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Class Notes for doing CEH

The document outlines essential topics for the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification, including definitions, techniques, and tools related to ethical hacking. Key areas covered include reconnaissance, scanning networks, gaining access, malware threats, web application hacking, and social engineering. It also emphasizes the importance of reporting and documentation in communicating findings and recommendations.

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190 views

Class Notes for doing CEH

The document outlines essential topics for the Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification, including definitions, techniques, and tools related to ethical hacking. Key areas covered include reconnaissance, scanning networks, gaining access, malware threats, web application hacking, and social engineering. It also emphasizes the importance of reporting and documentation in communicating findings and recommendations.

Uploaded by

vaibhav12jan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Here’s a structured summary of notes for the **Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH)**

certification, organized by major exam topics:

---

## **1. Introduction to Ethical Hacking**


- **Definition**: Ethical hacking involves legally breaking into computers and
devices to test an organization's defenses.
- **Key Concepts**:
- **Hacker Types**:
- Black Hat: Malicious hackers.
- White Hat: Ethical hackers working to improve security.
- Gray Hat: Operate between ethical and unethical.
- **Five Phases of Hacking**:
1. **Reconnaissance**: Gathering information about the target.
2. **Scanning**: Identify live hosts, open ports, and vulnerabilities.
3. **Gaining Access**: Exploit vulnerabilities to enter systems.
4. **Maintaining Access**: Establish persistence in the system for long-term
access.
5. **Covering Tracks**: Remove evidence of the hack.
- **CEH Domains**: Includes network security, web application hacking, malware
analysis, and more.

---

## **2. Reconnaissance Techniques**


- **Types**:
- **Active Reconnaissance**: Direct interaction with the target (e.g., ping, port
scanning).
- **Passive Reconnaissance**: Indirect methods like social media or public
records.
- **Tools**:
- **WHOIS**: Domain information lookup.
- **nslookup/dig**: DNS queries.
- **Shodan**: Search engine for internet-connected devices.
- **Maltego**: Graphical link analysis tool for open-source intelligence (OSINT).

---

## **3. Scanning Networks**


- **Objectives**:
- Detect live systems.
- Identify open ports and services.
- Detect operating systems and system architecture.
- **Key Techniques**:
- **Ping Sweep**: Identify live hosts.
- **Port Scanning**: Detect open ports using tools like Nmap.
- **Vulnerability Scanning**: Use tools like Nessus or OpenVAS.
- **Nmap Commands**:
- `nmap -sS`: Stealth scan.
- `nmap -O`: Detect operating system.
- `nmap -A`: Enable OS detection, version detection, and traceroute.

---

## **4. Gaining Access**


- **Exploitation Techniques**:
- **Social Engineering**: Phishing, baiting, pretexting.
- **Password Attacks**: Brute force, dictionary attacks, and password spraying.
- **Exploiting Vulnerabilities**: Using tools like Metasploit or custom scripts.
- **Privilege Escalation**:
- Vertical: Gaining higher-level privileges (e.g., user to admin).
- Horizontal: Gaining access to other users at the same privilege level.
- **Tools**:
- Metasploit, Hydra, John the Ripper, SQLmap.

---

## **5. Malware Threats**


- **Types of Malware**:
- Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse, Ransomware, Keylogger, Spyware, Rootkits.
- **Techniques**:
- Polymorphic Malware: Changes code to evade detection.
- Steganography: Hiding data within other files (e.g., images).
- **Detection Tools**:
- Antivirus, sandboxing tools, reverse engineering tools (e.g., IDA Pro, Ghidra).

---

## **6. Sniffing**
- **Definition**: Capturing and analyzing network traffic.
- **Types of Sniffing**:
- Passive: Monitoring traffic without injecting packets.
- Active: Intercepting or modifying traffic (e.g., MITM attacks).
- **Tools**:
- Wireshark: Network protocol analyzer.
- Tcpdump: Command-line packet analyzer.
- **Countermeasures**:
- Encrypt traffic (e.g., HTTPS, VPNs).
- Use secure protocols (e.g., SSH over Telnet).

---

## **7. Web Application Hacking**


- **Common Attacks**:
- **SQL Injection**: Exploiting SQL queries to manipulate databases.
- **Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)**: Injecting malicious scripts into web pages.
- **Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)**: Forcing users to execute unwanted
actions.
- **Broken Authentication**: Exploiting weak session management.
- **Tools**:
- Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, SQLmap.
- **Prevention**:
- Input validation, secure coding practices, and web firewalls.

---

## **8. Wireless Network Hacking**


- **Key Concepts**:
- Wireless encryption protocols: WEP, WPA, WPA2, WPA3.
- Attacks: Evil twin, rogue access points, deauthentication.
- **Tools**:
- Aircrack-ng, Kismet, WiFite.
- **Countermeasures**:
- Strong encryption, disabling SSID broadcasting, MAC filtering.

---
## **9. Cryptography**
- **Key Concepts**:
- Symmetric Encryption: Uses one key (e.g., AES, DES).
- Asymmetric Encryption: Public and private keys (e.g., RSA, ECC).
- Hashing: One-way encryption (e.g., MD5, SHA-256).
- **Applications**:
- SSL/TLS for secure communication.
- Digital signatures for authentication.
- Blockchain for decentralized records.
- **Tools**:
- OpenSSL, Hashcat.

---

## **10. Social Engineering**


- **Types**:
- Phishing: Tricking users via fake emails or websites.
- Impersonation: Pretending to be someone else.
- Baiting: Offering something to gain access (e.g., USB drives).
- **Countermeasures**:
- User training and awareness.
- Multi-factor authentication (MFA).

---

## **11. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)**


- **Definition**: Overload a system or network to make it unavailable.
- **Tools**:
- LOIC (Low Orbit Ion Cannon), HOIC (High Orbit Ion Cannon), HULK.
- **Countermeasures**:
- Load balancers, rate-limiting, anti-DDoS services (e.g., Cloudflare).

---

## **12. Reporting and Documentation**


- **Purpose**:
- Communicate findings to stakeholders.
- Provide actionable recommendations for remediation.
- **Components**:
- Executive Summary: High-level overview.
- Technical Report: Detailed findings and evidence.
- Risk Assessment: Severity and likelihood of vulnerabilities.
- **Best Practices**:
- Be clear and concise.
- Include screenshots and logs as evidence.

---

### **Essential Tools for CEH**


- **Reconnaissance**: Maltego, Shodan.
- **Scanning**: Nmap, Nessus.
- **Exploitation**: Metasploit, Burp Suite.
- **Sniffing**: Wireshark.
- **Password Cracking**: Hydra, John the Ripper.
- **Web Testing**: SQLmap, OWASP ZAP.
- **Wireless Hacking**: Aircrack-ng, WiFite.

---
This summary provides a high-level overview of key CEH concepts and tools. Let me
know if you need detailed explanations for specific topics!

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