Various Modes of Feeding

Components of food Nutrition in Animals

Name of animal Kind of food Mode of feeding
- Carbohydrates - Minerals
- Proteins - Water Leaves Scraping

Snail
- Fats - Fibers What is Digestion?
- Vitamins Food
Biting and chewing

Ants
Breakdown of complex components of food into particles
simpler substances
Breakdown Small Capturing and
Arrangement of Teeth and

Eagle
animals swallowing
Different Type of Teeth
Complex molecule Simpler molecule
Molars (chewing and
Nectar Lapping

bird
grinding)

Humming
Premolars (Chewing and Food Journey Through
grinding). Alimentary Canal in Humans Blood Sucking
Canines (Piercing and
tearing) 1 Mouth
Incisors (Cutting and Facilitates food Nectar Siphoning
biting) passage

Decaying
2 Esophagus Sponging
- Ingestion (taking in food) matter
Housefly Butterfly Mosquito

- Chewing and mechanical breakdown (Food pipe)

- Saliva contain salivary amylase that breaks down starch Microscopic
into sugars Filtering
organisms
Sponge

- Tongue (mixes food, helps in swallowing, contain taste buds)

3 Stomach
Receives secretions
from
Liver: Bile - Digestion of fats
Secretes Small
5 Large 4
H  ydrochloric acid (kills bacteria, provides acidic medium) intestine
Intestine Wall of small intestine: Intestinal juice
M  ucus (protects lining of stomach from acid) completes digestion by converting,
 Pepsin (breaks protein into simpler substances) 7 Anus 6 Rectum - Carbohydrates ® Glucose
- Proteins ® Amino acids
- Fats ® Fatty acid and glycerol.

- Absorbs water and salts Pancreas: Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that converts
Tryp sin
- Formation of faeces (Waste) - Proteins  → Peptides (Chain of amino acids)
Egestion Amylase
- Carbohydrates  → Disaccharides (Two smaller sugar
- Removes undigested food (faeces) units, e.g., maltose)
Lipase
- Fats  → Monoglycerides (1 glycerol and 1 fatty acid)
 3 Omasum
Stores
partially Absorbs water
chewed food from food.
and breaks
down cellulose
anaerobically.

Forms cud and

1
sends it back
The true stomach Rumen 4 Abomasum 2 Reticulum to the mouth
where digestion
for chewing
occurs by cow's
(process called
enzymes and HCl.
Digestion in Ruminants rumination).
Animals has stomach with 4 chambers and that
swallows food, bring it back up, and chews it again, like
Feeding and Digestion in Amoeba cows and sheep.

Amoeba Senses Food

(Detects microscopic organisms in pond water)
Digestion in Non-ruminants
Animals with a single compartment stomach

Caecum: large sac-like structure

Formation of Pseudopodia
Digestion in present between oesophagus & the small
(Extends finger-like projections (pseudopodia) around the food)
intestine.
Animals - Well developed in horses & rabbits.
Engulfing Food - Houses beneficial bacteria that helps
(Surrounds and engulfs the food particle, forming a food vacuole) in digestion of cellulose.

Digestion in Food Vacuole

Nucleus (Digestive juices break down food into simpler substances)

Pseudopodium
Absorption and Utilization
Food particle (Digested food is absorbed into the cytoplasm for growth
(ingestion) and multiplication)

Food vacuole Egestion

(Undigested food is expelled out through the vacuole)
Egested waste
 Nutrition in Animals

OLYMP-PICKS
‰ Animal nutrition: Animals cannot make their own food. They directly (herbivores) or indirectly (carnivores) depend on
plants for food. Some animals eat both plants and animals – these are omnivores while some get their nutrition from dead and
decaying plants and animals – saprophytes (fungi).
‰ Animal nutrition includes nutrient requirement, mode of intake of food and its utilisation in the body.

Curious Wonders!
Starfish: A Unique Feeder!
Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. After opening the shell, the starfish pops out its
stomach through its mouth to eat the soft animal inside the shell. The stomach then goes back into the body and the food is
slowly digested.

DIGESTION IN HUMANS
‰ Alimentary canal is divided into different compartments, each playing a special role in digestion:
1   
Buccal cavity or Mouth (Ingestion and Initiation of digestion) → 2 Food pipe or oesophagus (Food transport) → 3 Stomach
(Digestion) → 4 Small intestine (Completion of digestion, absorption of nutrients) → 5 Large intestine (Absorption of water
and some nutrients and formation of faeces; ending in the rectum) → 6 Anus (egestion)

Mouth/Buccal Cavity
Teeth:
Different teeth perform different functions:
Type of Function Milk Teeth Permanent Teeth (Adult Dentition)
Teeth (Deciduous Dentition)
Incisors Cutting and biting food 8 (4 upper + 4 lower) 8 (4 upper + 4 lower)
Canines Tearing and piercing food 4 (2 upper + 2 lower) 4 (2 upper + 2 lower)
Premolars Crushing and grinding food Not present 8 (4 upper + 4 lower)
Molars Grinding food into fine particles 8 (4 upper + 4 lower) 12 (6 upper + 6 lower, includes wisdom teeth)

Curious Wonders!
Humans have two sets of teeth in their lifetime:
Milk Teeth (20 teeth) – Appear in infancy and fall out between age 6-8.
Permanent Teeth (32 teeth) – Erupt between age 6 and adulthood. Stay for life (if taken care of properly!) or fall off during
old age.
Saliva (99% water and 1% proteins and salts):
Contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, which starts breaking down starch into simple sugars.

Curious Wonders!
Have you ever thought about why chewing Roti or Bread for a longer time makes it taste sweeter?
This happens because saliva contains an enzyme called salivary amylase, which breaks down starch into sugar! This shows
that digestion begins in the mouth!

Brainy Bites
You can use an iodine solution to detect the presence of complex carbohydrates (starches). The yellow-orange iodine will turn
blue-black as it reacts with starch. (The iodine solution will show no reaction with simple carbohydrates or sugars.)

Tongue
A muscular organ that mixes food with saliva, helps in
swallowing, and detects flavors using taste buds. It is attached
at the back to the floor of the buccal cavity.
Mouth
Oesophagus (foodpipe)
Oesophagus
A 25 cm long muscular tube that runs through the neck and
chest, connecting the throat to the stomach and moving food
without digesting it. Liver
Stomach
Peristalsis: It is a wave-like motion of muscles that pushes Gallbladder Pancreas
food downward. The walls of the oesophagus contract and Small intestine
relax rhythmically to move food toward the stomach. Large intestine
Epiglottis: A small flap-like epiglottis closes the passage Rectum
of windpipe while swallowing, ensuring that food enters the Anus
oesophagus and not the lung. Fig.: Human Digestive System

Stomach - Widest Part of the Alimentary canal

A J-shaped, muscular, hollow organ, located in the upper left abdomen, connecting the oesophagus to the small intestine.

Brainy Bites
Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

Digestive Organs/Glands
Organs/Glands Description and Location Function
Salivary Glands Located in the mouth (near cheeks, under Moistens food, starts starch digestion (salivary amylase),
Parotid tongue) and dissolves food for tasting.
Submandibular
Sublingual
Liver Largest gland, reddish-brown, located in Secretes bile juice, helps digest fats (emulsification of fats
the upper right abdomen. i.e., breaking big fat blobs into tiny droplets)

4 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 Gall Bladder Small, pear-shaped sac under the liver Stores and concentrates bile juice
Pancreas Below the stomach, cream-colored, leaf- Produces digestive enzymes: Amylase, Trypsin, Lipase
shaped gland Produces hormones: Insulin (lowers blood sugar) and
glucagon (increases blood sugar)

Small Intestine
A highly coiled, 7.5 meters long tube-like organ folded inside the abdomen.

Functions of Small Intestine

Villi

1 Digestion of Food 2 Absorption of Nutrients

Receives secretions from the liver, gallbladder  
Inner walls have villi (tiny finger-like projections)
Blood
(bile juice), the pancreas (pancreatic juice) to increase surface area for absorption.
and itself (intestinal juice - completes  
Villi contain blood vessels that absorb nutrients
vessels
digestion). and transport them through the bloodstream.

Assimilation of Nutrients
Absorbed substances reach the tissues which utilise them to provide energy and help build complex substances. Fig.: Villi of Small Intestine
Large Intestine
The large intestine is 1.5 meters long, shorter but wider than the small intestine.
Function: Absorbs water and salts, forms semi-solid waste (faeces), and eliminates it through anus (egestion).

Summary of Digestive Enzymes

Enzymes Source of Enzyme Place of Digestion Digestion Activity
Salivary Amylase Salivary Glands Mouth Starch → Maltose
Pepsin Stomach Stomach Proteins → Peptides
(Gastric Glands)
Trypsin Pancreas Small Intestine Proteins → Peptides
Pancreatic Amylase Pancreas Small Intestine Starch → Maltose
Pancreatic Lipase Pancreas Small Intestine Fats → Fatty acids and Monoglycerides
Maltase Small Intestine Small Intestine Maltose → Glucose
Lactase Small Intestine Small Intestine Lactose → Glucose and Galactose
Sucrase Small Intestine Small Intestine Sucrose → Glucose and Fructose
Intestinal Lipase Small Intestine Small Intestine Monoglycerides → Fatty acids + Glycerol
Dipeptidase Small Intestine Small Intestine Dipeptides → Amino acids

Brainy Bites
Humans cannot digest cellulose because we do not have the required bacteria and enzyme in our digestive system!
Amoeba
Pseudopodia (false feet): Temporary, finger-like projections of an amoeba that help in movement and capturing food.
Phagocytosis: The process by which a cell engulfs and digests food particles.

Brainy Bites
Paramecium, another single-celled organism but of definite shape, uses cilia like tiny oars to swim and sweep food into its
mouth (cytostome).

Nutrition in Animals 5
 QUICK RECALL

1  ark whether the statement is true ( ) or false ( ).

M 5  ark whether the statement is true ( ) or false ( ).
M
Rewrite the false statement as a correct statement. Rewrite the false statement as a correct statement.
(i) Snakes like the python chew their food before
swallowing. (i) Food is mostly digested in the stomach.

(ii) Humming-birds lap up nectar from flowers. (ii) Canines are meant for tearing flesh.
(iii) Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
2 Fill in the blanks with an appropriate term. (iv) Proteins are broken down into amino acids
(i) Eagles obtain their food by________ and during digestion.
swallowing their prey. (v) The oesophagus is responsible for absorbing
(ii) Some aquatic animals __________ tiny food nutrients.
particles from water.
(iii) Starfish opens the shell of its prey and pops out 6 Label the following parts in the given diagram of
its __________ to eat. human digestive system.
3 Write the word that best fits the analogy. (i) __________ (Connects the
(i) Snail : Scraping :: Housefly : ________ mouth to the stomach).
(ii) Humans : Chewing :: Snakes : ________ (ii) __________ (Largest gland
in the body).
4 Match the following: (iii) __________ (Part where
absorption of water occurs).
Column-I Column-II
(iv) __________ (Secretes
A Stomach (i) Secretes saliva
digestive juices that act on
B Liver (ii) Stores undigested food carbohydrates, proteins and
material fats).
C Small intestine (iii) Stores bile juice
D Large intestine (iv) Mix saliva with food 7 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate options.
E Gall bladder (v) Secretes bile juice
(i) The medium of the oral cavity and the stomach
F Rectum (vi) Secretes acid respectively are _____ and _______,
G Salivary gland (vii) Digestion is completed (ii) Liver secretes ______ that is stored in a sac
(viii) Absorption of water called the ______

(iii) The bile plays an important role in the digestion of ______.

(iv) The absorbed substances are transported via ______ to different organs of the body where they are used to build
complex substances.

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

(a) Acidic and basic Bile and gall bladder Proteins Gases

(b) Basic and acidic Bile and gall bladder Carbohydrates Hormones

(c) Slightly acidic and acidic Bile and gall bladder Fats Blood

(d) Slightly basic and basic Bile and gall bladder Proteins Gases

6 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 8 Give a one-word answer to the following questions. 10 Circle the odd one out in each group.
(i) Name the process of breaking down food into (i) Salivary glands, Gastric glands, Sweat glands,
Intestinal glands
simpler substances.
(ii) Sheep, Horse, Cow, Goat
(ii) Which type of teeth are used for chewing and
(iii) Ingestion, Acid formation, Digestion, Egestion
grinding food?
(iii) What is the process of removal of undigested 11 Mask whether the statement is true ( ) or false ( ).
food from the body called? Rewrite the false statement as a correct statement.

(i) The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into

9 Write the word that best fits the analogy. their mouth and chew it for some time.
(ii) Cattle, deer and humans can digest cellulose.
(i) Small Intestine : Nutrient Absorption :: Large
(iii) Amoeba digests its food in the food vacuole.
Intestine : ________
(ii) Foodpipe : Oesophagus :: Windpipe : ________ 12 What is the scientific name for false feet in Amoeba?
(iii) Bile Juice : Fat Digestion :: Hydrochloric Acid :
________ 13 Write the word that best fits the analogy.
(iv) Peristalsis : Food Movement :: Villi : ________ (i) Pseudopodia : Amoeba :: Rumen : ________

Nutrition in Animals 7
 SKILL DRILL
Q. Refer to the given table, which shows different animals Q. Refer to the given flowchart:
and their respective feeding modes: Yes
It is primarily digested in mouth and small intestine (P)
Animal Mode of Feeding Kind of food No
Yes
Snail X Leaves It begins digestion in stomach (Q)
No
Eagle Capturing & Y
Yes
Swallowing Secretion from liver help in its digestion (R)

Butterfly Z Nectar Identify P, Q, and R and select the correct option:

(a) P could be proteins, Q could be starch and R could
Select the option that correctly identifies X, Y, and Z. be fats.
(b) P could be starch, Q could be proteins and R could
X Y Z
be fats.
(a) Chewing Decaying matter Sponging (c) P could be fats, Q could be vitamins and R could
be water.
(b) Scraping Flesh Siphoning (d) P could be fats, Q could be proteins and R could
(c) Sucking Blood Sponging be starch.
Sol. (b) P: Describes starch, which starts its digestion in the
(d) Sponging Insects Chewing mouth and continues in the small intestine.
Q: Describes proteins, which start digestion in the
Sol. (b) Snail (X = Scraping): Snails use a special organ
stomach with the help of gastric juices.
called a radula to scrape food from surfaces, like
R: Describes fats, which require bile (from the
algae from rocks. liver) for emulsification.
Eagle (Y = Flesh): An eagle captures & swallows
small animals with their talons and swallow it whole. TEST YOURSELF
Butterfly (Z = Siphoning): A butterfly siphons nectar
from the flowers by using its proboscis. 2. Refer to the given dichotomous key and select the
incorrect statement regarding P-S:
TEST YOURSELF (i) A. It is a gland associated with the human
digestive system – Go to (ii)
B. It is a part of the alimentary canal – Go to (iii)
1. Rearrange the following steps in the correct order
based on how a starfish eats its prey and select the (ii) A. It secretes bile, aiding in the digestion of fats – P
correct option. B. It secretes juice that acts on carbohydrates,
fats and proteins – Q
(A) Starfish pops out its stomach through its mouth.
(iii) A. It is involved in the absorption of digested
(B) Stomach goes back inside the body. food – R
(C) Starfish opens the shell of its prey. B.  It absorbs water and some salts from
(D) Starfish eats the soft animal inside the shell. undigested food– S
(E) Food is slowly digested. ? Fill the correct option by HB Pencil
? Fill the correct option by HB Pencil P, the largest gland in the human body is
a
located in the upper right abdomen.
a C→D→A→B→E Secretion of Q kills many bacteria that entered
b
b A→C→D→B→E along with food.
Walls of R have finger like outgrowths that
c C→A→D→B→E c increases the surface area for absorption of
d nutrients.
C→A→B→D→E
d S is wider and shorter than R.

8 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 Q. In a biochemical research study, scientists investigate Q. Refer to the given dichotomous key and select the correct
the starch content of various food items from different statement regarding P-S:
regions. (i) (A) These animals have additional compartments in
They perform the iodine test on various samples. Which their alimentary canal – Go to (ii)
of these food samples is likely to show the presence of (B) These animals chew continuously, even when
starch with the iodine test? they are not eating – Go to (iii)
(a) Fish (ii) (A) Animals have a large sac-like structure between
oesophagus and small intestine for cellulose
(b) Cooked Rice digestion – P
(c) Chewed Cooked rice (B) Animals have a special stomach part for storing
(d) Egg yolk food, which later returns to the mouth for
Sol. (b) The iodine test detects starch by turning blue-black. chewing – Q
Cooked rice contains a high starch content. It will (iii) (A) They store food in this part for partial digestion – R
definitely show a positive result (blue-black color) (B) Complete digestion of food occurs in this part – S
when iodine is added to it. (a) P refers to animals like horses that have a caecum,
Fish and egg yolk are rich in protein and fats where cellulose is digested with the help of bacteria.
respectively, thus will not show a positive iodine (b) Q refers to rabbits, cows, deer which form cud.
test. (c) R refers to abomasum, which also absorbs digested
When chewed cooked rice is added to iodine solution, food substances.
the color of iodine will not change because the starch (d) S refers to the omasum, where the complete digestion
present in the rice has been broken down into simpler of food occurs.
sugars by salivary amylase while chewing. Sol. (a) Horses, rabbits, cows and deer have additional
compartments in their alimentary canal.
TEST YOURSELF  P (Horses, Rabbits): Have a caecum for cellulose
digestion with the help of bacteria.
3. Complete the given sentences by identifying L, M, N  Q (Cows, Deer): Ruminants that regurgitate cud for
and O from the given options: further chewing.
(i) ‘L’ is a transverse slit and also called opening of  Ruminants chew continuously when they are not
the alimentary canal. eating.
(ii) ‘M’ helps in rolling and pushing the food into the  R (Rumen): Stores food for partial digestion, not

pharynx. absorption.
 S (Abomasum): True stomach for complete digestion,
(iii) Digestion of all the components of food gets
unlike the omasum, which absorbs water.
completed in ‘N’ and the end products are ready
for absorption.
TEST YOURSELF
(iv) ‘O’ helps in absorbing water and in removing
undigested solid wastes from the body.
4. Which of the following best explains why ruminants
? Fill the correct option by HB Pencil have a longer digestive tract than humans?

(i) Nose, (ii) Oesophagus, (iii) Large intestine, ? Fill the correct option by HB Pencil
a
(iv) Anus
They need more time to absorb fats and
(i) Mouth, (ii) Tongue, (iii) Small intestine, a
b proteins.
(iv) Large intestine
b They have more salivary glands than humans.
(i) Mouth, (ii) Oesophagus, (iii) Large
c They consume cellulose-rich food, which
intestine, (iv) Small intestine c
requires bacterial fermentation.
(i) Mouth, (ii) Oesophagus, (iii) Small They have a complex blood supply to the
d d
intestine, (iv) Anus digestive system.

Nutrition in Animals 9
 Q. How does Amoeba obtain its nutrients for survival?
TEST YOURSELF
(i) By performing photosynthesis using chloroplasts
present in its cytoplasm.
5. Refer to the given flowchart:
(ii) By engulfing and ingesting food particles through a
process called phagocytosis. Unicellular organism that Yes
constantly changes its shape. (P)
(iii) By secreting digestive enzymes into pseudopodium.
No
(iv) By absorbing nutrients directly through its cell
membrane from the surrounding water. Digest cellulose in the stomach Yes
(Q)
(a) (i) and (iii) No

(b) (ii) and (iv) (R)

(c) Only (ii) Identify P, Q and R and select the correct option
(d) Only (iv) ? Fill the correct option by HB Pencil
Sol. (c) Amoeba is a unicellular organism that primarily
relies on phagocytosis for feeding. When it P could be human, Q could be Amoeba, and R
a
could be cattle.
encounters food particles, it extends its pseudopods
P could be cattle, Q could be Amoeba, and R
(temporary cytoplasmic extensions) around the b
could be human.
particles, effectively surrounding and engulfing
them forming a food vacuole. Inside the vacuole, P could be Amoeba, Q could be cattle, and R
c
could be human.
digestive enzymes break down the food, allowing
nutrients to be absorbed. Undigested waste is later P could be human, Q could be cattle, and R
d
expelled outside by the vacuole. could be Amoeba.

10 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1. Some aquatic animals like sponges feed on small particles 4. Refer to the given diagram of human digestive system.
of food suspended in water. This is called  (2020) Identify the labelled parts (i)–(iv) and select the incorrect
match of labelled part and its function.  (2023)
(a) Swallowing (b) Scraping
(c) Gnawing (d) Filter feeding.
2. Read the given statements.  (2019) (i)
(i) Paramecium has stiff hair-like structures called
(ii)
_______ all over its body, which are used for
_______.
(ii) Hydra has a number of _______ around its mouth,
that entangle small aquatic animals and kill them
with their_______ cells.
(iii)
(iii) Frog uses its long, sticky_______ to catch insects.
(iv) Mosquito sucks up the blood of animals with (iv)
its_______ .
(a) (i) - Helps in mechanical breakdown of food
  Select the option which correctly fills the blanks in any
(b) (ii) - Secretes bile that aids in digestion of fats
two of these statements.
(c) (iii) - Absorbs nutrients from the digested food
(a) (ii) - Cilia, Absorptive; (iii) - Forelimbs
(d) (iv) - Stores faeces temporarily
(b) (i) - Tentacles, Ingestion; (iv) - Feeding tube
5. Read the given paragraph where few words have been
(c) (i) - Cilia, Ingestion; (ii) - Tentacles, Stinging italicised and select the correct statement regarding them.
(d) (iii) - Tongue; (iv) - Pseudopodia  (2023)
Small intestine is the longest part of digestive system.
3. Refer to the given table and select the option that correctly
Small intestine contains finger-like projections called
identifies P, Q and R.  (2023) vesicles that help in absorbing nutrients after digestion.
Place of Enzyme Digestion activity Small intestine also receives bile juice from pancreas that
digestion helps in the breakdown of fats into amino acids.
(a) Small intestine should be replaced with large
P Lipase Changes fats into fatty acid intestine.
and glycerol (b) Vesicles should be replaced with valves.
Mouth Q Changes starch to sugar (c) Pancreas should not be changed as it is correctly
mentioned.
Stomach Pepsin R (d) Amino acids should be replaced with fatty acids.
6. Refer to the given Venn diagram and select the incorrect
P Q R
statement regarding P, Q and R.  (2022)
(a) Small Salivary Breaks proteins into (a) P could be salivary
It is a It helps in
intestine amylase peptones gland, Q could be
gland. Q digestion.
liver and R could
(b) Small Trypsin Breaks peptides into be pancreas. P R
intestine amino acids
(b) Q could be the largest gland in human body that helps
(c) Large Salivary Changes maltose to in digestion of fats.
intestine amylase glucose (c) R could be the longest part of alimentary canal.
(d) Large Sucrase Changes maltose to (d) Q could be a leaf-shaped structure present below
intestine fructose the stomach and R could be an organ that kills the
bacteria present in food.

Nutrition in Animals 11
7. Read the given paragraph and select the correct statement 10. Which enzymes are likely to act on the baked potatoes
regarding it.  (2022) eaten by a man, starting from the mouth as they move
In human beings, there are various types of teeth present down the alimentary canal?  (2019)
in the mouth for tearing, cutting and chewing. X type of
teeth are for biting and cutting. Y type of teeth are used for (a) Salivary amylase → Pancreatic amylase →
crushing and grinding, and are absent in milk teeth set. Z Disaccharidases
type of teeth are used for tearing the food. (b) Pancreatic amylase → Salivary amylase → Lipase
(a) X are total 6 in number in the mouth of an adult.
(c) Salivary maltase → Lipase → Trypsinogen
(b) Y are total 2 in number in the upper jaw of an adult.
(d) Salivary maltase → Pancreatic amylase → Trypsin
(c) Z are total 6 in number in the lower jaw of an adult.
(d) X, Y and Z are total 10 in number in the upper jaw of 11. Refer to the given figure of human digestive system and
an adult. select the incorrect statements regarding parts labelled as
8. While a student was eating a piece of bread, a sweet taste M, N, O and P.  (2019)
developed in her mouth when she chewed on it for some
time. What makes bread taste sweet? (2022)
(a) Bacteria in the mouth fed on starch and produced N
sugar.
M O
(b) Enzymes in the saliva breaks down the starch.
(c) Sugars in the bread diffused into her mouth.
(d) There was a greater secretion of sugar in saliva.
9. Refer to the diagram of the human digestive system.
 (2022) P

(i) M and O secrete and pour their digestive enzymes in

P N for digestion whereas N secretes HCl which kills
Q
R germs in food.
(ii) Digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins takes
S place in N whereas digestion of only fats takes place
in P.
(iii) N, O and P secrete digestive enzymes but M only
T stores a digestive juice that emulsifies fats.
(iv) P does not secrete any digestive enzyme but receives
digestive enzymes from M, N and O for complete
digestion of food.
Which of the following are produced by R? (v) If M is removed in a person then he can find difficulty
(i) Amylase in digesting fats present in his food.
(ii) Insulin (vi) N secretes digestive enzymes and mucus and O
(iii) Lipase secretes digestive enzymes and hormones.
(iv) Pepsin
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv) only
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
(b) (iii) and (iv) only
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv) only
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only (c) (i), (ii), (v) and (vi) only
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv) only

12 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 12. Which combination of words for L, M, N, O, P and Q is 14. Match column I with column II and select the correct
correct to fill in the blanks in the paragraph given below? option from the given codes. (2023)
 (2019) Column I Column II
In the process of digestion, when partly digested food (i) Omasum P. Chamber where anaerobic
reaches the L part of our M , the N juice bacteria act on the food
completes the digestion of all components of the food. (ii) Abomasum Q. Second chamber which
The carbohydrates get broken into simple O , fats receives the cud
into P and glycerol, and proteins into Q . (iii) Reticulum R. Third chamber where water
absorption occurs
(a) L → lower, M → small intestine, N → intestinal, O
(iv) Rumen S. Known as true stomach as
→ sugars, P → amino acids, Q → fatty acids
it has enzymes needed for
(b) L → upper, M → large intestine, N → intestinal, O digestion of food
→ sugars, P → fatty acids, Q → amino acids (a) (i)–S; (ii)–Q; (iii)–R; (iv)–P
(c) L → lower, M → small intestine, N → intestinal, O (b) (i)–R; (ii)–Q; (iii)–P; (iv)–S
→ sugars, P → fatty acids, Q → amino acids (c) (i)–Q; (ii)–P; (iii)–R; (iv)–S
(d) L → lower, M → small intestine, N → bile, O → (d) (i)–R; (ii)–S; (iii)–Q; (iv)–P
amino acids, P → fatty acids, Q → sugars 15. Refer to the given diagram of stomach of ruminant
13. Name the part of our digestive system which has been mammal with its parts labelled as W, X, Y and Z and select
shown in the figure given below. (2017) the incorrect statement regarding them.  (2019)
Z

Y
X

(a) Stomach
(a) The parts labelled W, X, Y and Z are called rumen,
(b) Gall Bladder abomasum, reticulum and omasum respectively.
(c) Small intestine (b) The part labelled X is true stomach.
(d) Large intestine (c) Food is completely digested in chambers W and Y.
(e) None of these (d) None of these

Fill the correct option by HB Pencil

1. a b c d 5. a b c d 9. a b c d 14. a b c d
2. a b c d 6. a b c d 10. a b c d 15. a b c d
3. a b c d 7. a b c d 12. a b c d
4. a b c d 8. a b c d 13. a b c d

Nutrition in Animals 13
 ACHIEVERS MCQs
MCQs
1. Refer to the given Venn diagram. Find out what A, B and Identify P and Q and choose the correct option:
C is?
P Q
(a) Small intestine Large intestine
A B C
Eat plant Eat animals (b) Small intestine Stomach
parts
(c) Large intestine Pancreas
(a) A. Hippopotamus B. Rhinoceros C. Koala (d) Small intestine Pancreas
(b) A. Kangaroo B. Squirrel C. Ostrich 5. Read the following statements and select the incorrect set
of statements:
(c) A. Reindeer B. Rabbit C. Moose
I.  The enzyme amylase is responsible for breaking
(d) A. Goat B. Raccoon C. Hyena down proteins in the stomach.
2. Match the following animals given in Column-I with their II. Bile is produced by the pancreas and aids in the
digestion of fats.
mode of feeding given in Column-II:
III. The small intestine is the primary site for nutrient
Column-I Column-II absorption in the digestive system.
(Animals) (Mode of feeding)
IV.  The esophagus secretes hydrochloric acid to help with
A. Snail (i) Sponging food breakdown.
B. Monkey (ii) Scraping Select the correct answer from the options given below.
C. Lice (iii) Chewing (a) I, II and IV only
D. Sponge (iv) Sucking (b) III only
E. Frog (v) Capturing & Swallowing (c) II and IV only
F. Housefly (vi) Filter feeding (d) I, III and IV only
(a) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (iv), D - (vi), E - (v), F - (i) 6. Refer to the given below diagram and choose the incorrect
(b) A - (ii), B - (iii), C - (v), D - (i), E - (vi), F - (iv) statement regarding it.
(c) A - (i), B - (v), C - (iv), D - (vi), E - (ii), F - (iii) (i) (ii)
(d) A - (vi), B - (iii), C - (iv), D - (ii), E - (v), F - (i)
3. What is the dental formula for milk teeth?
(a) 2, 1, 3, 3 in upper jaw; 2, 1, 3, 3 in lower jaw
(b) 2, 1, 2, 3 in upper jaw; 2, 1, 2, 3 in lower jaw
(c) 2, 1, 0, 3 in upper jaw; 2, 1, 0, 3 in lower jaw
(iv) (iii)
(d) 2, 1, 3, 4 in upper jaw; 2, 1, 3, 4 in lower jaw
4. Refer to the given Venn diagram.

It is an organ It secretes
of digestive digestive (a) It shows the gradual decay of the tooth.
system enzymes (b) It is caused by the breakdown of fats into acids by
P bacteria.
Q
It absorbs (c) It is usually caused by consuming chocolates, sweets,
soft drinks and sugar products in excess.
food
(d) Dental floss, neem datun, etc. can be used to avoid
substances
the shown condition.

14 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 7. Refer to the given table, which shows the digestion of (a) The baby is suffering from diarrhea. It can be
different food nutrients and their respective enzymes: prevented by practicing good hand hygiene and
Food Nutrient Enzyme Place of digestion ensuring proper sterilization of baby bottles and
Fat X Small intestine feeding equipment. He also suggests giving plenty of
boiled and cooled water with a pinch of salt and sugar
Protein Pepsin Y
dissolved in it i.e. ORS.
Starch Z Mouth
(b) The baby is suffering from cholera. The pediatrician
Select the option that correctly identifies X, Y and Z.
should advise Jessica to avoid breastfeeding or
X Y Z formula feeding during episodes of diarrhea and offer
(a) Trypsin Stomach Protease only clear fluids to keep Lily hydrated.
(b) Lipase Stomach Salivary amylase (c) The baby is suffering from typhoid. The pediatrician
(c) Protease Small intestine Chymotrypsin should advise Jessica to switch to lactose-free
(d) Lipase Small intestine Trypsin formula or soy-based formula milk
8. Raman conducted an experiment to investigate the role (d) The baby is suffering from jaundice. The pediatrician
of the small intestine and large intestine in nutrient should advise to give anti-diarrheal medications to
absorption. They set up the following experiment with alleviate symptoms.
three groups of animals: 10. As you consume a meal, the digestive system starts
Group A: Animals with a part of small intestine surgically breaking down nutrients. Where does the major
removed. breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats known to
Group B: Animals with a part of large intestine surgically occur?
removed.
(a) Mouth (b) Stomach
Group C (Control group): Animals with no surgical
removal. (c) Small intestine (d) Large intestine
After a specific duration, the researchers measured the 11. A student mimics the stomach environment by placing
nutrient absorption efficiency in each group. The results three identical food samples(A, B and C) in different
are as follows: pH solutions, each with a digestive enzyme, to study the
Group A: Nutrient absorption efficiency - 50% effect on digestion.
Group B: Nutrient absorption efficiency - 90% Sample A Submerged in a solution with a pH 2
Group C: Nutrient absorption efficiency - 95% with a digestive enzyme
Based on the results of the experiment, what can be Sample B Submerged in a solution with a pH 7
inferred about the role of the small intestine and large with a digestive enzyme
intestine in nutrient absorption? Sample C Submerged in a solution with a pH 9
(a) The small intestine plays a more critical role in with a digestive enzyme
nutrient absorption than the large intestine.
All samples were left in their respective solutions for the
(b) The large intestine plays a more critical role in
same amount of time, after which the student observed
nutrient absorption than the small intestine.
and noted down their findings.
(c) Both the small intestine and large intestine contribute
equally to nutrient absorption. What will be the most likely observation made by the
student in this experiment?
(d) Nutrient absorption efficiency is not affected by the
presence or absence of the small intestine and large (a) Sample A will show the same level of digestion and
intestine. nutrient breakdown as Sample B and C.
9. Jessica, a new mother, is concerned about her 2 year-old (b) Sample A will exhibit more extensive digestion and
baby, Lily. Lily has been having frequent, watery stools, nutrient breakdown than Sample B and C.
and Jessica notices that she seems more tired and irritable
(c) Sample A will show less digestion and nutrient
than usual.
breakdown than Sample B and C.
Based on the presented case, what possible disease
through which lily is suffering and what advice should (d) Sample A, B, and C will all remain undigested with
the pediatrician give to Jessica? no nutrient breakdown.

Nutrition in Animals 15
12. Read the following statements (i) to (v), each with one or (c) In cud-chewing animals like cattle, sheep, giraffes,
two blanks. and camels, the ‘2’ movements can be reversed.
(i) The process of ___________ begins in the mouth, (d) ‘5’ prevents the backflow of ‘1’ as it enters the
where ____________ breaks down complex stomach.
carbohydrates into simpler sugars. 14. Which of the following statements correctly describes the
(ii) The food then travels through the esophagus to the digestive systems of Amoeba, humans, and ruminants?
____________. (i) Amoeba has a specialized digestive system with
(iii) A muscular organ that secretes _________ to create different organs, similar to humans and ruminants.
an acidic environment. (ii) Humans and ruminants both possess a rumen,
(iv) The inner wall of the small intestine is lined with tiny a specialized compartment in the stomach, for
finger-like projections called ____________, which fermentation of cellulose, while Amoeba lacks a
increase the surface area for nutrient absorption. digestive system.
(v) Finally, the indigestible waste is eliminated from the (iii) Humans have a single-chambered stomach,and
body through the ____________. ruminants have a four-chambered stomach, while
Which of the following options correctly fills any two of Amoeba has a simple sac-like structure for digestion.
these options? (iv) Amoeba have intracellular digestion, while humans,
and ruminants have extracellular digestion.
(a) (i) Chewing, salivary amylase, (v) Small intestine
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(b) (ii) Stomach (iv) Villi
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(c) (i) Digestion, salivary amylase, (iii) bile
(d) (iii) NO3, (v) Anus 15. The given picture shows a unicellular organism. Select
the correct set of statements regarding X, Y and Z for the
13. The given below diagram shows the process of food shown organism.
transport along the alimentary canal after swallowing the
food. Choose the incorrect statement for the labeled parts Y
as 1, 2 ,3 and 4. X
1

3
2
5 Z
4

(i) X is used for movement and capturing of the food.

(ii) Digestive juices are secreted into Z.
A B C (iii) The food gets trapped in Y.
(a) 1 goes down through ‘3’ with the help of ‘2’ (iv) The organism shown is a unicellular organism.
movements and reaches to ‘4’.    Select the correct answer from the options given below.
(b) The excess protein present in the 1, stops the ‘2’
(a) (i), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iv)
movements until it gets diluted with juices secreted
in ‘4’. (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)

Fill the correct option by HB Pencil

1. a b c d 6. a b c d 11. a b c d
2. a b c d 7. a b c d 12. a b c d
3. a b c d 8. a b c d 13. a b c d
4. a b c d 9. a b c d 14. a b c d
5. a b c d 10 a b c d 15. a b c d

16 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 ANSWER KEY
Quick Recall
1. (i) False ( ) (ii) True ( )
2. (i) capturing (ii) filter (iii) stomach
3. (i) Sponging (ii) Swallowing
4. A-(vi), B-(v), C-(vii), D-(viii), E-(iii), F-(ii), G-(i)
5. (i) False ( ) (ii) True ( ) (iii) False ( ) (iv) True ( ) (v) False ( )
6. Refer to Solutions 7. (c)
8. (i) Digestion (ii) Molars (iii) Egestion
9. (i) Water absorption (ii) Trachea (iii) Protein digestion (iv) Nutrient absorption
10. (i) Sweat glands  (ii) Horse (iii) Acid formation
11. (i) True( ) (ii) False( ) (iii) True ( )
12. Pseudopodia
13. Cow

Skill Drill (Test yourself)

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

Previous Years Questions

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (c)

Achievers MCQs
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c)

Nutrition in Animals 17
 SOLUTIONS
Quick recall 9. (i) Water absorption

1. (i) False ( ); Snakes like python do not chew their food; (ii) Trachea
they swallow it whole. (iii) Protein digestion
(ii) True ( ) (iv) Nutrient absorption
2. (i) capturing 10. (i) Sweat glands
(ii) filter (ii) Horse
(iii) stomach (iii) Acid formation
3. (i) Sponging 11. (i) True( )
(ii) Swallowing (ii) False( ); Cattle and deer can digest cellulose, but
4. A-(vi), B-(v), C-(vii), D-(viii), E-(iii), F-(ii), G-(i) humans cannot.
5. (i) False ( ); Food is mostly digested in the small (iii) True ( )
intestine.
12. Pseudopodia
(ii) True( )
13. Cow
(iii) False ( );Digestion of starch starts in the mouth.
(iv) True ( ) Skill Drill (Test yourself)
(v) False ( ); The small intestine is responsible for 1. (d) C → A → B → D → E.
absorbing nutrients. First, the starfish opens the shell of its prey (C).
6. Then, it pops out its stomach through its mouth (A).
Oesophagus (i)
The starfish eats the soft animal inside the shell (D).
The stomach then goes back inside the body (B).
(ii) Liver
Finally, the food is slowly digested (E).
2. (b) P (Liver): It is the largest gland in the human body,
which is located in the upper right abdomen.
Pancreas (iv)
Q (Pancreas): It secretes pancreatic juice, which acts

on carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Large Stomach secretes HCl that kills bacteria entered
intestine (iii)
along with food.
R (Small Intestine): It absorbs digested food with the
7.(c) help of villi (finger like outgrowths), which increases
the surface area for absorption.
(i) The oral cavity is slightly basic, and the stomach is
acidic due to hydrochloric acid. S (Large Intestine): It is wider and shorter than small
(ii) The liver secretes bile, which is stored in the gall intestine (R).
bladder. 3. (b) (i) Mouth, (ii) Tongue, (iii) Small intestine, (iv)
(iii) Bile helps in the digestion of fats by breaking them Large intestine
into smaller droplets (emulsification). Mouth – Transverse slit and opening of the alimentary
(iv) The absorbed nutrients are transported by the blood canal.
to different organs for metabolism and synthesis of Tongue – Rolls and pushes food into the pharynx.
complex substances.
Small Intestine – Completes digestion and absorbs
8. (i) Digestion nutrients.
(ii) Molars Large Intestine – Absorbs water and removes
(iii) Egestion undigested wastes from the body.

18 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 4. (c) Ruminants, like cows and goats, eat plant-based food 6. (a) According to the Venn diagram,
rich in cellulose. They have a longer digestive tract  P could be adrenal or thyroid gland that does not help
with a special stomach (rumen) containing bacteria
in digestion.
that help break down cellulose through fermentation.
This process takes time, which is why their digestive  Q could be the liver or pancreas. Both are glands and
system is more complex and longer than humans. helps in digestion.
5. (c) P (Amoeba): A unicellular organism that constantly — The liver is the largest gland that secretes bile for
changes shape using pseudopodia for movement and fat digestion.
food capture.
— Pancreas is a leaf shaped gland present just below
 Q (Cattle): Have a specialized stomach (rumen) to
digest cellulose using bacteria. the stomach.
R (Humans): Cannot digest cellulose and lack  R could be the stomach or small intestine. These are
bacteria and enzyme required for its breakdown. not glands.
The small intestine is the longest part of the
Previous Years Questions —
alimentary canal.
1. (d) Some aquatic animals, like sponges, obtain food
by filtering tiny particles suspended in water. They — Stomach is an organ that kills the bacteria present
draw in water, trap food particles, and expel the rest. in food.
This process is called filter feeding, which helps 7. (d)
them survive in an aquatic environment.  X (Incisors): Incisors are for biting and cutting food.
2. (c) In adults, there are 4 incisors in the upper jaw (2 on
 Paramecium has cilia (hair-like structures) that help in each side). So, there are total 8 incisors in the mouth
ingestion and movement. of an adult.
 Hydra has tentacles around its mouth, which trap prey  Y (Premolars): Premolars are used for crushing and
and kill them with their stinging cells. grinding food and are absent in the milk teeth. There
are 4 premolars in the upper jaw of an adult.
 Frogs use a long, sticky tongue to catch insects.
 Z (Canines): Canines are used for tearing food. There
 Mosquitoes have a feeding tube (proboscis) to suck
are 2 canines in the upper jaw of an adult.
blood.
 Therefore, there are 10 teeth(4 incisors, 4 premolars, 2
3. (a)
canines) in total in the upper jaw of an adult.
 P (Small Intestine): Lipase acts in the small intestine
8. (b) When the student chewed the bread, salivary
to break down fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
amylase, an enzyme in the saliva, started breaking
 Q (Salivary Amylase): Found in saliva, it converts down the starch in the bread into simpler sugars like
starch into sugar (maltose) in the mouth. maltose. This is why the bread began to taste sweet
 R (Pepsin in the Stomach): It breaks proteins into as the starch was converted into sugar.
peptones, aiding protein digestion. 9. (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) only
4. (b)  The pancreas (R) produces several enzymes and
(i) Mouth: Helps in mechanical breakdown of food via hormones:
chewing.  Amylase – breaks down carbohydrates.
(ii) Oesophagus: Does not secrete bile; it transports food  Insulin – regulates blood sugar levels.
to the stomach. Bile is secreted by the liver.  Lipase – breaks down fats.
(iii)  Small Intestine: Absorbs nutrients from digested Pepsin is produced by the stomach, not the pancreas.
food.
10. (a) Salivary amylase → Pancreatic amylase →
(iv) Rectum: Stores faeces temporarily before excretion. Disaccharidases
5. (d)  Salivary amylase in the mouth starts breaking down
 Small intestine is correctly mentioned as it is the starch (found in potatoes) into maltose.
longest part of the digestive system.  Once the food reaches the small intestine, pancreatic
 Vesicles should be villi, not valves, as villi help in amylase continues breaking down starch into simpler
nutrient absorption. sugars like maltose.
 Pancreas should be changed as small intestine receives  Finally, disaccharidases (enzymes like maltase) in
bile juice from liver that helps in breakdown of fats in the small intestine break down maltose into glucose,
fatty acids. which can be absorbed by the body.

Nutrition in Animals 19
 11. (a) In the given figure of the human digestive system, Achievers MCQs
M- Gall bladder, N- stomach, O- Pancreas, P- small
1. (d) The given Venn diagram categorizes animals based
intestine.
on their diet:
 Statement (i) is incorrect: M (Gall bladder) does  A (Herbivores) – Animals that eat only plant parts.
not secrete digestive enzymes, it only stores bile. O
 B (Omnivores) – Animals that eat both plants and
(Pancreas) secretes digestive enzymes, but it does not animals.
pour them into N (Stomach); instead, they go into P
 C (Carnivores) – Animals that eat other animals.
(Small Intestine).
(a) Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros and Koala are herbivores.
 Statement (ii) is incorrect: N (Stomach) digests
(b) Kangaroo is a herbivore, Squirrel is an omnivore and
proteins using pepsin and HCl, but it does not digest
ostriches are omnivores, although most of their diet
carbohydrates. P (Small intestine) is responsible for is plant-based.
complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and
(c) Reindeer, Rabbit and Moose are herbivores.
fats.
(d) Camel is a herbivore, Raccoon is an omnivore, Hyena
 Statement (iv) is incorrect: The small intestine itself is a carnivore.
secretes digestive enzymes and also receives digestive
2. (a)
juices from the pancreas (enzymes) and gall bladder
 Snail (A) scrapes food from surfaces (ii).
(bile) for complete digestion of food. Small intestine
does not receive any digestive enzyme from stomach.  Monkey (B) chews food (fruits, leaves, etc.)(iii).
 Lice (C) suck blood from the host(iv).
12. (c) In the process of digestion, when partly digested food
reaches the lower (L) part of our small intestine(M)  Sponge (D) filters water to obtain nutrients (vi).
, the intestinal (N) juice completes the digestion of  Frog (E) captures and swallows prey (v).
all components of the food. The carbohydrates get  Housefly (F) sponges up liquid food using its mouth
broken into simple sugars(O) , fats into fatty acids(P) parts (i).
and glycerol, and proteins into amino acids(Q) . 3. (c) The milk teeth do not have premolars. Therefore, the
13. (d) The image shown represents the large intestine, dental formula for milk teeth is 2, 1, 0, 3 in the upper
which includes the colon, rectum, and anus. It is jaw; 2, 1, 0, 3 in the lower jaw.
responsible for absorbing water, minerals, and 4. (a) P refers to Small Intestine: The small intestine is an
forming feces. The small intestine looks more coiled, organ that absorbs nutrients from digested food and
while the stomach and gall bladder have different also secretes digestive enzymes like lactase, sucrase,
and maltase.
shapes.
Q refers to Large Intestine: The large intestine is
14. (d) an organ that absorbs water, vitamins, and minerals
(i) Omasum → (R) Third chamber that absorbs water from the remaining indigestible food matter, but it
and minerals. does not secrete digestive enzymes.
(ii) Abomasum → (S) The true stomach that secretes 5. (a) Statement-I is incorrect: Amylase is an enzyme that
digestive enzymes. breaks down carbohydrates, not proteins. Proteins
are primarily broken down by pepsin in the stomach.
(iii) Reticulum → (Q) Second chamber that receives cud,
Statement-II is incorrect: Bile is produced by the
helps in regurgitation.
liver, not the pancreas.
(iv) Rumen → (P) Contains anaerobic bacteria for Statement-IV is incorrect: The esophagus does
cellulose digestion. not secrete hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid is
15. (c) In the given diagram of the stomach of a ruminant produced by the stomach to aid in the breakdown
mammal(Cow), W- Rumen, X-Abomasum, Y- of food and create an acidic environment for the
Reticulum, Z- Omasum. activation of pepsin.
Abomasum is called a true stomach that secretes 6. (b) Tooth decay occurs when bacteria in the mouth
break down sugars from food, producing acids that
digestive enzymes for digestion of food.
erode tooth enamel. Over time, this leads to cavities,
Food is not completely digested in W (Rumen) and Y pain, and even tooth loss. Proper oral hygiene, such
(Reticulum); digestion completes in the abomasum as brushing, flossing, and avoiding excessive sugar
and small intestine. intake, helps prevent decay.

20 Class 7-Olympiad Practice Book PW

 7. (b) In the given table, fat digestion occurs in the small 12. (b)
intestine with the help of lipase (enzyme X). Protein (i) The process of digestion begins in the mouth,
digestion takes place in the stomach (Y) catalysed where salivary amylase breaks down complex
by the enzyme pepsin. Starch digestion occurs in the carbohydrates into simpler sugars.
mouth with the help of salivary amylase (enzyme Z). (ii) The food then travels through the esophagus to the
8. (a) stomach.
 Group A (Small Intestine Removed): Absorption (iii) A muscular organ (stomach) that secretes HCl to
dropped to 50%, showing the small intestine’s major create an acidic environment.
role. (iv) The inner wall of the small intestine is lined with tiny
finger-like projections called Villi, which increase
 Group B (Large Intestine Removed): Absorption the surface area for nutrient absorption.
remained 90%, indicating a minor role of the large
(v) Finally, the indigestible waste is eliminated from the
intestine.
body through the anus.
 Group C (Control Group): 95% absorption, confirming 13. (b) In the given digrammatic view of food transport
normal function. through the digestive system, ‘1’ refers to bolus,
 Since the removal of the small intestine led to a much ‘2’ refers to Peristaltic movements, ‘3’ refers to
larger drop in nutrient absorption compared to the oesophagus and ‘4’ refers to stomach and ‘5’ refers
removal of the large intestine, the small intestine is to oesophageal sphincter.
the primary site of nutrient absorption.  1 (Bolus) goes down through 3 (Oesophagus) with
the help of 2 (Peristaltic) movements and reaches to
9. (a) Lily is likely suffering from diarrhea, which is
4 (stomach).
common in young children. The pediatrician would
 Excess protein present in the bolus (1) does not stop
recommend practicing good hygiene, sterilizing
the peristaltic (2) movements. Instead, the presence of
feeding equipment, and giving Oral Rehydration
protein in the stomach stimulates gastric secretions,
Solution (ORS) to prevent dehydration. This helps which helps in breaking down proteins into its simpler
replenish lost fluids and electrolytes, which is forms.
essential in managing diarrhea.
 In cud-chewing animals like cattle, sheep, giraffes, and
10. (c) While digestion begins in different organs (e.g., camels the peristaltic(2) movement can be reversed.
carbohydrates in the mouth, proteins in the stomach),  5 (Sphincter muscle) prevents the backflow of 1
the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption (Bolus) as it enters the stomach.
occur in the small intestine. 14. (c) Statement (i) is incorrect because Amoeba lacks
The small intestine is the primary site where enzymes specialized organs and uses a simple food vacuole
from the pancreas and bile from the liver complete for digestion.
the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Statement (ii) is incorrect because only ruminants (not
11. (b) The stomach operates at an acidic pH (around 2), humans) have a rumen for cellulose fermentation.
which is optimal for digestive enzymes like pepsin. 15. (c) In the given diagram of Amoeba, labelled part X, Y
and Z refers to Pseudopodium, Nucleus and Food
Sample 1 (pH 2) provides the best environment for
vacuole respectively.
enzyme activity, leading to the most digestion and
 Pseudopodia (X) is used for movement and capturing
nutrient breakdown.
of food.
Sample 2 (pH 7) is neutral, which is not ideal for the
 Digestive juices are secreted into the food vacuole
digestive enzyme, so digestion will be slower. (Z) that break down food into simpler substances for
Sample 3 (pH 9) is alkaline, which is the least absorption.
favorable for the enzyme, resulting in minimal  The food becomes trapped in a food vacuole (Z), not
digestion. nucleus (Y).
Thus, Sample 1 will show the most digestion and  Amoeba is a microscopic single-celled organism
nutrient breakdown. found in pond water.

Nutrition in Animals 21