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Ch 1

The document introduces data communications, defining it as the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. It discusses fundamental characteristics, network criteria, physical structures, and categories of networks such as LANs, WANs, and MANs. Additionally, it highlights the importance of protocols in governing data communication, detailing their elements including syntax, semantics, and timing.

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8 views

Ch 1

The document introduces data communications, defining it as the exchange of data between devices via transmission mediums. It discusses fundamental characteristics, network criteria, physical structures, and categories of networks such as LANs, WANs, and MANs. Additionally, it highlights the importance of protocols in governing data communication, detailing their elements including syntax, semantics, and timing.

Uploaded by

mihirkanojia95
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Fundamental Characteristics
▪ Delivery
▪ Accuracy
▪ Timeliness
▪ Jitter
1.2
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

▪ Message : Text, audio, picture, video, number etc.


▪ Sender : Computer, Work station, telephone etc.
▪ Reciever : Computer, Work station, telephone etc.
▪ Transmission Medium: coaxial cable, fiber optic, RF
▪ Protocol: Set of rules that govern data communication.

1.3
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.4
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
▪ Network Criteria
▪ Physical Structures
▪ Categories of Networks
1.5
Network Criteria

■ Performance
■ Depends on Network Elements
■ Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
■ Reliability
■ Failure rate of network components
■ Measured in terms of availability/robustness
■ Security
■ Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
■ Errors
■ Malicious users

1.6
Physical Structures

■ Type of Connection
■ Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
■ Dedicated Link between the two devices
■ Entire link capacity is reserved for transmission
■ Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
■ More than two devices share a single link
■ Spatially shared / Time shared connection
■ Physical Topology
■ Refers to way the network is laid out physically
■ Two or more links form a topology

1.7
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.8
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.9
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

▪Every node has dedicated P2P link to every node


▪Total duplex links : n(n-1)/2
▪Advantages: No congestion, reliable, security, fault isolation
▪Disadvantage: No. of cables, I/O ports
▪Regional Telephone exchanges use ring topology

1.10
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

▪Every node has dedicated P2P link to central controller (hub)


▪Direct connections b/w nodes not allowed
▪Advantages: less expensive, robustness, fault isolation
▪Disadvantage: dependency on hub
▪LAN used star topology
1.11
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

▪Bus topology is multipoint.


▪Nodes connect to bus by drop lines and taps
▪Advantages: ease of installation, less cabling
▪Disadvantage: addition of new nodes, fault brings down entire system,
▪Early LAN used bus topology

1.12
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

▪Every node has dedicated P2P link with two nodes on either side
▪Signal is passed in one direction (by repeater) from node to another node till it
reaches destination
▪Advantages: easy to install, fault isolation
▪Disadvantage: unidirectional traffic, single repeater failure bring down network

1.13
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.14
Categories of Networks

■ Local Area Networks (LANs)


■ Short distances
■ Designed to provide local interconnectivity
■ Wide Area Networks (WANs)
■ Long distances
■ Provide connectivity over large areas
■ Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
■ Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

1.15
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.16
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.17
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.18
1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:


Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1.19
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

1.20
1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of


rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing

Topics discussed in this section:


▪ Syntax
▪ Semantics
▪ Timing

1.21
Elements of a Protocol

■ Syntax
■ Structure or format of the data
■ Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
■ Semantics
■ Interprets the meaning of the bits
■ Knows which fields define what action
■ Timing
■ When data should be sent and what
■ Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being
received.

1.22

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