Dear students, FLASH NOTES

FOR UPSC PRELIMS

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Civilsdaily IAS’ Dominate Prelims Team
Prelims PYQs Microthemes Distribution
232 Question Count
2010-2024

Souce: CD PYQ Microtheme Tool

The concept: Microthemes are recurring patterns observed in the last 20

years of UPSC Prelims papers. These represent predictable, high-yield areas
and should be your Priority 1. Focus on them specifically, as you should
expect questions from these topics. Only move on to other topics after you
have thoroughly mastered the Microthemes.

These Flash Notes simplified complex UPSC Syllabus

into microthemes, making my Prelims journey
efficient and result-oriented—highly recommended
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With Flash Notes, I could pinpoint high- Crisp, focused, and packed with microtheme
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revision, making Prelims prep smarter, approach Prelims, ensuring clarity on First-priority
not harder! topics.
- IRMS, Sreelaxmi KV - AIR 48, Aaditya Pandey
UPSC 2023
 Table of Contents
1. Basic Science 6 2.& PrecivityAD2: A New Blood Test for Early
!.! Centenary of Bose-Einstein Statistics 8 Alzheimer’s Detection 22
!.2 How Rontgen accidentally discovered x-rays 8 2.5 FnCas9 Enzyme 22
!.3 How did the remote sensing system LiDAR help 2.) Tirzepatide: The Weight-Loss Drug Nearing
discover a lost Mayan city? 9 Approval in India 23
!.& What is Wayanad’s new X-band Radar? 9 2.7 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Roen Olmi
!.5 India-based Neutrino Observatory !( Mushroom 2&
!.) Portable Optical Atomic Clock for accurate 2.8 South Korea’s LK-99 Superconductivity Claim
timekeeping at Sea !! Revived 2&
!.7 Scientists carry out Laser Cooling of Positronium !! 2.9 What is 3D Printing and how does it work? 25
!.8 What are Synthetic Medical Images? !2 2.!( Unlocking the Science of E-Ink Displays 2)
!.9 What is an Electromagnet? !2 2.!! IFFCO’s Nano Zinc and Nano Copper Fertilisers
!.!( Genetic Mysteries of Microcephaly: The role of Approved Under FCO 2)
SASS) Gene !3 2.!2 India Graphene Engineering and Innovation
!.!! Electro-encephalo-gram (EEG): A Century-old Centre (IGEIC) Launched by MeitY 27
tool for Brain Study !3 2.!3 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded for
!.!2 Celebrating Pi Day: A Tribute to Mathematics !& breakthroughs in Protein Science 27
!.!3 National Mathematics Day: Remembering the 2.!& Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded for
legacy of Srinivasa Ramanujan !& Advancements in Machine Learning & Artificial
!.!& Indian Spices Under Global Scrutiny: The Science Neural Networks (ANNs) 28
Behind Ethylene Oxide Contamination !5
!.!5 Artificial Rain Through Cloud Seeding !5 3. Energy & Environment 29
!.!) Rise of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) !) 3.! Activated Carbon Production from Coconut Husks
!.!7 Government Bans !5) Fixed-Dose Combination for Supercapacitors 29
(FDC) Medicines !7 3.2 Air-Breathing Magnesium-Copper-Cupric Oxide
!.!8 FSSAI withdraws directive on A! & A2 Milk labeling Fuel Cell 3(
!8 3.3 Nuclear Fusion: KSTAR Reaches !(( Million
!.!9 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded for Celsius 3!
Discovery of microRNA !8

&. Defence & Security 32

2. Emerging Technology 19 &.! What is Exoatmospheric Interception? 33
2.! Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FND) 2! &.2 CSIR-NAL Unveils High Altitude Pseudo Satellite
2.2 Sonoluminescence 2! (HAPS) 3&
2.3 Indian Astronomers Develop New Method for Solar &.3 India’s Investment in Directed Energy Weapons
Cycle Amplitude Prediction 22 (DEWs) 3&

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1. Basic Science
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2024] Which one of the (c) They act as immunosuppressants in the (c) ! and 3 only
following is synthesised in human body that body. (d) !, 2 and 3
dilates blood vessels and increases blood (d) They protect the body from the diseases
flow? caused by pathogens. [UPSC CSE 2021] Which one of the
(a) Nitric oxide following is a reason why astronomical
(b) Nitrous oxide [UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following distances are measured in light-years?
(c) Nitrogen dioxide statements : (a) Distances among stellar bodies do not
(d) Nitrogen pentoxide DNA Barcoding can be a tool to : change.
!. assess the age of a plant or animal. (b) Gravity of stellar bodies does not change.
[UPSC CSE 2023] Consider the following 2. distinguish among species that look alike. (c) Light always travels in straight line.
pairs: 3. identify undesirable animal or plant (d) Speed of light is always same.
Objects in space Description materials in processed foods.
!. Cepheids : Giant clouds of dust and gas in Which of the statements given above is/are [UPSC CSE 2021] Water can dissolve more
sapce correct ? substances than any other liquid because
2. Nebulae : Stars which brighten and dim (a) ! only (a) it is dipolar in nature
periodically (b) 3 only (b) it is a good conductor of heat
3. Pulsars : Neutron stars that are formed (c) ! and 2 (c) it has high value of
when massive stars run out of fuel and (d) 2 and 3 (d) it is an oxide of hydrogen
collapse
How many of the above pairs are correctly [UPSC CSE 2021] In the context of [UPSC CSE 2021] In a pressure cooker, the
matched? hereditary diseases, consider the following temperature at which the food is cooked
(a) Only one statements: depends mainly upon which of the following?
(b) Only two !. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from !. Area of the hole in the lid
(c) All three parent to child can be prevented by 2. Temperature of the flame
(d) None mitochondrial replacement therapy either 3. Weight of the lid
before or after in vitro fertilization of the Select the correct answer using the code
[UPSC CSE 2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is egg. given below.
sometimes talked about with reference to 2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases (a) ! and 2 only
which one of the following? entirely from the mother and not from the (b) 2 and 3 only
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by father. (c) 1 and 3 only
mosquitoes Which of the statements given above is/are (d) !, 2 and 3
(b) Converting crop residues into packing correct?
material (a) ! only [UPSC CSE 2020] In the context of recent
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics (b) 2 only advances in human reproductive technology,
(d) Producing biochar from thermochemical (c) Both 1 and 2 “Pronuclear Transfer” is used for
conversion of biomass (d) Neither ! nor 2 (a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor
sperm
[UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2021] Consider the following (b) genetic modification of sperm producing
statements in respect of probiotics : statements: cells
!. Probiotics are made of both bacteria and !. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA (c) development of stem cells into functional
yeast. genomes, whereas retroviruses have embryos
2. The organisms in probiotics are found in double-stranded DNA genomes. (d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in
foods we ingest but they do not naturally 2. The common cold is sometimes caused by offspring
occur in our gut. an adenovirus, whereas AIDS is caused by
3. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk a retrovirus. [UPSC CSE 2020] Consider the following
sugars. Which of the statements given above is/are statements:
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (!) Genetic changes can be introduced in the
correct? (a) ! only cells that produce eggs or sperms of a
(a) ! only (b) 2 only prospective parent.
(b) 2 only (c) Both ! and 2 (2) A person’s genome can be edited before
(c) 1 and 3 (d) Neither ! nor 2 birth at the early embryonic stage.
(d) 2 and 3 (3) Human induced pluripotent stem cells can
[UPSC CSE 2021] Consider the following: be injected into the embryo of a pig.
[UPSC CSE 2022] Which one of the !. Bacteria Which of the statements given above is/are
following statements best describes the role 2. Fungi correct?
of B cells and T cells in the human body ? 3. Virus (a) ! only
(a) They protect the body from environmental Which of the above can be cultured in (b) 2 and 3 only
allergens. artificial/synthetic medium? (c) 2 only
(b) They alleviate the body’s pain and (a) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
inflammation. (b) 2 and 3 only

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[UPSC CSE 2020] Which of the following [UPSC CSE 201&] Recently, scientists [UPSC CSE 2018] Consider the following:
statements are correct regarding the general observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ !. Birds
difference between billions of light-years away from the Earth. 2. Dust blowing
plant and animal cells? What is the significance of this observation? 3. Rain
(!) Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst (a) Higgs boson particles’ were detected. &. Wind blowing
animal cells do not. (b) Gravitational waves’ were detected. Which of the above spread plant diseases?
(2) Plant cells do not have plasma membrane (c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel (a) ! and 3 only
unlike animal cells which do. through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. (b) 3 and & only
(3) Mature plant cell has one large vacuole (d) It enabled the scientists to understand (c) !, 2 and & only
vacuoles. ‘singularity’. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Select the correct answer using the code
given below: [UPSC CSE 201&] Which of the following are [UPSC CSE 2018] Consider the following
(a) ! and 2 only the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug phenomena :
(b) 2 and 3 only resistance in microbial pathogens in India? !. Light is affected by gravity.
(c) 1 and 3 only !. Genetic predisposition of some people 2. The Universe is constantly expanding.
(d) !, 2 and 3 2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to 3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
cure diseases Which of the above is/are the prediction/
[UPSC CSE 201&] Which one of the 3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming predictions of Albert Einstein’s General
following statements is not correct? &. Multiple chronic diseases in some people Theory of Relativity, often discussed in
(a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like Select the correct answer using the code media?
HIV. given below.
(b) Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not (a) ! and 2 only
have a vaccine. (a) ! and 2 (b) 3 only
(c) Globally, the number of people infected (b) 2 and 3 only (c) ! and 3 only
with Hepatitis B and C viruses are several (e) !, 3 and & (d) 1, 2 and 3
times more than those infected with HIV. (d) 2, 3 and &
(d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis
Band C viruses do not show the
symptoms for many years.

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1.1 Centenary of Bose-Einstein Statistics
• The year 2024 marks the 100th anniversary of Bose-Einstein Statistics, a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics formulated by
Satyendra Nath Bose in 1&24.

Satyendra Nath Bose & Bose-Einstein Statistics

• In 1&24, Bose derived a quantum theory of light and sent his findings to Einstein, who extended the work to atomic particles.
• This led to the prediction of a new state of matter, the Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC), which was experimentally observed in 1&&(—
earning a Nobel Prize for its discoverers, but not for Bose.
• Bosons (particles like photons, gluons, and the Higgs boson) are named in his honor, recognizing his global contribution to science.

Basic Concepts of Bose-Einstein Statistics

!. Nature of Particles
- Fermions (e.g., electrons, protons, neutrons) follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle, meaning they cannot occupy the same quantum state.
- Bosons (e.g., photons, W & Z bosons, gluons) do not follow this rule, allowing them to exist in the same state, which is the basis for BEC.
2. Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)
- When bosons are cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, they condense into a single quantum state, behaving as a unified entity.
- Applications include lasers, superconductors, superfluidity, and quantum computing.

India’s Role in Quantum Research

• The National Quantum Mission (NQM) aims to advance quantum computing, cryptography, and secure communication.
• India collaborates with leading institutions like Princeton, Harvard, and Oxford in quantum mechanics research.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/pib-centenary-of-bose-einstein-statistics/

Source Link: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID+2(73(&!

1.2 How Rontgen accidentally discovered x-rays

• On November 8, 18&(, while experimenting with cathode ray tubes at the University
of Wurzburg, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen observed a fluorescent screen glowing unex-
pectedly, leading to his discovery of X-rays.

What are X-Rays?

• X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with high energy and short wavelengths,
capable of penetrating soft tissues but being absorbed by denser materials like bones
and metals, making them essential in medical diagnostics, industrial applications, and
scientific research.

Properties of X-Rays
• High Penetration Power: Can pass through flesh, paper, and wood, but are blocked by
dense materials like bone and lead.
• Ionizing Nature: Capable of ionizing atoms and molecules, which is both beneficial (can-
cer treatment) and harmful (in high doses).
• No Charge or Mass: Unlike electrons or protons, X-rays are neutral and massless.
• Photoelectric Effect: X-rays interact with matter by removing electrons, leading to various applications.

Applications of X-Rays
!. Medical Applications
- Radiography (X-ray Imaging): Diagnoses fractures, lung infections (pneumonia, TB), and tumors.
- CT Scans (Computed Tomography): Provides detailed cross-sectional images of the body, aiding in brain, heart, and cancer diagnosis.
- Mammography: Helps in the early detection of breast cancer.
- Radiotherapy: Used in cancer treatment to target and destroy malignant cells.
2. Industrial and Security Applications
- Airport Security: X-ray scanners detect weapons, explosives, and hidden contraband.
- Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Inspects cracks or defects in machinery, pipelines, and aircraft components.
- Forensic Investigations: Helps in analyzing old paintings, detecting counterfeit currency, and criminal investigations.
3. Scientific and Technological Applications
- X-ray Crystallography: Used to determine atomic and molecular structures (e.g., discovery of DNA’s double-helix structure).
- Astronomy: X-ray telescopes study black holes, neutron stars, and cosmic radiation.
- Material Science: Used in analyzing metals, semiconductors, and advanced nanomaterials.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/how-rontgen-accidentally-discovered-x-rays-changed-the-world/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/how-rontgen-accidentally-discovered-x-rays-how-this-changed-
the-world-9)599)8/

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1.3 How did the remote sensing system LiDAR help discover
a lost Mayan city?
• Scientists used LiDAR t- detect a lost Mayan city hidden in
the dense Mexican jungle.
• About LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging):
- A remote sensing technology using a pulsed laser
t- measure ranges (distances) from a sensor t- Earth’s
surface.
- Data Output: Produces high-resolution 3D models of
ground elevation with vertical accuracy up t- 10 cm.
• How LiDAR Works:
- Instrumentation: Comprises a laser, a scanner, and a
GPS receiver (often mounted on an aircraft).
- Process:
!. Laser pulses fire rapidly toward the ground,
reflecting off vegetation, buildings, and terrain.
2. The sensor records the reflected light.
3. Travel time of the pulses is used t- calculate
distances.
&. GPS and Inertial Measurement System (IMS) data help create an elevation map.
- Point Cloud: LiDAR data initially forms a “point cloud,” showing reflections from all surface features (vegetation, buildings, etc.).
- Feature Identification:
• Different light energy returns help distinguish vegetation, buildings, etc.
• Even dense canopies allow some pulses t- reach the ground.
- “Bare Earth” Model: Structures and vegetation can be digitally removed t- reveal just the terrain.
• Applications of LiDAR:
- 3D Earth Models: Generates precise, three-dimensional information of Earth’s surface.
- Use Cases:
• Geographers, policy makers, conservationists, engineers for planning and analysis.
• Archaeology: A valuable tool for discovering hidden historical sites.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/how-remote-sensing-system-lidar-helped-discover-a-lost-mayan-city/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lidar-remote-sensing-system-which-helped-discover-lost-mayan-city-9)&7753/

1.4 What is Wayanad’s new X-band Radar?

• X-band: 8-12 GHz frequency, wavelengths of about 2-4 cm.
• Smaller wavelengths enable radars to produce higher-resolution images.
• Higher frequency radiation attenuates faster.
• New radar will monitor particle movements, like soil, aiding landslide warnings.
• IMD History:
- Began using weather radars in the 1&(0s.
- First indigenous X-band radar for storm detection installed in Delhi in 1&)0.
- In 1&&*, IMD replaced !( X-band radars with digital versions.
- India’s radar network includes both X-band (wind-finding and storm detection) and S-band radars (long-range detection), with the first
S-band cyclone radar in Visakhapatnam (!97().
• Recent Developments:
- September 2024: MoES plans 5) new Doppler radars over the coming years.
- The Union Cabinet approved ,2,(((-crore ‘Mission Mausam’ for meteorological upgrades, targeting up to )( radars by 202*.
- Wayanad radar project includes a new C-band radar (4-8 GHz) in Mangaluru, covering 2(0 km.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-wayanads-new-x-band-radar/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/what-is-wayanads-new-x-band-radar-explained/article)875((&&.
ece

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1.5 India-based Neutrino Observatory

• Takaaki Kajita, a Nobel laureate for studying Neutrinos, has supported India’s pursuit of a neutrino lab.

What is the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)?

• The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a proposed underground research facility aimed at studying neutrinos, which are sub-
atomic particles with almost no mass and no charge. Neutrinos are among the least understood fundamental particles in physics and
play a crucial role in understanding the universe, nuclear reactions, and particle physics.
• The INO is expected to become one of the largest experimental facilities for neutrino research in the world, helping India advance in the
field of particle physics.

Location and Infrastructure

• Proposed Site: Bodi West Hills, Theni district, Tamil Nadu
• Depth: 1.3 km underground, to reduce interference from cosmic rays
• Main Facility: A large underground cavern with a magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector
• Status: Delayed due to environmental concerns and opposition from local communities

Neutrinos and their importance

• Neutrinos are neutral elementary particles produced in nuclear reactions inside the Sun, stars, and nuclear reactors.
• They are extremely difficult to detect as they hardly interact with matter.
• Studying neutrinos can help understand the fundamental forces of nature, the structure of the universe, and the origin of cosmic rays.

Objectives of the INO

• Detecting Atmospheric Neutrinos: The primary goal is to study muon neutrinos using a magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL).
• Neutrino Mass Hierarchy: Understanding whether neutrinos have a specific mass order, which is crucial for physics theories.
• Indian Contribution to Global Neutrino Research: Help India become a leader in particle physics experiments, collaborating with interna-
tional observatories like the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (Canada) and Super-Kamiokande (Japan).
• Develop Scientific and Technological Expertise: Boost research in nuclear physics, quantum mechanics, and high-energy physics.

INO’s Key Components

• Magnetized Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) Detector:
- The primary detector to study atmospheric neutrinos.
- It consists of (0,000 tons of magnetized iron plates to detect neutrino interactions.
• Inter-University Collaboration:
- The INO project is led by Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) in collaboration with various Indian institutions.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/india-based-neutrino-observatory/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/nobel-laureate-supports-indias-pursuit-for-a-neutrino-lab/article)839)787.ece

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1.6 Portable Optical Atomic Clock for accurate timekeeping
at Sea
• Optical atomic clocks are being developed for navies to enhance timekeeping accuracy. New models are more accurate and durable,
suitable for sea use.

What are Atomic Clocks?

• Atomic clocks are highly precise timekeeping devices that rely on atomic vibrations to measure time.
• They typically use Caesium or Rubidium atoms, which resonate at consistent frequencies.
• Their accuracy is so high that they lose or gain less than a second over millions of years.
• Limitations: Traditional atomic clocks are large, power-intensive, and expensive, making them unsuitable for mobile applications.

What is an Optical Atomic Clock?

• Unlike traditional atomic clocks that use microwaves to measure atomic vibrations, optical atomic clocks use lasers.
• Advantages:
- Higher Frequency: Operates at higher electromagnetic frequencies, allowing finer measurements of time.
- Greater Accuracy: Can measure smaller time intervals with extreme precision.
- More Stability: Provides better long-term accuracy compared to microwave-based atomic clocks.

Key Benefits of Optical Atomic Clocks for Maritime Use

• Enhanced Navigation: Provides independent timekeeping for ships, improving accuracy in positioning.
• Resilience Against GPS Disruptions: Acts as a backup system if GPS signals are blocked or tampered with.
• Geophysical Monitoring: Helps in marine research, including oceanography and climate studies.
• Secure Military Operations: Assists naval ships and submarines in maintaining precise timing for coordinated missions.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/portable-optical-atomic-clock-for-accurate-timekeeping-at-sea/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/portable-iodine-atomic-clock-offers-accurate-timekeeping-at-sea/article)827)83(.
ece

1.7 Scientists carry out Laser Cooling of Positronium

• The AEgIS collaboration has made a groundbreaking achievement by successfully laser
cooling Positronium, marking a significant advancement in antimatter research.

What is Positronium?
• Positronium is an exotic atom-like system consisting of an electron and its antimatter
counterpart, the positron.
• Unlike regular atoms, positronium has no nucleus, making it an ideal system to study the
fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and antimatter behavior.

What is Laser Cooling?

• Laser cooling is a technique used to reduce the temperature of atomic or subatomic
particles by slowing them down using precisely tuned laser beams.
• This method is widely used in atomic physics and quantum computing to achieve
near-absolute zero temperatures, allowing better control over particle behavior.

Significance of the Discovery

• Understanding Fundamental Physics – Laser-cooled positronium allows researchers
to test quantum electrodynamics (QED) and study the symmetry between matter and
antimatter.
• Potential applications in Antimatter Research – Could help in the study of antihydrogen and gravitational effects on antimatter.
• Advancements in Positronium-Based Lasers – Cooling positronium enhances the feasibility of gamma-ray lasers, which have potential
applications in medical imaging and high-energy physics.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/scientists-carry-out-laser-cooling-of-positronium/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/in-a-first-cern-scientists-carry-out-laser-cooling-of-positroni-
um-9!7)2(8/

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1.8 What are Synthetic Medical Images?
• AI-generated synthetic medical images can offer an ethical, scalable, and cost-effective solution in the medical field.
• About Synthetic Medical Images
- Images produced entirely by AI or computer algorithms, not captured by traditional MRI, CT, or X-ray devices.
- Techniques: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Diffusion Models, Autoencoders (e.g., Variational Autoencoders or VAEs).
- Process: Mimic real medical scans without using any actual patient data, ensuring privacy and ethical usage.
• How Are These Images Created?
- Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) compress real images into a latent space and then reconstruct them, minimizing the difference
between the real and generated images.
- Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have a generator that creates synthetic images from random inputs and a discriminator
that judges whether images are real or synthetic, both improving through competition.
- Diffusion Models start with random noise and gradually refine it into a realistic image via a step-by-step process.
• Applications
- Found in healthcare (radiology, medical imaging) and research.
- Provides a privacy-friendly approach, bypassing concerns about patient data usage.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-are-synthetic-medical-images/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/the-rise-of-ai-generated-synthetic-medical-images-a-new-frontier-or-potential-pitfall/
article)873252(.ece

1.9 What is an Electromagnet?

• Scientists have designed a low-cost MRI scanner, improving access to this
diagnostic tool. Understanding electromagnets is essential.

What is an Electromagnet?
An electromagnet is a type of magnet that generates a magnetic field when
electric current flows through it. Unlike permanent magnets, which have
a constant magnetic field, electromagnets can be switched on and off by
controlling the electric current.

How Does an Electromagnet Work?

!. When electric current passes through a coil of wire, it creates a magnetic
field around it.
2. If the coil is wrapped around a ferromagnetic material (like iron), the mag-
netic field is significantly strengthened.
3. When the current is turned off, the magnetic field disappears.

This property makes electromagnets highly useful in controllable applica-

tions where switching the magnetism on and off is necessary.

Applications of Electromagnets
• Electric Bells & Buzzers – Use electromagnets to produce sound.
• Magnetic Cranes – Used in scrapyards to lift heavy metallic objects.
• MRI Machines – Use strong electromagnets for medical imaging.
• Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) Trains – Use electromagnets to lift and propel trains without wheels, reducing friction.
• Particle Accelerators – Used in CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to guide charged particles.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-an-electromagnet/

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1.10 Genetic Mysteries of Microcephaly: The role of SASS6
Gene
What is Microcephaly?
• Microcephaly is a neurological condition where an
individual is born with a smaller-than-normal head size
due to abnormal brain development.
• It can result in intellectual disabilities, developmental
delays, and motor function impairments. The condition
can be caused by genetic mutations, infections, or
environmental factors during pregnancy.

Role of the SASS* Gene in Microcephaly

• Recent studies have identified SASS* (Spindle As-
sembly *) gene as a key player in centrosome dupli-
cation and cell division, crucial for brain development.
• Centrosomes help organize cell division, ensuring
proper growth and distribution of neurons.
• Mutations in SASS* can lead to defective centrosome duplication, disrupting neural progenitor cell division and resulting in reduced
brain size (microcephaly).
• This gene is particularly important in early brain development, where rapid cell division forms the complex neural structure.

Microcephaly in Public Health

• Zika Virus and Microcephaly – Infections like Zika virus during pregnancy can trigger microcephaly by affecting neural cell division.
• Genetic Screening – Prenatal genetic testing could help identify mutations in SASS* and other related genes for early diagnosis and
intervention.

Scientific and Medical Significance

!. Understanding Genetic Disorders – Research on SASS) provides insights into how genetic mutations cause brain developmental disorders.
2. Potential for Gene Therapy – Identifying the molecular mechanisms of microcephaly could lead to gene-editing approaches for treatment.
3. Links to Other Neurological Diseases – Since centrosome function is critical in neurodevelopment, defects in SASS* might be linked to
other disorders like autism and epilepsy.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/genetic-mysteries-of-microcephaly-the-role-of-sass)-gene/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-an-altered-protein-and-fussy-neurons-conspire-to-cause-microcephaly/arti-
cle)822&798.ece

1.11 Electro-encephalo-gram (EEG): A Century-old tool for

Brain Study
• EEG is a non-invasive test that records
brain activity by detecting electrical sig-
nals from brain cells.
• Discovered a century ago, it remains
crucial for diagnosing neurological
disorders.

How EEG Works

• Conducted by a clinical neurophysiologist
in a session lasting around 30 minutes.
• Electrodes (small metal discs with thin
wires) are placed on the scalp to detect
tiny electrical charges from brain cells.
• These signals are amplified and displayed
as graphs on a computer or printed on
paper.
• The test is painless, safe, and does not
emit electrical currents into the brain.

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Applications of EEG
• Epilepsy Diagnosis – Seizure activity appears as rapid spiking waves, helping confirm and classify epilepsy types.
• Brain Lesions (Tumors, Strokes) – Unusually slow waves indicate areas affected by tumors or strokes.
• Overall Brain Activity – Evaluates trauma, drug intoxication, and brain damage in comatose patients.
• Surgical Monitoring – Tracks blood flow and brain function during surgeries for patient safety.

Safety and Importance

• Completely safe, painless, and non-invasive.
• In rare cases, EEG may briefly trigger seizures in epilepsy patients, but it is conducted under medical supervision.
• Still one of the most reliable tools for studying brain function, epilepsy, and neurological disorders.
EEG continues to be a vital tool in neuroscience, epilepsy research, and brain function monitoring, playing a key role in modern medicine
and diagnostics.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/tirzepatide-the-weight-loss-drug-nearing-approval-in-india/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-health/weight-loss-drug-tirzepatide-how-it-works-side-effects-9&53&79/

1.12 Celebrating Pi Day: A Tribute to Mathematics

• Pi Day is celebrated annually on March 14 (3/14) to honor the mathematical constant - (Pi), as the
date matches its first three digits (3.!&). Recognized by UNESCO as the ‘International Day of Mathe-
matics’ in 2(!9, it is a significant event for mathematics enthusiasts worldwide.

What is Pi (π)?
• Pi (π) represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter, approximately 3.!&!59.
• It is an irrational number, meaning its decimal representation is infinitely long and non-repeating.
• The symbol ‘-’ was introduced by British mathematician William Jones in 1)0*.

Historical Contributions to Pi Calculation

• Ancient Babylonians (4000 years ago) first estimated the value of -.
• Greek mathematician Archimedes (28)-212 B.C.) derived an approximation using polygons.
• Baudhayana (800-)40 B.C.), an ancient Indian mathematician, worked on - calculations and con-
cepts related to the Pythagorean theorem.
• Aryabhata (4&& AD) provided an accurate estimate of - as 3.141*, influencing future developments
in mathematics.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/celebrating-pi-day-a-tribute-to-mathematics/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pi-day-mathematical-constant-92!275!/

1.13 National Mathematics Day: Remembering the legacy of

Srinivasa Ramanujan
• National Mathematics Day is observed on December 22 every year to honor the birth anniversary of Srinivasa Ramanujan (188)–1&20),
one of India’s greatest mathematicians. His extraordinary contributions to number theory, infinite series, continued fractions, and mathe-
matical analysis have left a lasting impact on the field of mathematics.

Srinivasa Ramanujan: A Mathematical Genius

• Born in Erode, Tamil Nadu, Ramanujan was largely self-taught, mastering complex mathematics without formal training.
• Despite financial hardships, his talent was recognized when he sent his work to G.H. Hardy, a renowned mathematician at Cambridge Uni-
versity.
• His research led to groundbreaking discoveries, including:
- Ramanujan Prime and Ramanujan Theta Function.
- The Hardy-Ramanujan Asymptotic Formula, used in number theory.
- Mock Theta Functions, influencing modern physics and cryptography.
- Contributions to partitions, modular forms, and continued fractions.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/national-mathematics-day-remembering-the-legacy-of-srinivasa-ramanujan/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/everyday-explainers/national-mathematics-day-srinivasa-ramanujan-9(79!!)/

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1.14 Indian Spices Under Global Scrutiny: The Science Behind
Ethylene Oxide Contamination
• Recently, Indian spices have come under global scrutiny due to concerns over ethylene oxide (EtO) contamination, leading to export
bans and product recalls in several countries. Ethylene oxide is a chemical compound used as a fumigant to prevent microbial contami-
nation in food products but poses potential health risks when present in excess.

What is Ethylene Oxide (EtO)?

• EtO is a colorless gas used for sterilization in the food and medical industries.
• In food processing, it helps in disinfecting spices, grains, and other perishable items by killing bacteria, fungi, and pests.
• However, excessive exposure to EtO is classified as carcinogenic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA).

Scientific Concerns & Health Implications

• Long-term exposure to EtO may increase the risk of cancer, neurological disorders, and respiratory issues.
• Studies suggest that while low levels of EtO in food may be safe, higher-than-permitted levels pose significant health risks.
• Regulatory bodies like FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) are working to establish stricter safety guidelines for EtO resi-
due in spices.

Impact on India’s Spice Industry & Government Response

• India is the world’s largest producer and exporter of spices, with a market worth over ,4 billion annually.
• The Indian government and Spices Board of India have initiated stricter quality checks and compliance measures to meet international
safety standards.
• Research is underway to find alternative sterilization techniques such as steam treatment and irradiation, reducing dependence on
chemical fumigation.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/why-are-indian-spices-facing-the-heat-explained/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/why-are-indian-spices-facing-the-heat-explained/article)8!33297.ece

1.15 Artificial Rain Through Cloud Seeding

• The Uttarakhand government is
under Supreme Court scrutiny for
relying on cloud seeding to combat
forest fires instead of effective
ground measures.
• Justices criticized the approach,
highlighting concerns over feasibili-
ty and environmental impact.

What is Cloud Seeding?

• A weather modification technique
used to stimulate rainfall or snowfall.
• Involves dispersing silver iodide,
potassium iodide, or calcium
chloride into clouds.
• Techniques used:
- Static seeding – Enhances
ice particle formation in
supercooled clouds.
- Dynamic seeding –
Strengthens convective cloud
development by releasing
latent heat.
• Dispersion methods: aircraft,
ground-based generators, drones,
and lasers.

Indian Cloud Seeding Trials

• Maharashtra’s Solapur region (2(!7-2(!9) conducted cloud seeding trials under the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology.
• Used calcium chloride particles to target warm convective clouds, resulting in an !8. increase in rainfall.
• Study analyzed 27) clouds, but glaciogenic seeding showed no significant impact on rainfall at the seeding location.

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Challenges & Environmental Concerns
• Potential accumulation of chemicals in ecosystems.
• Impact on environment and human health remains under study.
• Effectiveness depends on cloud availability, making it unreliable for drought-prone areas.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/artificial-rain-through-cloud-seeding/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/rain-gods-and-cloud-seeding-are-not-the-answers-to-forest-fires-
supreme-court-tells-uttarakhand-government/article)8!5382(.ece

1.16 Rise of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
described the 2(th century as the era of
incandescent bulbs and the 21st century as
the era of LED lamps due to their efficiency
and longevity.
• LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light
when an electric current passes through them.

How LEDs Work

• Diodes are small electronic components
(~5 mm wide) with two terminals (anode and
cathode), allowing current to flow in only one
direction through a P-N junction.
• The P-N junction is formed where p-type (holes)
and n-type (electrons) semiconductors meet.
• Electrons (negatively charged) move towards
the holes (positively charged electron va-
cancies), releasing energy as photons (light
emission).
• The band gap is the energy difference between
the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied
electronic states in a material, determining the
color of emitted light.

Scientific Breakthrough & Nobel Prize

• The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded
to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji
Nakamura for inventing efficient blue LEDs.
• Their discovery enabled the creation of bright, energy-efficient white light (red - green - blue LEDs), revolutionizing lighting technology.

Advantages of LEDs
• Highly energy-efficient, consuming less power than incandescent and fluorescent bulbs.
• Long lifespan, reducing maintenance and replacement costs.
• Environmentally friendly, with no toxic elements like mercury.

Applications
• Used in household lighting, display screens, streetlights, traffic signals, and automobile headlights.
• Expanding use in medical devices, plant growth lighting, and optical communication.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/rise-of-light-emitting-diodes-leds/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/light-emitting-diode-physics-haitz-law-explained/article)77&3)!).ece

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1.17 Government Bans 156 Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC)
Medicines
• The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of !5) Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC)
medicines, citing concerns over safety, efficacy, and therapeutic justification.
• The ban follows recommendations from the Expert Committee and the Drugs Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) under the Drugs and Cosmet-
ics Act, !9&(.

Key Features of the FDC Ban

• Affects !5) FDC medicines lacking clinical evidence of safety and efficacy.
• Prevents irrational drug combinations, reducing risks of side effects and drug resistance.
• Follows earlier bans of FDCs in 2(!) and 2(!8 as part of regulatory measures.
• Exemptions granted for clinically approved combinations deemed medically essential.

Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) Medicines

• Contain two or more active drugs in a single dosage form.
• Used for effectiveness, reduced pill burden, and better patient compliance.
• Common in antibiotics, pain relievers, cough syrups, and diabetes medications.

Concerns Over FDC Medicines

• Lack of clinical justification for combining certain active ingredients.
• Increased side effects, including toxicity, antibiotic resistance, and organ damage.
• Growth of an unregulated market with unauthorized drugs.
• Challenges in dosage regulation, affecting treatment outcomes.

Significance & Strategic Advantages of the Ban

• Ensures patient safety by preventing adverse drug reactions.
• Strengthens drug regulation and promotes evidence-based medicine.
• Reduces antibiotic resistance caused by irrational FDCs.
• Improves public health by ensuring safe and effective medications.

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1.18 FSSAI withdraws directive on A1 and A2 Milk labeling
• The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has retracted its advisory that restricted food business operators from labeling
milk and milk products as A! or A2.
• This decision comes after feedback from dairy stakeholders and aims to provide clarity on milk protein classifications.

Comparison Between A1 and A2 Milk

Category A1 Milk A2 Milk

Source Crossbred cows (Holstein Friesian, Indigenous breeds (Gir, Sahiwal, Ongole)
Jersey)
Protein Type A1 beta-casein A2 beta-casein
Digestion May release beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM- Considered easier to digest, may not release BCM-7
7), linked to digestion issues
Health Impact Some studies suggest links to gut inflam- Marketed as healthier, claimed to reduce digestive discomfort
mation, heart disease, diabetes (scientific evidence inconclusive)
Market De- Widely consumed, forms bulk of commer- Increasing demand due to perceived health benefits
mand cial milk production
Price Relatively cheaper, widely available Expensive, marketed as premium milk
Regulation Previously under FSSAI directive Now allowed for free market labeling

1.19 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded for

Discovery of microRNA
• The 2(2& Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has
been awarded to Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun
for their discovery of microRNA (miRNA) and its role in
gene regulation.
• Their research has helped scientists understand how
genes are controlled at the molecular level, leading to
advancements in medicine, genetics, and biotechnol-
ogy.

What is microRNA?
• MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA molecules that
do not make proteins but control how other genes work.
• They were first discovered in 1&&3 while studying the development of a small worm called Caenorhabditis elegans.
• They work by binding to messenger RNA (mRNA) and blocking the production of specific proteins.

Why is microRNA important?

• Controls gene activity: Helps cells decide when to turn genes on or off.
• Guides development: Ensures proper growth of cells and organs.
• Prevents diseases: Helps keep cells healthy by regulating their functions.

Applications in medicine and research

• Cancer treatment: Scientists found that some cancers happen because of miRNA changes. Fixing these changes may help in early cancer
detection and treatment.
• Brain disorders: Studies show that miRNAs may play a role in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other neurological diseases.
• Heart disease: Helps understand and treat heart conditions by studying how miRNAs affect blood vessels and heart cells.
• Drug development: Scientists are working on miRNA-based therapies to treat genetic and immune-related diseases.

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2. Emerging Technology
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2023] Consider the following 2. Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides
actions: are used in the manufacture of some !. Closed-circuit Television
!. Detection of car crash/collision which cosmetics. 2. Radio Frequency Identification
results in the deployment of airbags almost 3. Nanoparticles of some commercial 3. Wireless Local Area Network
instantaneously products which enter the environment are Which of the above are considered Short-
2. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop unsafe for humans. Range devices/technologies?
towards the ground which results in the Which of the statements given above is/are (a) ! and 2 only
immediate turning off of the hard drive. correct ? (b) 2 and 3 only
3. Detection of the tilt of the smart phone (a) ! only (c) ! and 3 only
which results in the rotation of display (b) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
between portrait and landscape mode (c) ! and 2
In how many of the above actions is the (d) 2 and 3 [UPSC CSE 2021] With reference to street
function of accelerometer required? lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from
(a) Only one [UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following : LED lamps?
(b) Only two !. Aarogya Setu !. Sodium lamps produce light in 3)(
(c) All three 2. CoWIN degrees, but it is not so in the case of LED
(d) None 3. DigiLocker lamps.
&. DIKSHA 2. As streetlights, sodium lamps have a
[UPSC CSE 2023] With reference to green Which of the above are built on top of open- longer lifespan than LED lamps.
hydrogen, consider the following statements: source digital platforms ? (CSE 2(22) 3. The spectrum of visible light from sodium
! It can be used directly as a fuel for internal (a) ! and 2 only lamps is almost monochromatic, while LED
combustion. (b) 2, 3 and & only lamps offer significant color advantages in
2 It can be blended with natural gas and used (c) !, 3 and & only street lighting.
as fuel for heat or power generation . (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Select the correct answer using the code
3 It can be used in the hydrogen fuel cell to given below:
run vehicles. [UPSC CSE 2022] With reference to (a) 3 only
How many of the above statements are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), consider the (b) 2 only
correct? following statements : (c) 1 and 3 only
(a) Only one !. They enable the digital representation of (d) !, 2, and 3
(b) Only two physical assets.
(c) All three 2. They are unique cryptographic tokens that [UPSC CSE 2020] With the present state
(d)None exist on a blockchain. of development, Artificial Intelligence can
3. They can be traded or exchanged at effectively do which of the following?
[UPSC CSE 2022] With reference to Web equivalency and therefore can be used as a (!) Bring down electricity consumption in
3.(, consider the following statements : medium of commercial transactions. industrial units
! Web 3.( technology enables people to Which of the statements given above are (2) Create meaningful short stories and
control their own data. correct ? songs
2 In Web 3.( world, there can be blockchain (a) 1 and 2 only (3) Disease diagnosis
based social networks. (b) 2 and 3 only (&) Text-to-Speech Conversion
3 Web 3.( is operated by users collectively (c) ! and 3 only (5) Wireless transmission of electrical energy
rather than a corporation. (d) !, 2 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code
Which of the statements given above are given below:
correct ? [UPSC CSE 2022] With reference to (a) !, 2, 3 and 5 only
(a) ! and 2 only “Software as a Service (SaaS)”, consider the (b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(b) 2 and 3 only following statements : (c) 2, & and 5 only
(c) ! and 3 only !. SaaS buyers can customise the user (d) !, 2, 3, & and 5
(d) 1, 2 and 3 interface and can change data fields.
2. SaaS users can access their data through [UPSC CSE 2020] Consider the following
[UPSC CSE 2022] Which one of the their mobile devices. activities:
following is the context in which the term 3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are (!) Spraying pesticides on a crop field
“qubit” is mentioned? forms of SaaS. (2) Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes
(a) Cloud Services Which of the statements given above are (3) Collecting breath samples from spouting
(b) Quantum Computing correct ? whales for DNA analysis
(c) Visible Light Communication Technologies (a) ! and 2 only At the present level of technology, which
(d) Wireless Communication Technologies (b) 2 and 3 only of the above activities can be successfully
(c) ! and 3 only carried out by using drones? (a) ! and 2 only
[UPSC CSE 2022]Consider the following (d) 1, 2 and 4 (b) 2 and 3 only
statements : (c) ! and 3 only
!. Other than those made by humans, [UPSC CSE 2022] Consider the following (d) 1, 2 and 3
nanoparticles do not exist in nature. communication technologies :

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[UPSC CSE 2020] In India, the term “Public [UPSC CSE 201&] For the measurement/ Which of the statements given above is / are
Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of estimation of which of the following are correct?
(a) Digital security infrastructure satellite images/remote sensing data used? (a) ! only
(b) Food security infrastructure !. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) Health care and education infrastructure specific location (c) 3 only
(d) Telecommunication and transportation 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice (d) !, 2 and 3
infrastructure paddies of a specific location
3. Land surface temperatures of a specific [UPSC CSE 201&] In the context of digital
[UPSC CSE 2020] With reference to Visible location technologies for entertainment, consider the
Light Communication (VLC) technology, Select the correct answer using the code following statements:
which of the following statements are given below. ! In Augmented Reality (AR) , a simulated
correct? (a) ! only environment is created and the physical
! VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum (b) 2 and 3 only world is completely shut out.
wavelengths 375 to 78( nm. (c) 3 only 2 In Virtual Reality (VR), images generated
2. VLC is known as long-range optical (d) 1, 2 and 3 from a computer are projected onto real-life
wireless communication. objects or surroundings.
3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data [UPSC CSE 201&] With reference to 3 AR allows individuals to be present in the
faster than Bluetooth, communication technologies, what is/are world and improves the experience using
&. VLC has no electromagnetic interference. the difference / differences between LTE the camera of smart-phone or PC.
Select the correct using the code given (Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over & VR closes the world, and transposes an
below: Long-Term Evolution)? individual, providing complete immersion
(a) !, 2 and 3 only !. LTE ‘is commonly marketed as 3G and experience.
(b) !, 2 and & only VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced Which of the statements given above is / are
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only 3G. correct?
(d) 2, 3 and & only 2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is (a) ! and 2 only
voice-only technology. (b) 3 and 4
[UPSC CSE 2020] With reference to Select the correct answer using the code (c) !, 2 and 3
“Blockchain Technology” consider the given below. (d) & only
following statements: (a) ! only
!. It is a public ledger that everyone can (b) 2 only [UPSC CSE 201&] In the context of
inspect, but which no single user controls. (c) Both ! and 2 wearable technology, which of the following
2. The structure and design of blockchain (d) Neither 1 nor 2 tasks is/are accomplished by wearable
is such that all the data in it are about devices?
cryptocurrency only. [UPSC CSE 201&] Consider the following !. Location identification of a person
3. Applications that depend on basic features statements: 2. Sleep monitoring of a person
of blockchain can be developed without A digital signature is 3. Assisting the hearing impaired person
anybody’s permission. !. an electronic record that identifies the Select the correct answer using the code
Which of the statements given above is/are certifying authority issuing it given below.
correct? 2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an (a) ! only
(a) ! only individual to access information or server (b) 2 and 3 only
(b) ! and 2 only on Internet. (c) 3 only
(c) 2 only 3. an electronic method of signing an (d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1 and 3 only electronic document and ensuring that the
original content is unchanged

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2.1 Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FND)
• Researchers at Purdue University successfully levitated nano-diamonds in a vacuum and spun them at ultra-high speeds using lasers.
• This advancement in optomechanics allows better control over nanoscale particles, paving the way for high-precision quantum experi-
ments.

What are Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FNDs)?

• Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FNDs) are tiny diamond particles that contain fluorescent defects, such as Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers.
• These defects emit bright fluorescence, making them highly useful in biomedical imaging, quantum computing, and nanoscale sensing.

Scientific & Technological Applications

!. Quantum Sensing – FNDs can measure magnetic fields, temperature variations, and nanoscale forces with extreme precision.
2. Biomedical Imaging – Used in targeted drug delivery, bio-tracking, and cancer imaging, as they are non-toxic and biocompatible.
3. Quantum Computing & Communication – NV centers in FNDs act as stable qubits, essential for secure quantum encryption and ad-
vanced computing.
&. Fundamental Physics Research – Levitated nano-diamonds could help in quantum gravity studies and matter-wave interference experi-
ments.

India’s role in Quantum Nanotechnology

• Institutions like IISc Bangalore, IITs, and RRI (Raman Research Institute) are conducting research in quantum optics and nanophotonics.
• The National Quantum Mission (NQM) supports advancements in quantum sensing and computing, where FNDs could play a crucial role.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/7722(2/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/scientists-spin-diamonds-at-a-billion-rpm-to-test-the-limits-of-physics/arti-
cle)87(59!8.ece

2.2 Sonoluminescence
• Sonoluminescence is a phenomenon where tiny gas
bubbles in a liquid emit flashes of light when exposed to
intense sound waves.
• It involves the conversion of sound energy into light ener-
gy, making it a subject of interest in high-energy physics
and acoustics research.

How does Sonoluminescence work?

!. Cavitation Formation – High-frequency sound waves
create low-pressure zones in a liquid, causing micro-
scopic gas bubbles to form.
2. Bubble Collapse – These bubbles expand and contract
rapidly due to changes in pressure, eventually collapsing
violently.
3. Light Emission – The collapse generates extreme tem-
peratures (estimated tens of thousands of kelvins) and
pressures, emitting a brief flash of ultraviolet or blue
light.
The exact mechanism behind this light emission remains
a scientific mystery, with theories suggesting it could be
due to plasma formation, quantum effects, or blackbody
radiation inside the collapsing bubbles.

Scientific Significance
• Extreme Temperature Studies – Sonoluminescence allows scientists to study matter under high-energy conditions comparable to those
found in stars and nuclear reactions.
• Potential for Nuclear Fusion – Some researchers propose that this phenomenon could contribute to bubble fusion, though this remains
speculative.
• Applications in Sonochemistry – Used in chemical reactions, nanomaterial synthesis, and biomedical imaging.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-sonoluminescence/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/what-is-sonoluminescence/article)85)5(2).ece

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2.3 Indian Astronomers Develop New Method for Solar Cycle
Amplitude Prediction
• Scientists at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have developed a novel method to predict the next solar cycle’s amplitude using
over 100 years of solar data from the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory.
• The research found that supergranular cell width during the solar minimum strongly correlates with sunspot numbers in the next peak.

Understanding Solar Cycles & Space Weather

• The Sun follows an 11-year cycle marked by fluctuations in sunspot numbers, influencing solar activity and space weather.
• Space weather results from solar wind, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar flares, which can compress Earth’s magnetosphere,
leading to geomagnetic storms that affect satellites, power grids, and communication systems.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/indian-astronomers-discover-new-method-for-solar-cycle-amplitude-prediction/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/iia-astronomers-find-new-method-to-predict-amplitude-of-upcoming-solar-cycle/
article)85288)8.ece

2.4 PrecivityAD2: A New Blood Test for Early Alzheimer’s De-

tection
• PrecivityAD2 is a new blood test developed by researchers in Sweden to detect Alzheimer’s disease.
• It offers around &0. accuracy in identifying AD in individuals experiencing cognitive symptoms.
• This test provides a less invasive and more accessible alternative to traditional diagnostic methods like PET scans and lumbar punc-
tures.

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

• Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive abilities.
• It begins with mild memory loss and can eventually lead to an inability to communicate or respond to the environment.
• The condition is caused by the degeneration of brain cells and their connections, leading to irreversible memory loss and cognitive
decline.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-precivityad2-the-new-alzheimers-blood-test/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/what-is-the-new-alzheimers-blood-test/article)8&825!2.ece

2.5 FnCas9 Enzyme

• FnCas& is a variant of the Cas& enzyme, derived
from the bacterium Francisella novicida.
• It is used in CRISPR genome editing to make precise
modifications to DNA.
• Unlike traditional SpCas& (Streptococcus pyogenes
Cas&), FnCas& offers higher specificity, reducing
unintended genetic modifications.

How Does FnCas& Work?

• CRISPR-Cas& is a natural bacterial immune system
that recognizes and destroys viral DNA.
• Scientists harness this mechanism to cut and edit
DNA sequences for research, medicine, and agricul-
ture.
• FnCas& binds to specific DNA sequences with
fewer off-target effects, making it a safer and more
accurate genome-editing tool.

Advancements by CSIR in India

• The Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR) has developed an enhanced genome-editing system using FnCas&.
• It modifies DNA more precisely and efficiently than existing CRISPR technologies.
• FnCas& cuts target DNA at a higher rate, making it more effective in genetic engineering.

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 22
• It is better at detecting single-nucleotide changes, expanding its use in diagnostics and therapeutic applications.

Potential Applications of FnCas&

• Gene Therapy – Correcting genetic disorders with higher accuracy and safety.
• Biomedical Research – Understanding diseases at a molecular level.
• Precision Agriculture – Developing genetically modified crops with improved traits.
• Disease Diagnostics – Identifying mutations linked to genetic disorders more efficiently.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-fncas9-enzyme/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/csir-igib-lvpei-scientists-build-breakthrough-fncas9-crispr-aim-for-patent/arti-
cle)8&5)5&&.ece

2.6 Tirzepatide: The Weight-Loss Drug Nearing Approval in

India
• Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist, is used for type 2 diabetes management and weight loss.
• Developed by Eli Lilly, it is marketed as Mounjaro (diabetes) and Zepbound (weight loss).

Regulatory Status in India

• CDSCO (India’s drug regulator) has granted preliminary approval for Tirzepatide.
• CDSCO functions like the US FDA and oversees drug approval, import/export, and quality standards under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act
(1&40).
• Approval in India will require Phase IV post-marketing surveillance to monitor long-term safety and effectiveness.

How Tirzepatide Works

• GLP-1 control – Increases satiety, reducing appetite.
• GIP control – Unlike semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy), Tirzepatide also boosts GIP levels, further enhancing metabolism and insulin response.

Clinical Efficacy & Global Trials

• Average 20.&. weight loss over 72 weeks with the highest dose.
• Studies show higher effectiveness than semaglutide-based drugs like Ozempic, which was initially approved for diabetes but later used
off-label for weight loss.

Potential Risks & Concerns

• Cardiovascular effects – Increased heart rate, blood pressure.
• Gastrointestinal issues – Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.
• Endocrine risks – Potential thyroid C-cell tumors.
• Kidney and eye complications, gallbladder problems, and mental health concerns.

Why Tirzepatide Matters for India

• India has the second-highest number of type 2 diabetes patients.
• A 2(23 Lancet study reported 101 million Indians (11.4. of the population) have diabetes.
• The World Obesity Federation Atlas predicts that ~!!. of Indian adults will be obese by 2(3&.
With its dual-action mechanism and strong weight-loss potential, Tirzepatide could become a major treatment option for obesity and diabetes
in India, pending final regulatory approval.

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 23
2.7 Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Roen Olmi Mush-
room
• Researchers in Goa have successfully synthesized gold nanoparticles using Roen Olmi, a wild edible mushroom widely consumed in the
region.
• Belongs to the Termitomyces genus, commonly found growing on termite hills in the Western Ghats.
• Thrives in thick forest cover and high humidity, especially during the monsoon season.

Significance of Roen Olmi

• Converts (0. of dead plant material into nutrient-rich soil, playing a vital ecological role.
• Possesses antioxidant and antimicrobial properties with ethno-medicinal value across Asia and Africa.
• Prized for its high nutritional content, making it a valuable resource for local communities.

Gold Nanoparticles & Sustainable Synthesis

• Demand for gold nanoparticles is increasing in biomedical and biotech fields for drug delivery, medical imaging, and diagnostics.
• Traditional gold nanoparticle synthesis involves toxic chemical agents, while this method provides a sustainable alternative.
• The mushroom’s biological components reduce gold salts into nanoparticles, making the process eco-friendly and efficient.

Conservation & Ethical Considerations

• Researchers emphasize the conservation of Roen Olmi and its habitat in the Western Ghats.
• Advocating equitable benefit-sharing with indigenous communities, aligning with the Nagoya Protocol on biodiversity and fair access to
genetic resources.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/synthesis-of-gold-nanoparticles-from-roen-olmi-mushroom/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mushrooms-into-gold-goa-researchers-9!85!!(/

2.8 South Korea’s LK-99 Superconductivity Claim Revived

• South Korean scientists claimed room-temperature superconductivity
with LK-&&, an apatite-based material modified with copper substitution.
• Chinese researchers have now verified key superconducting traits in LK-
99 with !(. copper.
• The material exhibits superconductivity even in the presence of a magnetic
field.

What Are Superconductors?

• Materials that exhibit zero electrical resistance, allowing lossless elec-
tricity flow.
• Normally require very low temperatures to function.
• Discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1&11.

Types of Superconductors
• Lanthanum-Barium-Copper Oxide (LBCO)
• Yttrium-Barium-Copper Oxide (YBCO)
• Niobium-Tin (Nb3Sn)

Key Superconducting Properties

• Zero resistance to electric current.
• Meissner Effect & flux pinning, allowing magnetic levitation.
• Changes in electronic-specific heat during transition.
• Energy level gaps indicating superconducting states.

Applications of Superconductors
• Energy Transmission – Enables lossless long-distance power grids.
• MRI Machines – Creates strong, stable magnetic fields for medical imaging.
• Particle Accelerators – Essential for high-velocity particle movement.
• Maglev Trains – Enables frictionless high-speed travel.
• Quantum Computing – Helps in developing quantum state-based processors.
If fully verified, LK-&& could revolutionize energy transmission, medical imaging, and quantum computing, eliminating the need for ex-
treme cooling in superconductors. The discovery remains under scientific scrutiny as global researchers attempt to replicate the findings.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/study-revives-south-korea-superconductivity-claim/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/lk-99-room-temperature-superconductor-meissner-effect-explained/article)77()3((.ece

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 24
2.9 What is 3D Printing and how does it work?

• 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer from a digital model.
• Unlike subtractive manufacturing, which cuts material away, 3D printing builds objects from the ground up, reducing material waste.

How 3D Printing Works

• A computer is connected to a 3D printer.
• A design is created using CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software.
• Once finalized, the user presses ‘print,’ and the printer constructs the object layer by layer.
• Common materials used: ABS plastic, carbon fiber filaments, metal filaments, and bio-materials.

ISRO’s use of 3D Printing in Rocket Engines

• ISRO successfully tested a 3D-printed liquid rocket engine using additive manufacturing.
• The PS& engine for PSLV’s fourth stage was redesigned for 3D printing.
• Key advantages of 3D printing in space technology:
- Parts reduced from !& to a single piece.
- Eliminated !9 weld joints, improving reliability.
- Saved 97. raw material, making production more sustainable.
- Reduced manufacturing time by )(., leading to faster rocket production.

Applications of 3D Printing
• Aerospace and space exploration – Producing lighter, stronger rocket components.
• Medical industry – Creating prosthetics, implants, and bio-printed organs.
• Automobile sector – Manufacturing customized car parts efficiently.
• Construction – Printing houses and infrastructure at reduced costs.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-3d-printing-and-how-does-it-work/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/isro-3d-printing-rocket-engine-932!975/

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 25
2.10 Unlocking the Science of E-Ink Displays
• E-Ink displays are a unique screen technology commonly used in e-readers like Amazon Kindle.
• Developed in the 1&&0s at MIT, they are now owned by E Ink Corporation.

How E-Ink Displays Work

• Contain microcapsules filled with charged particles in a liquid.
• White particles (positively charged) and black particles (negatively charged) respond to electrical fields, rising to the surface to form text
and images.
• Reflect ambient light instead of using a backlight, reducing eye strain and making them readable in bright sunlight.

Advantages of E-Ink Displays

• Extremely low power consumption – draws power only when changing images, allowing static displays to last for weeks or months on minimal
charge.
• High visibility in daylight, unlike traditional LED and LCD screens.

Limitations
• Slow refresh rate, making them unsuitable for video or animation.
• Limited color and resolution, affecting image quality.
• High manufacturing cost, especially for large displays.

Applications
• Used in bus stop displays, digital signage, restaurant menu boards, and public information systems.
• Potential applications in smart labels, e-paper notebooks, and low-power digital displays.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/unlocking-the-science-of-e-ink-displays/

Source Link: https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/e-ink-displays-why-they-should-catch-on-9!2927(/

2.11 IFFCO’s Nano Zinc and Nano Copper Fertilisers Ap-

proved Under FCO
• Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) has received approval under the Fertiliser (Control) Order, 1&8( (FCO) for Nano
Zinc and Nano Copper liquid fertilisers.
• This marks a major step in integrating nanotechnology into Indian agriculture for improved nutrient efficiency and sustainability.

Key Features of Nano Zinc and Nano Copper Fertilisers

• Address micronutrient deficiencies, improving crop growth and productivity.
• Nano encapsulation ensures controlled release, enhancing nutrient absorption efficiency.
• Reduce fertiliser wastage and environmental pollution caused by excess application.
• Require smaller quantities than conventional fertilisers while offering higher effectiveness.
• Boost soil health by minimizing chemical buildup and enhancing microbial activity.

Significance of Zinc and Copper in Agriculture

• Zinc: Essential for enzyme activation, plant growth, and stress resistance.
• Copper: Plays a key role in chlorophyll formation, seed production, and enzymatic functions.

Significance & Strategic Advantages of Nano Fertilisers

• Improves Fertiliser Use Efficiency: Traditional fertilisers have low absorption rates (~3(.), while nano fertilisers provide 9(-!((. efficiency.
• Reduces Environmental Impact: Minimizes soil degradation, groundwater contamination, and eutrophication.
• Enhances Crop Yield & Food Security: Tackles multi-nutrient deficiencies in Indian soils.
• Supports Sustainable Agriculture: Reduces dependency on chemical fertilisers.
• Boosts Economic Benefits: Lower input costs due to improved nutrient retention and reduced fertiliser application.

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 26
2.12 India Graphene Engineering and Innovation Centre (IGE-
IC) Launched by MeitY

• The Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has launched the India Graphene Engineering and Innovation
Centre (IGEIC) under the vision of Viksit Bharat@204).
• This initiative aims to position India as a global leader in graphene research, development, and commercialization, supporting advanced mate-
rials innovation in various sectors.

What is Graphene?
• One-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms, arranged in a honeycomb lattice.
• Known for exceptional strength, electrical conductivity, thermal resistance, and flexibility.
• Used in semiconductors, batteries, coatings, and composite materials.

Applications of Graphene

Sector Use Case

Electronics Faster semiconductors, flexible displays, energy-efficient circuits
Defense Lightweight armor, advanced sensors, stealth coatings
Aerospace High-strength composites, heat-resistant coatings
Energy Graphene-based batteries, supercapacitors, solar panels
Healthcare Wearable biosensors, drug delivery, antimicrobial coatings

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 27
2.13 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded for breakthroughs in
Protein Science
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to David Baker for his contributions to compu-
tational protein design, and jointly to Demis Hassabis and John Jumper for their pioneering work in protein structure prediction.
• These advancements have revolutionized biochemistry, drug discovery, and biotechnology, enabling more precise manipulation of pro-
teins for various applications.

Protein structure prediction

• Involves determining the three-dimensional structure of a protein based on its amino acid sequence.
• Traditional methods such as X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are time-consuming and
expensive.
• AI-based models like AlphaFold, developed by Demis Hassabis and John Jumper, use deep learning algorithms to accurately predict
protein structures, significantly advancing the field.

Computational protein design

• Focuses on creating new proteins with specific functions using computer algorithms.
• David Baker’s research has enabled the design of synthetic proteins for medical and industrial applications.
• Applications include enzyme engineering, therapeutic proteins, and vaccine development.

Applications in healthcare and biotechnology

• Drug discovery: Helps in designing targeted therapies for diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
• Vaccine development: Enhances the creation of more effective and stable vaccines.
• Biotechnology: Engineered proteins are used in biofuels, waste management, and climate-resilient agriculture.

2.14 Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded for Advancements in

Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
• The 2(2& Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to John
J. Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton for their foundational con-
tributions to machine learning (ML) and artificial neural
networks (ANNs).
• Their research has transformed the way computers learn
from data, recognize patterns, and make intelligent deci-
sions, laying the foundation for modern artificial intelligence
(AI).

Machine Learning and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

• Machine learning enables computers to learn from ex-
perience without being explicitly programmed. It powers
technologies like speech recognition, image processing, and
predictive analytics.
• Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computer models in-
spired by the human brain. They consist of layers of artificial
“neurons” that process data and learn to identify patterns.
• ANNs are the backbone of deep learning, which enables AI
to understand natural language, recognize objects, and even
generate human-like text and images.

Applications of Machine Learning and ANNs

Field Application
Healthcare AI-based disease diagnosis, medical imaging, drug discovery.
Finance Fraud detection, risk analysis, and algorithmic trading.
Technology Voice assistants (Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant), chatbots.
Autonomous Systems Self-driving cars, AI-powered robotics.
Cybersecurity AI-driven threat detection and data encryption.

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 28
3. Energy & Environment
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2024] Consider the following: hydrogen? [UPSC CSE 2020] With reference to
1. Battery storage (a) Hydrogen peroxide solar water pumps, consider the following
2. Biomass generators (b) Hydronium statements:
3. Fuel cells (c) Oxygen 1. Solar power can be used for running
4. Rooftop solar photovoltaic units (d) Water vapour surface pumps and not for submersible
How many of the above are considered Pumps.
“Distributed Energy Resources”? [UPSC CSE 2024] Recently, the term 2. Solar power can be used for running
(a) Only one “pumped-storage hydropower” is actually centrifugal pumps and not the ones with
(b) Only two and appropriately discussed in the context of piston.
(c) Only three which one of the following? Which of the statements given above is/are
(d) All four (a) Irrigation of terraced crop fields correct?
(b) Lift irrigation of cereal crops (a) 1 only
[UPSC CSE 2024] Which one of the (c) Long duration energy storage* (b) 2 only
following is the exhaust pipe emission (d) Rainwater harvesting system (c) Both 1 and 2
from Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles powered by (d) Neither 1 nor 2

3.1 Activated Carbon Production from Coconut Husks for

Supercapacitors
• Researchers from Thiruvananthapuram have developed a method to produce activated carbon from coconut husks, a widely available
agricultural waste.
• The process was conducted at the Centralised Common Instrumentation Facility (CCIF) using a microwave-assisted pyrolysis reactor.
• The method produces high-quality activated carbon in just ( minutes, eliminates impurities, and generates zero waste.

Properties & Advantages

• The activated carbon has a surface area of !,2(( m//g with a highly porous structure, making it ideal for supercapacitor electrodes.
• Coconut husk-derived activated carbon is low-cost, sustainable, and efficient, offering an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic materials.

Supercapacitor Innovation
• Supercapacitors have higher capacitance and energy storage capacity than conventional capacitors.
• Prototype supercapacitors made from this material are four times more efficient than existing ones.
• The method is inexpensive and has demonstrated high power output, capable of powering 2 LEDs for 2( minutes.
• The innovation is under consideration for an Indian patent.

What is Activated Carbon?

• Also known as activated charcoal, it has a large surface area with tiny pores, giving it a high adsorption capacity.
• Attracts atoms, ions, or molecules from gases, liquids, or dissolved solids, making it highly effective in energy storage and filtration.

Applications
• Supercapacitors & Batteries – Enhances electrode performance, providing quick charge cycles and high energy density.
• Gas Purification – Used in semiconductor manufacturing and sensors to detect substances.
• Air & Water Purification – Applied in electronic cooling systems and cleanrooms for maintaining clean environments.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/activated-carbon-production-from-coconut-husks-for-supercapacitors/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/researchers-devise-method-to-develop-eco-friendly-supercapacitors-using-ac-
tivated-carbon-produced-from-coconut-husks/article)8352!89.ece

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 29
3.2 Air-Breathing Magnesium-Copper-Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell

• Researchers at the University of Kerala have developed an eco-friendly fuel cell that uses air and seawater as fuel.
• This magnesium-based fuel cell extracts oxygen from the air and utilizes saline water for power generation.
• The Magnesium-Copper-Cupric Oxide Fuel Cell features a cupric oxide layer over a copper substrate, enhancing its efficiency.

Key Features & Performance

• The fuel cell “breathes air,” producing only electricity, heat, and emitting pure water as a byproduct.
• The prototype delivers )V voltage and 0.3(A DC current for 10 minutes, demonstrating its potential for sustainable energy applications.
• Expected to challenge lithium-ion batteries with its higher power output and eco-friendliness.

Advantages & Applications

• Sustainable Energy Source – Uses seawater as fuel, reducing dependency on rare materials like lithium.
• Environmentally Friendly – Emits only pure water, unlike conventional batteries that contain toxic chemicals.
• Potential for Energy Storage – Could be used in remote coastal areas and marine applications where seawater is abundant.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/quantum-physics-behind-diapers-how-they-absorb-so-much-liquid/

Source Link: https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/how-diapers-use-quantum-physics-to-attend-to-natures-call-explained/arti-
cle)83(((&2.ece

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 30
3.3 Nuclear Fusion: KSTAR Reaches 100 Million Celsius

• South Korean scientists at the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE) achieved a 100 million Celsius temperature for 48 seconds in the
KSTAR fusion reactor.
• KSTAR maintained H-mode for over 100 seconds, setting a world record for plasma stability.

What is Nuclear Fusion?

• Fusion is the process of fusing hydrogen and light elements under extreme temperature and pressure, similar to reactions in the Sun and
stars.
• A tokamak reactor, a donut-shaped device, heats hydrogen variants to create plasma, replicating the Sun’s core conditions.
• ! kg of fusion fuel releases !( million times more energy than the same amount of coal, oil, or gas.

Significance of KSTAR’s Achievement

• Scientists aim to sustain 100 million degree plasma for 300 seconds by 202*, pushing fusion research boundaries.
• Progress at KSTAR contributes to international fusion projects like ITER in France.

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)

• ITER is a multinational fusion project founded in 200), based in Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
• It is run, funded, and designed by the EU, India, China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the US.
• Aims to study and demonstrate fusion energy as a potential limitless energy source.

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/nuclear-fusion-kstar-reaches-a-temperature-of-!((-million-celsius/

Source Link: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/artificial-sun-reaches-a-temperature-of-!((-million-celsius-for-re-
cord-period-know-in-detail/articleshow/!(89&925!.cms?from+mdr

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 31
4. Defence & Security
Prelims PYQs
[UPSC CSE 2024] Which of the following is/ [UPSC CSE ----] Consider the following [UPSC CSE 2023] With reference to Home
are correctly matched in terms of equivalent aircraft: Guards, consider the following statements:
rank in the three services of Indian Defence 1. Rafael 1 Home Guards are raised under the Home
forces? 2. MiG-29 Guards Act and Rules of the Central
Army : Airforce : Navy 3. Tejas MK-1 Government.
1. Brigadier : Air Commodore : How many of the above are considered fifth 2 The role of the Home Guards is to serve
Commander generation fighter aircraft? as an auxiliary force to the police in
2. Major General : Air Vice Marshal : Vice (a) Only one maintenance of internal security.
Admiral (b) Only two 3 To prevent infiltration on the international
3. Major : Squadron Leader : Lieutenant (c) All three border/coastal areas, the Border Wing
Commander (d) None Home Guards Battalions have been raised
4. Lieutenant Colonel : Group Captain : in some States.
Captain [UPSC CSE 2024] What are the duties of How many of the above statements are
Select the correct answer using the code the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) as Head of correct?
given below: the Department of Military Affairs? (a) Only one
(a) 1 and 4 1. Permanent Chairman of Chiefs of Staff (b) Only two
(b) 1 and 3 Committee. (c) All three
(c) 2,3,and 4 2. Exercise military command over the three (d) None
(d) 3 only Service Chiefs.
3. Principal Military Advisor to Defence [UPSC CSE 2018] What is “Terminal High
[UPSC CSE -----] Operations undertaken Minister on all tri-service matters. Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes
by the Army towards upliftment of the Select the correct answer using the code seen in the news ?
local population in remote areas to include given below: (a) An Israeli radar system
addressing of their basic needs is called: (a) 1,2,3 only (b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(a) Operation Sankalp (b) 1 and 2 only (c) An American anti-missile system
(b) Operation Maitri (c) 2 and 3 only (d) A defence collaboration between Japan
(c) Operation Sadbhavana (d) 1 and 3 only and South Korea
(d) Operation Madad
[UPSC CSE 2023] Consider the following
[UPSC CSE ----] Which of the following statements:
statements about ‘Exercise Mitra 1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at
Shakti-2023’ are correct? subsonic speeds throughout their fights,
1. This was a joint military exercise between while cruise missiles are rocket-powered
India and Bangladesh. only in the initial phase of flight.
2. It commenced in Aundh (Pune). 2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic
3. Joint response during counter-terrorism cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-
operations was a goal of this operation. fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
4. Indian Air Force was a part of this exercise. Which of the statements given above is/are
Select the answer using the code given correct?
below: (a) 1 only
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2 only
(b) 1 and 4 (c) Both 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 4 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(d) 2, 3 and 4 Answer: (d)

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 32
4.1 What is Exoatmospheric Interception?

• Israel intercepted an Iranian missile outside Earth’s atmosphere using an exoatmospheric kill vehicle.
• Exoatmospheric missiles, or anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), neutralize incoming ballistic missiles beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
• Kinetic kill vehicles like the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) destroy threats through high-speed collisions instead of explosives.

Israel’s Multi-Layered Air Defense System

• Iron Dome – Developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems with US support, operational since 2(!!. It intercepts rockets, mortars, and
drones.
• Arrow System – Includes Arrow-2 and Arrow-3 for long-range ballistic missile defense. Arrow-3 intercepts threats outside Earth’s atmo-
sphere with a detachable warhead.
• David’s Sling – A mid-range system intercepting ballistic missiles from !((-2(( km away. Developed jointly by Rafael Advanced Defense
Systems and Raytheon Co, it also counters aircraft, drones, and cruise missiles.

Significance of Exoatmospheric Interception

• Provides early interception capabilities, reducing damage from incoming nuclear or high-speed ballistic missiles.
• Enhances strategic deterrence by neutralizing threats before atmospheric re-entry.
• Strengthens defense against hypersonic and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).

Article Link: https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/what-is-exoatmospheric-interception/

Source Link: https://www.livemint.com/science/news/iranisrael-crisis-air-defence-system-exo-atmospheric-interception-anti-ballistic-mis-
sile-middle-east-arrow-3-science-!!7!3(858(8!59.html

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 33
4.2 CSIR-NAL Unveils High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS)
• CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)
has successfully tested the High Altitude
Pseudo Satellite (HAPS), a major advancement
in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology.
• HAPS is a solar-powered UAV capable of stay-
ing airborne for months or even years.
• Operates in the stratosphere at 18-20 km alti-
tude, well above commercial aircraft routes.

Key features of HAPS

• Designed for persistent surveillance, communi-
cation, and specialist science missions.
• Overcomes limitations of battery-powered UAVs
and satellites, offering cost-effective long-dura-
tion operations.
• Provides real-time intelligence and border
surveillance, addressing security concerns post-
Doklam standoff (2(!7).
• Deployable in disaster situations, offering
mobile communication networks in remote or
affected areas.
• Functions as “towers in the sky,” aiding in land
mapping and environmental monitoring.

Significance & strategic advantages

• Enhances India’s surveillance capabilities for border security and military applications.
• Reduces dependence on expensive satellite-based monitoring systems.
• Can be a crucial asset in disaster relief, climate research, and telecom expansion.

4.3 India’s Investment in Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs)

• India has recently made significant investments in the development of Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs) as part of its efforts to enhance
defense capabilities and modernize its military arsenal.
• The move aligns with India’s strategy to develop next-generation weapon systems for precision targeting, cost-effective warfare, and en-
hanced battlefield superiority.

What are Directed Energy Weapons (DEWs)?

• Weapons that use concentrated energy instead of kinetic force to disable, damage, or destroy enemy equipment, facilities, or personnel.
• Utilize electromagnetic energy, lasers, microwaves, or particle beams for targeted action.
• Designed for instantaneous impact with minimal collateral damage.

Types of DEWs

Category Technology Used Application

High-Energy Lasers (HELs) Laser beams Missile defense, UAV interception, aircraft protection
High-Power Microwaves (HPMs) Radiofrequency pulses Electronic warfare, disabling enemy communication
systems
Particle Beam Weapons (PBWs) Subatomic particles Anti-satellite warfare, space defense

India’s DEW Initiatives

• Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is developing DURGA II (Directionally Unrestricted Ray-Gun Array), a 100 kW
laser weapon for air defense.
• Laser-based systems are being tested to neutralize drones, a crucial capability after the 2020 Galwan clash and rising drone threats.

Flash Notes: Sci-Tech HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 34
 NEWSPAPER and MAGAZINES - UPSC
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WHAT ALL IS THERE IN THE MAIN CHANNEL

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Hindustan Times, MINT, Business Line, Times of India, The Daily Guardian,
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5. Daily Summary of Indian Express, exclusive for UPSC

6. Daily Subject-Wise Quiz

7. Knowledge Nugget of the Day - Daily one article with relevant dimensions for
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13. Magazines – Economic and Political Weekly, IE Essentials, Down To Earth, and
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