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DIP Lecture - 11

The lecture discusses image segmentation, focusing on methods such as edge-based and region-based segmentation. It covers the detection of discontinuities, including points, lines, and edges, as well as the application of first and second derivatives in edge detection. Key steps in edge detection are outlined, including image smoothing, edge point detection, and localization.

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11 views

DIP Lecture - 11

The lecture discusses image segmentation, focusing on methods such as edge-based and region-based segmentation. It covers the detection of discontinuities, including points, lines, and edges, as well as the application of first and second derivatives in edge detection. Key steps in edge detection are outlined, including image smoothing, edge point detection, and localization.

Uploaded by

unknownguy7705
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture – 11

(Image Segmentation, Part - 1)


Segmentation, Detection of Discontinuities, Point Detection, Line Detection,
Edge Detection, First and Second Derivatives at the Edge, Steps in Edge
Detection
By,
Dr. Ramesh Kumar Thakur
Assistant Professor
Center of AI, MANIT Bhopal
M.Tech (NIT DGP), PhD (IIT Patna), Postdoc (Northwestern University, USA)
Segmentation
• Segmentation subdivides an image into its constituent regions or objects until the objects of interest in an application
have been isolated.

• Two principal approaches:-

• Edge-based segmentation – partition an image based on abrupt changes in intensity (edges)

• Region-based segmentation – partition an image into regions that are similar according to a set of predefined criteria.
Detection of Discontinuities
• Detect the three basic types of gray-level discontinuities

– points , lines , edges

• Use the image sharpening techniques

– The first order derivatives produce thicker edges

– The second order derives have a strong response to fine detail, such as thin lines and isolated points, and noise

– Laplacian operation

• Can be done by running a mask through the image


Point Detection
Point Detection
Line Detection
• A special mask is needed to detect a special type of line.

• Examples: – Horizontal mask has high response when a line passed through the middle row of the mask.

• Apply every masks on the image, find the maximum response.

• Example: Let R1, R2, R3, R4 denotes the response of the horizontal, +45 degree, vertical and -45 degree masks,
respectively. if, at a certain point in the image |Ri| > |Rj|, for all j ≠i, that point is said to be more likely associated with
a line in the direction of mask i.
Line Detection
Edge Detection
• Edge detection is the approach for segmenting images based on abrupt changes in intensity.

• What is an edge – an edge is a set of connected pixels that lie on the boundary between two regions.

– an edge is a “local” concept whereas a region boundary, owing to the way it is defined, is a more global idea.

• Edge models – Step edge (Idea edge), ramp edge (thick edge), and roof edge.

• An image may contain all the three types of edges.


First and Second Derivatives at the Edge

• 1. The magnitude of the first derivative can be used to detect the presence of an edge at a point

• 2. Second derivative produces two values for every edge in an image. An imaginary straight line joining the extreme
positive and negative values of the second derivative would cross zero near the midpoint.

• zero-crossing point: the center of thick edges


Steps in Edge Detection
• 1. Image smoothing for noise reduction
• 2. Detection of edge points. Points on an edge
• 3. Edge localization
Numerical
1. Consider a one-dimensional image f(x) = [10 10 10 10 40 40 40 40 20 20] What is the first and second
derivative? Locate the position of edge.
• Ans:-

• The location of the edge is shaded.


• In the first derivative, the magnitude of change indicates the presence of an edge

• In the second derivative, change of sign indicates the presence of an edge.

• The second derivative gives an edge that is two pixels wide.

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