60000 8 (Formula)

Phone 25000 15 (Formula)

Tablet 30000 10 (Formula)

Headphones 5000 25 (Formula)

2. Modify the data:

a. Change Laptop Price to ₹65,000.
b. Update Tablet Quantity to 12.

2. Basic Worksheet Operations

1. Insert a new column named Discount (%) between Quantity and Total Sales.
2. Delete the Headphones row.
3. Rename the worksheet to Product Sales.
3. Autofill & Formatting

1. Autofill Days of the Week:

a. Type "Monday" in Cell A10, drag down to fill up to Sunday.
2. Apply Formatting:
a. Make the Price column (B2:B4) bold.
b. Format Price & Total Sales as Currency (₹ format).
c. Apply a background color to headers.

4. Performing Calculations

1. Calculate Total Sales for Each Product:

a. In E2, enter: =B2*C2

b. Drag down to apply the formula to all rows.

2. Calculate Discounted Price (if applicable):
a. In E2, enter: =E2-(E2*D2/100)

b. Drag down to apply to other products.

3. Find Total Revenue:
a. Below the Total Sales column, enter: =SUM(D2:D4)

5. Sorting, Filtering & Conditional Formatting

1. Sort Products by Price (High to Low):

a. Select Price Column → Sort Descending.
2. Filter Products with Prices Above ₹30,000:
a. Click on Filter Icon → Select Prices > ₹30,000.
Conclusion

This practical covered key Excel operations, including data entry, formatting, calculations,
sorting, filtering, referencing, and conditional formatting. These skills are essential for
analyzing real-world data efficiently.

Practical 2: Business Data Analysis Using Excel

Functions
Aim:

To use Microsoft Excel functions for text manipulation, date handling, and financial calculations
in a simple business analysis scenario.
Dataset Table

Date Ad_Text Cost Sales

2025-03-10 Big Sale Today! #Discount 500 1500

2025-03-11 Flash Offer - Buy Now! 700 2100

2025-03-12 Limited Time - Best Deals! 600 1800

2025-03-13 Mega Clearance - Save More 550 1650

2025-03-14 Exclusive Deals Just for You! 750 2250

Formula Table

Task Excel Formula Explanation

Extract the =LEFT(B2, Extracts the first word from Ad_Text using SEARCH
first word SEARCH(" ", B2)-1) instead of FIND for better error handling.

Find the
weekday of =TEXT(A2, "dddd") Converts the Date into the full weekday name.
the date

Calculate
=ROUND(((D2 - Computes profit percentage and rounds it to two
profit
C2) / C2) * 100, 2) decimal places.
percentage

Solution Steps:

Step 1: Extract the First Word

Use LEFT and SEARCH functions to get the first word from Ad_Text.

Example:

• If B2 = "Big Sale Today! #Discount"

• Formula: =LEFT(B2, SEARCH(" ", B2) - 1)
• Returns: "Big"
Step 2: Find the Weekday

Use the TEXT function to convert the Date into a weekday.

Example:

• If A2 = 2025-03-10
• Formula: =TEXT(A2, "dddd")
• Returns: "Monday"

Step 3: Calculate Profit Percentage

Use the given formula to calculate profit percentage and round the result.

Example:

• If C2 = 500 and D2 = 1500

• Formula: =ROUND(((D2 - C2) / C2) * 100, 2) or =ROUND(((D2 - C2) / C2) , 4)
• Returns: 200.00%

Conclusion:

By applying these Excel functions, we successfully extracted key insights from business data.
The text function retrieved the first word from ad content, the date function identified the
weekday of each advertisement, and the financial formula calculated the profit percentage. These
formulas improve business analysis efficiency in Excel.
Practical 3: Statistical Analysis in Excel
Aim:

To analyze a dataset using Excel functions for counting items, calculating Mean, Mode, and
Median, and determining Values, Ranks, and Percentiles.

Dataset: Sales Data

Product Sales (Units) Revenue (₹)

Laptop 120 6,00,000

Phone 200 5,00,000

Tablet 90 2,70,000

Headphones 150 1,50,000

Smartwatch 80 2,40,000

Camera 60 3,00,000

TV 50 7,50,000

Monitor 100 2,00,000

Speaker 140 1,40,000

Keyboard 110 55,000

Formula Table

Task Excel Formula Explanation

Count total sales entries =COUNT(B2:B11) Counts the total number of sales records.

=COUNTA(A2:A11
Count total products Counts the total number of products.
)

=COUNTIF(B2:B11 Counts the number of products with sales

Count sales above 100
, ">100") greater than 100.

Calculate average (mean) =AVERAGE(B2:B1

Computes the average number of sales.
sales 1)

Calculate median sales =MEDIAN(B2:B11) Finds the middle value of sales data.

Find most frequently

=MODE(B2:B11) Identifies the most common sales value.
occurring sales

Rank sales from highest =RANK(B2, Assigns a rank to each product based on
to lowest B2:B11, 0) sales.

Find 75th percentile of =PERCENTILE(B2:

Determines the 75th percentile of sales.
sales B11, 0.75)

Find the highest sales =LARGE(B2:B11,

Identifies the maximum sales value.
value 1)

Find the lowest sales =SMALL(B2:B11,

Identifies the minimum sales value.
value 1)

Step 1: Counting Items in a Dataset

1. Open Excel and enter the provided dataset in a new worksheet.

2. Use the COUNT function to find the total number of sales records in column B.
a. Example: Enter =COUNT(B2:B11) in B12 to count the number of numerical
entries.
3. Use COUNTA to count the total number of products listed in A2:A11.
a. Example: =COUNTA(A2:A11) will return 10.
4. Use COUNTIF to count products with sales greater than 100.
 a. Example: =COUNTIF(B2:B11, ">100").

Step 2: Calculating Mean, Mode, and Median

1. Find the average sales using the AVERAGE function.

a. Example: =AVERAGE(B2:B11), which calculates the sum of all values divided
by the number of values.
2. Find the median sales using MEDIAN(B2:B11).
a. This identifies the middle sales value when sorted.
3. Find the most frequent sales number using MODE(B2:B11).

Step 3: Finding Values, Ranks, and Percentiles

1. Rank products based on sales using the RANK function.

a. Example: =RANK(B2, B2:B11, 0), where 0 ranks highest values first.
2. Find the 75th percentile of sales using PERCENTILE(B2:B11, 0.75).
a. This helps determine where sales values stand in comparison to the total dataset.
3. Identify the highest and lowest sales using LARGE and SMALL functions.
a. Example:
i. =LARGE(B2:B11, 1) returns the highest sales figure.
ii. =SMALL(B2:B11, 1) returns the lowest sales figure.

Conclusion
This practical covered key Excel statistical functions to analyze data effectively. We used
counting functions to assess data size, statistical functions to calculate mean, median, and
mode, and ranking functions to evaluate percentiles and top values. These functions are
essential for business analytics, performance tracking, and decision-making.
Practical 4: Statistical Analysis – Variance, Standard
Deviation, Regression, and Correlation
Aim: Analyzing Data Using Excel’s Statistical Functions

To calculate variance, standard deviation, regression analysis, and correlation in Excel for
understanding data distribution and relationships.

Dataset: Monthly Sales Data

Month Sales (Units) Revenue (₹)

January 120 6,00,000

February 200 5,00,000

March 90 2,70,000

April 150 1,50,000

May 80 2,40,000

June 60 3,00,000

July 50 7,50,000

August 100 2,00,000

September 140 1,40,000

October 110 55,000

Formula Table

Task Excel Formula Explanation

Measures the spread of sales data

Calculate variance (sample) =VAR.S(B2:B11)
based on a sample.

Calculate variance Measures the spread of sales data for

=VAR.P(B2:B11)
(population) the entire dataset.

Calculate standard deviation Determines the dispersion of sales

=STDEV.S(B2:B11)
(sample) data.

Calculate standard deviation Finds the standard deviation for the

=STDEV.P(B2:B11)
(population) entire dataset.

Perform linear regression =SLOPE(B2:B11, Finds the rate of change in sales

(slope) C2:C11) relative to revenue.

Find the y-intercept of =INTERCEPT(C2:C

Predicts revenue when sales are zero.
regression 11, B2:B11)

Find correlation between =CORREL(B2:B11, Measures the relationship between

sales & revenue C2:C11) sales and revenue.

Step 1: Calculate Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Enter the dataset in Excel with "Sales (Units)" in column B.

2. Use the VAR.S function to find variance for a sample:
a. Example: =VAR.S(B2:B11).
3. Use VAR.P to find variance for the entire population:
a. Example: =VAR.P(B2:B11).
4. Use STDEV.S to calculate sample standard deviation:
a. Example: =STDEV.S(B2:B11).
5. Use STDEV.P for population standard deviation:
a. Example: =STDEV.P(B2:B11).

Step 2: Perform Regression Analysis

1. Find the slope (rate of change between sales and revenue):

 a. Enter =SLOPE(B2:B11, C2:C11).
2. Find the intercept (where revenue starts when sales are 0):
a. Enter =INTERCEPT(C2:C11, B2:B11).

Step 3: Calculate Correlation

1. Use the CORREL function to measure the relationship between sales and revenue:
a. Enter =CORREL(B2:B11, C2:C11).
2. A value close to 1 means a strong positive correlation, close to -1 means a negative
correlation, and around 0 means no correlation.

Conclusion
This practical demonstrated how to analyze data using variance and standard deviation to
measure dispersion, regression analysis to predict trends, and correlation to understand
relationships between variables. These statistical functions are essential for forecasting,
business analytics, and decision-making.
Practical 5: Conditional Functions and Lookup
Functions in Excel
Aim: Implementing Conditional and Lookup Functions in Excel

To use IF, AND, OR, SUMIF, COUNTIF, AVERAGEIF, VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP,

INDEX, and MATCH functions for performing conditional calculations and searching values in
datasets.

Dataset: Employee Salary Records

Departmen Salary
Employee ID Name Experience (Years) Bonus Eligibility
t (₹)

101 Rahul IT 60,000 5 -

102 Priya HR 45,000 3 -

103 Aman Sales 50,000 4 -

104 Neha IT 70,000 7 -

Sures
105 HR 55,000 6 -
h

106 Anjali Finance 80,000 10 -

Roha
107 Sales 40,000 2 -
n

Koma
108 IT 75,000 8 -
l

Sanja
109 Finance 90,000 12 -
y

Kavit
110 HR 50,000 4 -
a
Formula Table

Task Excel Formula Explanation

Returns "Eligible" if experience is

Check bonus eligibility =IF(E2>=5, "Eligible", "Not
5 or more, otherwise "Not
(IF) Eligible")
Eligible".

=IF(AND(E2>=5,
Evaluate multiple Checks if experience is 5 or more
D2>=50000), "Eligible", "Not
conditions (AND) AND salary is ₹50,000 or more.
Eligible")

Evaluate either =IF(OR(E2>=5, D2>=50000),

Checks if either condition is met.
condition (OR) "Eligible", "Not Eligible")

Count employees in IT
department =COUNTIF(C2:C11, "IT") Counts employees working in IT.
(COUNTIF)

Sum salaries of IT =SUMIF(C2:C11, "IT", Adds up salaries of employees in

employees (SUMIF) D2:D11) IT.

Average salary of HR
=AVERAGEIF(C2:C11, "HR", Calculates the average salary of
department
D2:D11) HR employees.
(AVERAGEIF)

Find employee details =VLOOKUP(105, A2:E11, 2, Looks up Employee ID 105 and

using VLOOKUP FALSE) returns the employee's name.

Find salary using =HLOOKUP("Salary (₹)", Searches horizontally for salary

HLOOKUP A1:E11, 2, FALSE) details.

Use INDEX & =INDEX(D2:D11, Finds the salary of Employee ID

MATCH for lookup MATCH(105, A2:A11, 0)) 105 using INDEX and MATCH.

Step 1: Apply IF Function for Conditional Checks

1. Select the Bonus Eligibility column in F2.
2. Enter =IF(E2>=5, "Eligible", "Not Eligible") to check if an employee has 5 or more years
of experience.
3. Drag the formula down to apply to all rows.
Step 2: Apply AND & OR Functions for Multiple Conditions

1. Use =IF(AND(E2>=5, D2>=50000), "Eligible", "Not Eligible") to check if employees

qualify based on both experience and salary.
2. Use =IF(OR(E2>=5, D2>=50000), "Eligible", "Not Eligible") to check if either condition
is met.

Step 3: Perform Conditional Calculations (SUMIF, COUNTIF,

AVERAGEIF)

1. Use COUNTIF(C2:C11, "IT") to count IT employees.

2. Use SUMIF(C2:C11, "IT", D2:D11) to sum the salaries of IT employees.
3. Use AVERAGEIF(C2:C11, "HR", D2:D11) to find the average salary of HR employees.

Step 4: Perform Lookup Operations (VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, INDEX-

MATCH)

1. Use VLOOKUP(105, A2:E11, 2, FALSE) to fetch the name of Employee ID 105.

2. Use HLOOKUP("Salary (₹)", A1:E11, 2, FALSE) to find salary information.
3. Use INDEX(D2:D11, MATCH(105, A2:A11, 0)) to retrieve salary using INDEX &
MATCH.

Conclusion
This practical demonstrated the use of conditional functions like IF, AND, OR, and conditional
calculations using SUMIF, COUNTIF, and AVERAGEIF. Additionally, lookup functions such
as VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and INDEX-MATCH were applied to retrieve specific employee
details. These skills are essential for data filtering, decision-making, and report generation in
Excel.
Practical 6: Data Visualization and Chart
Customization in Excel
Aim: Implementing Charts and Sparklines for Data Representation

To create various types of charts, customize their appearance, and use sparklines to visualize
trends in Excel.

Dataset: Monthly Sales Data

Month Electronics (₹) Clothing (₹) Groceries (₹) Total Sales (₹)

January 80,000 50,000 30,000 -

February 85,000 55,000 40,000 -

March 90,000 52,000 35,000 -

April 95,000 60,000 45,000 -

May 100,000 58,000 50,000 -

June 105,000 65,000 55,000 -

July 110,000 70,000 60,000 -

August 120,000 75,000 65,000 -

September 125,000 80,000 70,000 -

October 130,000 85,000 75,000 -

November 140,000 90,000 80,000 -

December 150,000 100,000 90,000 -

Formula Table

Task Excel Formula Explanation

Adds up sales from different

Calculate Total Sales per Month =SUM(B2:D2)
categories.

Insert Column Chart for Use Insert → Column Displays sales trends across
Monthly Sales Chart months.

Insert Pie Chart for Category- Use Insert → Pie Shows percentage distribution
wise Sales Chart of sales.

Insert Line Chart for Sales Use Insert → Line Illustrates sales growth over
Trends Chart months.

Apply Sparklines in Total Sales Insert → Sparklines Shows a trend inside a single
Column → Line cell.

Step 1: Calculate Total Sales

1. In E2, enter =SUM(B2:D2) to calculate total sales for January.

2. Drag down to apply to all months.

Step 2: Create Different Types of Charts

A. Column Chart (Sales Comparison)

1. Select A1:E13 (Months & Total Sales).

2. Go to Insert → Column Chart → Clustered Column.
3. Customize the title to "Monthly Sales Comparison".

B. Pie Chart (Category-Wise Sales for December)

1. Select B12:D12 (Electronics, Clothing, Groceries for December).

2. Go to Insert → Pie Chart → 3D Pie.
3. Add data labels to show percentage.

C. Line Chart (Sales Trend Over Months)

1. Select A1:E13 (Months & Sales Data).

 2. Go to Insert → Line Chart → Line with Markers.
3. Add a title "Sales Growth Over the Year".

D. Scatter Chart (Sales Correlation)

1. Select B2:E13 (Different category sales).

2. Go to Insert → Scatter Chart.
3. Customize axes to show Electronics vs. Clothing Sales.

Step 3: Customize Charts

1. Change Chart Colors: Click on the chart, go to Chart Tools → Format, and select a
theme.
2. Edit Titles & Labels: Double-click on titles to rename them for clarity.
3. Modify Legend & Axis Labels: Use Chart Elements → Axis Titles to label x-axis and
y-axis properly.

Step 4: Apply Sparklines for Trends

1. Select E2:E13 (Total Sales).

2. Go to Insert → Sparklines → Line.
3. Select an empty cell next to E13 to place the sparkline.
4. This will show a small trend graph inside a cell for quick analysis.

Conclusion

This practical demonstrated various Excel charts like Column, Pie, Line, and Scatter charts
to analyze sales data visually. Additionally, Sparklines were used to show trends inside
individual cells. These techniques help in data visualization, trend analysis, and business
decision-making.