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smstc-adhm-2020-slides

The document outlines a lecture on the ADHM construction of instantons, detailing the historical context and mathematical frameworks involved. It discusses the role of quaternionic structures and gauge theories in the construction of instantons, including various generalizations and applications. Key concepts include the use of orthogonal bundles, self-duality, and the implications for monopole equations and dimensional reductions.

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7 views18 pages

smstc-adhm-2020-slides

The document outlines a lecture on the ADHM construction of instantons, detailing the historical context and mathematical frameworks involved. It discusses the role of quaternionic structures and gauge theories in the construction of instantons, including various generalizations and applications. Key concepts include the use of orthogonal bundles, self-duality, and the implications for monopole equations and dimensional reductions.

Uploaded by

miru park
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The ADHM Construction of Instantons

Bernd Schroers
Heriot-Watt University
b.j.schroers@hw.ac.uk

SMSTC Geometry of Gauge Fields, 2020/21


Outline of Lecture

History of multi-instantons

Levi-Civita revisited

Quaternionic Levi-Civita

ADHM and generalisations


A really useful piece of pure mathematics

Let k = |c2 |, G = SU(2)


I Ansätze: ’t Hooft 1976: 5k, Jackiw, Nohl, Rebbi 1977: 5k+4
I Atiyah, Hitchin and Singer, Deformations of Instantons: uses index
theory on linearised equation to show that SU(2) instanton modulli
space is 8k − 3-dimensional
I Atiyah and Ward, Instantons and Algebraic Geometry 1977: twistor
methods to show completeness of a generalised ansatz
I Atiyah, Hitchin, Drinfeld, Manin 1978: explicit construction and
completeness; ‘No doubt you have already realised this’
M. F. Atiyah, Geometry of Yang-Mills Fields, Lezioni Fermiane, Pisa
1979
Outline of Lecture

History of multi-instantons

Levi-Civita revisited

Quaternionic Levi-Civita

ADHM and generalisations


Orthogonal subbundles

Let E → M be a rank n real vector bundle over the real manifold M which
is a subbundle of a trivial bundle M × Rn+k . Use inner product on Rn+k to
split
Rn+k = Ex + Ex⊥ , ∀x ∈ M, Ex = π −1 (x).
so that dimEx⊥ = k . Define families of orthogonal projectors for x ∈ M
projecting onto E:

Px : Rn+k → Rn+k , Px (v ) = 1, v ∈ Ex , PEx⊥ = 0,

and similarly onto Ex⊥


Qx = idn+k − Px .
Dropping subscript x we have

P 2 = P, P † = P, Q 2 = Q, Q † = Q, PQ = QP = 0.
Connection from projection

Then
E = {(x, v ) ∈ M × Rn+k |Px (v ) = v }
and sections are maps

x 7→ (x, f (x)), Px f (x) = f (x)

Define connection on E via


Df = Pdf .
Choosing a gauge for E

Pick unitary gauge via

ux : Rn → Rn+k , u † u = idn P = uu †

Then, set f = ug for g : M → Rn , and note

Df = uu † (dug + udg) = u(dg + u † dug),

so
A = u † du,
and
F = du † ∧ du + u † du ∧ u † du.
Expression in terms of the orthogonal bundle

Note

Q = Q 2 ⇒ dQ = QdQ + dQQ, Qf = 0 ⇒ dQf = −Qdf .

and define GL(n + k, R) gauge potential B = QdQ. Then, for maps


f : M → Rn+k ,
DB f = df + Bf = df + dQf − dQQf .
On sections of E, we have Qf = 0, so

DB f = df − Qdf = Pdf = Df ,

so B extends D to all Rn+k -valued functions on M, and

FB = dQ ∧ dQ.

Projecting to E gives

F = PdQ ∧ dQP = PdP ∧ dPP.


Choosing a gauge for the orthogonal bundle

Now choose a gauge for E ⊥ :

vx : Rk → Rn+k , u†v = 0

which need not be orthogonal: the k × k matrix

ρ2 = v † v

is not fixed. Then


Q = v ρ−2 v † ,
and

F = PdQ ∧ dQP
= P(v ρ−2 dv † + vdρ−2 v † + dv ρ−2 v † ) ∧ (v ρ−2 dv † + vdρ−2 v † + dv ρ−2 v † )P
= Pdv ρ−2 v † ∧ v ρ−2 dv † P
= Pdv ρ−2 ∧ dv † P.
Outline of Lecture

History of multi-instantons

Levi-Civita revisited

Quaternionic Levi-Civita

ADHM and generalisations


Quaternions and self-duality

Let i, j, k be the basis of quaternions, with

i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = −1, ij = −ji = k + cycl., ī = −i, j̄ = −j, k̄ = −k,

and define the set of quaternions

H = {x = x0 + x1 i + x2 j + x3 k|x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ∈ R}.

Then

dx ∧ d x̄ = −2(dx0 ∧ dx1 + dx2 ∧ dx3 )i − 2(dx0 ∧ dx2 + dx3 ∧ dx1 )j


− 2(dx0 ∧ dx3 + dx1 ∧ dx2 )k

is a linear combination of self-dual 2-forms. Also recall identifications

{q ∈ H|q q̄ = 1} ' SU(2) {q ∈ H|q0 = 0} ' su(2).


Quaternionic bundles

Take M = S 4 = P1 (H), and

Rk Hk , Rn Hn, Rn+k H n+k .

with matrix multiplication from left, but scalar H action from the right
ξ 7→ ξ q̄. All formulae of previous section still apply, but now get
quaternion-valued 2-form

F = Pdv ρ−2 ∧ dv † P.

Pick n = 1 for simplicity. Then, if we can choose v so that ?F = F and


F̄ = −F , we find that F is a self-dual su(2)-valued 2-form!
Outline of Lecture

History of multi-instantons

Levi-Civita revisited

Quaternionic Levi-Civita

ADHM and generalisations


ADHM

1. Take v (x, y ) = Cx + Dy, x, y ∈ H, C, D ∈ H (k +n)×k .


2. Assume maximal rank for (x, y ) 6= (0, 0). Image of v is k-dimensional
subspace of H n+k which only depends on xy −1 .
3. Restrict to R4 ⊂ S 4 where y 6= 0 and pick affine coordinate (x, 1).
4. Assume that ρ2 = (x̄C † + D † )(Cx + D) is real for each x ∈ H.
Counting instantons

Write L for the tautological quaternionic line over P1 (H) with c2 = −1. In
construction via v ,
E⊥ = L ⊕ . . . ⊕ L
| {z }
k terms
⊥
Since E ⊕ E is trivial, and Chern number is additive

c2 (E) = k.

Thus, for n = 1,
F = PCdxρ−2 ∧ d x̄C † P,
is SU(2) instanton with c2 =k.
Picking a gauge

Can pick gauge where


 
Λ
v (x) = ,
B − xidk

with n × k constant quaternionic matrix Λ and k × k constant quaternionic


matrix B. Have to solve non-linear condition

Λ† Λ + B † B = Λ† Λ + B † B,

for symmetric B. Then solve linear, x-dependent matrix equation

v †u = 0

for u to find explicit formula for A and F !


Generalisations

I Monopole equation FA = ± ? Dφ as dimensional reduction of


instanton equation from 4 to 3.
I Nahm construction of charge-m SU(2) magnetic monopoles from
solutions of system of matrix ODEs

dTi 1
(s) = ijk [Tj (s), Tk (s)]
ds 2
for m × m matrix functions T1 , T2 , T3 , and solution of ‘Dirac equation’
 
d
+ (T1 + ix1 )σ1 + (T2 + ix2 )σ2 + (T3 + ix3 )σ3 ψ = 0
ds
I ADHMN construction: relates self-duality equations in d and (4 − d)
dimensions.
I Fourier-Mukai transform T 4 ↔ (T 4 )∗ .

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