ME7302

HEAT & MASS

TRANSFER

Dr.(Mrs.) K.T.K.M. De silva

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, FOE, UOR
INTRODUCTION
Basic knowledge
❖Heat : Quantity of energy that transfers from one body to another due to
the temperature difference between the two bodies.
❖Work : Quantity of energy that transfers from one body to another
without any temperature difference between the two bodies.
❖Thermodynamics : Study of the amount of energy (heat or work) that
transferred as the system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state
to another. (gives no indication about how long the process takes to
transfer the energy)
❖Heat transfer : Science that deals with rates of such energy transfers
In many engineering applications, we are interested in studding the rates
of energy transfers than actual amount of energy transferred in the
process.
Basic knowledge…
❖Thermal Conductivity :
A measurement of the rate at which a
given material will transfer heat. This
intrinsic property is independent of the
materials size, shape, or orientation.
❖Thermal Resistance : The inverse of
thermal conductivity and indicates how
a material inhibits the conduction of
heat. Materials with a high thermal
conductivity have a low thermal
resistance and have poor heat
insulation qualities
Basic knowledge…
❖1st law of thermodynamics : within a closed system where no other energy
material can enter or leave - energy can neither be created nor destroyed
❖2nd law of thermodynamics : Three alternate but equivalent ways to describe
the 2nd Law are;
i. Heat flows spontaneously from a hot body to a cool one (Heat to be
transferred in the direction of higher temperature to the lower
temperature.)
ii. It is impossible to convert heat completely into useful work
iii. Every isolated system becomes disordered in time

❖Temperature difference is the driving force of the heat transfer. It is similar to

current flows (voltage difference) or fluid flows (pressure difference)
Example 01
1.2 kg of liquid water initially a 15 °C in to be heated to 95 °C in a teapot
equipped with a 1200 W electric heating element inside. Teapot is 0.5 kg and has
an average specific heat of 0.7 kJ/kg °C. Taking the specific heat of water to be
4.185 kJ/kg °C and disregarding any heat loss from the teapot, determine how
long it will take for the water to be heated.
Example 02
A 10-cm-diameter copper ball is to be heated from 100°C to an average
temperature of 150°C in 30 minutes. Taking the average density and specific heat
of copper in this temperature range to be  = 8950 kg/m3 and cp = 0.395
kJ/kg·°C, respectively, determine,
a) the total amount of heat transfer to the copper ball
b) the average rate of heat transfer to the ball
c) the average heat flux.
Modes of heat transfer
➢ Conduction
- In conduction, heat flows from a higher
temperature region to regions of lower
temperature.
- This occurs within solid, liquid, or gaseous
mediums or between different mediums
- The transfer of the energy of motion between
adjacent molecules conducts the heat.
- In a gas, the 'hotter' molecules, have greater
energy and motions, and impart energy to
adjacent molecules at lower energy levels.
Fourier’s Equation
Fourier's Equation
The rate of heat flow by conduction in a material,𝐐,ሶ
equals to;

∆𝑻
𝐐ሶ = −𝒌 ∗ 𝑨 ∗ ( )
∆𝒙

k- the thermal conductivity of the material

A - area of the section through which heat flows by
conduction as measured perpendicularly to the direction
of heat flow
∆𝑇
- temperature gradient at the section, i.e., the rate of change
∆𝑥
of temperature T with respect to the difference in the
Example 03
A concrete slab of an electrically heated house in Nuwar Eliya is 6 m long, 8 m
wide, and 0.25 m thick and is made of a flat layer of a concrete whose thermal
conductivity is k= 0.8 W/m °C. The temperature of the inner and outer surfaces
of the roof one night are measured to be 15 °C and 4 °C, respectively, for a
period of 10 hrs. Determine,
a) The rate of heat loss through the roof at that night.
b) The cost of the heat loss to the home owner for the 10 hrs period if the
cost of electricity is Rs. 10/kW h.
Modes of heat transfer…
➢ Convection
- In convection, the combined action of heat
conduction, energy storage, and mixing
motion serve to transport energy.
- Convection is most important as the
mechanism of energy transfer between a
solid surface and a liquid or a gas.
• Forced convection - where the fluid does
not flow of its own accord but is pushed, is
often used for heating or cooling
• Natural convection - motion of the fluid is
totally the result of differences in density due
to temperature changes.
Newton’s law of cooling
The rate of heat flow by convection in a material,𝐐,ሶ equals to;

𝐐ሶ = 𝐡𝑨𝒔 (𝑻𝒔 − 𝑻∞ )

h - the convection heat transfer coefficient

As - surface area through which convection heat transfer takes
place
Ts - the surface temperature
Tα - the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface
Example 04
A 2-m-long, 0.3-cm-diameter electrical wire extends across a room at 15°C. Heat
is generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 152°C in steady operation. Also, the
voltage drop and electric current through the wire are measured to be 60 V and
1.5 A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by radiation, determine the
convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of
the wire and the air in the room.
Modes of heat transfer…
➢ Radiation
- Heat flows from a higher temperature
body to a lower temperature body when
the bodies are separated in space, even
across a vacuum.
- Solids and liquids tend to absorb the
radiation being transferred through it,
hence radiation is important mainly in
transfer through space or gases.
- In radiation, energy is transferred in the
form of electromagnetic waves.
Stefan–Boltzmann law
- The amount of energy an object radiates depends strongly on temperature.
- Stefan–Boltzmann law, statement that the total radiant heat energy emitted
from a surface is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
- If E is the radiant heat energy emitted from a unit area in one second and T is
the absolute temperature (in degrees Kelvin), then,
𝑬 = 𝝈𝑻𝟒
𝑸ሶ = ɛ𝛔𝑨𝒔 (𝑻𝟒𝒔 − 𝑻𝟒𝒔𝒖𝒓 )
σ - the Stefan–Boltzmann constant (5.6704 × 10−8W/m2/K4)
- The Stefan-Boltzmann law defines how much energy is radiated from an object
at temperature T. It can also be used to calculate how much energy is absorbed by
an object in an environment where everything around it is at a particular
temperature.
Example 05
It is a common experience to feel “chilly” in winter and
“warm” in summer in our homes even when the thermostat
setting is kept the same. This is due to the so called
“radiation effect” resulting from radiation heat exchange
between our bodies and the surrounding surfaces of the
walls and the ceiling. Consider a person standing in a room
maintained at 22°C at all times. The inner surfaces of the
walls, floors, and the ceiling of the house are observed to be
at an average temperature of 10°C in winter and 25°C in
summer. Determine the rate of radiation heat transfer
between this person and the surrounding surfaces if the
exposed surface area and the average outer surface
temperature of the person are 1.4 m2 and 30°C, respectively.
The emissivity of a person is ε = 0.95.
Why we learn this?
✓Heating and Cooling of Batch Tanks ✓Radiation
✓Heat exchangers ✓Insulation
✓Condensers ✓Dryers
✓Boilers ✓Heaters/coolers
✓Evaporators ✓Refrigeration and air
✓Automobile radiators conditioning components