Bacteria

Gram-
Gram- Acid-Fast Negative
Positive

Mycobacterium
Non-Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis Other Rods Enterobacteriaceae
Mycobacteria
complex
(NTM)
(MTB)

Mantoux Skin Skin lesions + Ulcers Aerobic

Aerobic -Cocci Rods (false positive for (Cannot be cultured) Aerobic Intracellular Anaerobic
BCG vaccine) Test (+) + Facial dysfiguration (Microaerophilic)

M. Tuberculosis
M. leprae Doesnt
Ferments
ferment Only Ferments
Aerobic Anaerobic Encapsulated Glucose and
CATALASE CATALASE chest pain, Nonencapsulated
Culturable Glucose
Unculturable Lactose
(-) coughing
(+)
(streptococci) w/blood, fever, Urease (+) Urease (-) Shigella
(staphylococci)
E. coli
Spore- Nonspore- Spore- night sweats, V. cholerae
Chlamydia
Forming Forming Forming loss of weight Brucella S. Typhi
Motile Nonmotile Motile
(C. trachomatis; H. pylori Clampylobacter
and apetite Nonmotile C. psittaci;
C. pneumonia) Contaminated
water: Typhi: Shigella: Cholerae:
C. botulinum Brucellosis: Trachomatis: Acute gastritis, Contaminated ETEC; EHEC;
COAGULASE COAGULASE ALPHA Contaminated Shigelosis Fresh/salt water and
B. anthracis C. diphtheria C. tetani H. influenzae H. influenzae consumption of
(+) (-) HEMOLYSIS P. aeroginosa T. pallidum NGU, mucoid duodenal ulcer, chicken meat: EIEC; EAEC; poultrey & water (bacillary food
BETA GAMMA C. difficile
(type HiB) ^(not typeable) contaminated
(partial) discharge, gastric ulcers G.I. disease EPEC dysentery) life-threatening
HEMOLYSIS HEMOLYSIS N. Gonorrheae products
Pulmonary: Thick greyish Trachoma,
Meningitis, ^(piliated) Gastroenteritis: diarrhea
(complete) (n/a) (Inhalation) exudate form in the Botulinum: epiglottitis, septic Causes syphilus: lymphogranulom COLONIZE Treatments: G.U. infections nausea, vomiting, Bloody diarrhea,
S. aureus Nocobiocin woolsorter’s disease throat and tonsil, Nosocomial infections Genital/oral Entry: cuts, GI, venereum, neonatal STOMACH
Campylobacter Jejuni:
and neonatal diarrhea, abdominal
Bile + Optochin Food poisoning: difficulty arthritis Influenzae: Acute enetritis, Traveler’s mucus, Treatments:
Sensitivity fatigue, sore throat chancre, rashes and inhalation conjuvitis meningitis
cramps, fevers
Virbrio Cholera:
S. pyogenes (Grp A) sensitivity seeing, difficulties in cranial Otitis media, sinusitis,
diarrhea,
abdominal
S. agalactiae (Grp B) E. faecalis Intestinal: (ingestion) Resp. Tract: Pneumonia, papules, Treatments: Pseudoappendicitis Cholera
nerve function, progressive bronchopneumonia Erythromycin Typhoid Fever: cramps Doxycycline
E. faecium Complications: congestive heart failure, Treatment:
degredation of Psittaci: Helicobacter
Exofoliative/Exofoliatin muscle paralysis Amipicillin/clavulanate Pylori:
Ciprofloxacin fever, abdominal Ciprofloxacin
Toxin: Sensitive Resistant Cutaneous: (contact) Suffication, cystic fibrosis nervous system zoontonic (birds),
Sensitive Resistant Floppy Baby Syndrome: Cefotaxime
Gonorrhoeae: Treatments: Acute Gastritis: cramps, chills, sweats, Treatments:
Staph. Scalded Skin Pyogen: subcutaneous myocarditis, sudden infant death syndrome
Ceftriaxone
Detailed history of flu-like; Amoxicillin headache, weakness, In general:
Trimethoprim/Sulfameth
Syndrome; Bulbous Impetigo G.U. infections, inoculation polyneuritis G.I.: diarrhea, Pus, tissue invasion, Treatments:
anorexia β - Lactam Cephalosporin
Acute ----------------
oxazole
Congenital parient needed.
spleenpo/hepatom Clarithromycin Urinary Infections:
S. epidermidis S. saprophyticus bacteremia, chronic inflammation Treatment is done via a Proton-pump
Pharyng/Tonsilitis: S. pneumoniae S. viridans necrotising enterocolitis Syphilus: egaly Ciprofloxacin
Toxic Shock Syndrome Tetani: G.U: combination of Inhibitor
scarlet fever(rash) endocarditis, Papules appear and TRANSMISSION: Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Treatments:
Toxin: Spores germinate in tissue by Death or still birth, antibiotics
Opportunistic G.U. infections in pelvic infections,
may lead to repiratory droplets CNS: meningitis, brain Male: yellow, Tetracycline Local/Systemic Disease: Serovars Typhi
Toxic Shock Syndrome entering through burns, surgery, similar symptoms to Pneumonia: Ampicillin Enteric (Typhoid) Fever
nosocomial infections female Invasive Grp. A Sinusitis, otitis meningitis purulent urethral Rifampin
Opportunistic septicemia abscesses secondary syphilus pharyngitis, Cefotaxime
No Hemolysis Strep. disease: and drugs discharge,
and Parathyroid fever
media, pneumonia, infections, pelvic An Aminoglycoside
Ceftriaxone
Other conditions: Folliculitis;
Can produce cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis LOCK-JAW, spastic paralysis, laryngitis, brochitis, Ciprofloxacin
Furuncles; bacteremia; meningitis, infections, Treatment
Female: endocervix Ciprolfoxacin
polysacc. slime VERY RESISTANT Treatment: muscle spasms Treatments: pneumonia Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
pneumonia; osteomyelitis Norfloxacin (treatment)
Pyodermal endocarditis, endocarditis Cutaneous: Treatments: infection, greenish- Meningitis (infants):
No hemolysis to multiple Erythromycin, ------------------------- Treatment of mother with
infections: bacteremia Ciproflaxacin Treatment w/antibiotics is appropriate antibiotics prevents yellow discharge Cefotaxime
Beta-hemolytic Erysipelas, impetigo, actue antibiotics Pulmonary Anthrax: Penicillin G Difficile: difficult due to resistance transmission to fetus
glomerulonephritis Ciprofloxacin,
Pharyngitis (oral-
Vancomycin (treatment) Excessive antibiotic use Antipsuedomonal-β- (Trachomatis) (Psittaci; pneumonia)
Treatment: Penicillin G Rifampin, and Multiple diseases may genital): purulent
Strep. Toxic Shock Pseudocolitis, diarrheal disorders lactams Treatment Treatment
Clindamycin need to be treated pharyngeal exudate
First-line -> MSSA (treatment) Erythromycin and
Syndrome OR Ceftazidime Penicillin Erythromycin,
Penicillinase-resistant Doxycyline
Ciprofloxacin, Tobramycin Azithromycin,
penicillins Rifampin, Vancomycin Ophthalmia
Penicillin G Ciprofloxacin No vaccine Doxycyline
Cephalosporins
(treatment) Neonatorium: may lead
MRSA:
(Botulinum) (Tetani) to blindness
Vancomycin IV
Treatment: Treatment
Linezolid/Daptomycin Horse anti-toxin (anti-
disseminated infection:
Vaccination ~ DTaP (for
Clindamycin or toxin) kids) pustules on skin
Trimethoprim- Penicillin (infant botulism) Penicillan
sulfamethoxazole Toxin can be inactivated by Tetnus hyperimmune
Agalactiae: (Gonorrhea)
boiling temp. globulin Treatments:
Adults ~ Spores killed via autoclaving Horse anti-toxin Partner should also be
endometriosis,
treated
osteomyelitis, Cephalosporin
septic arthritis (Difficile) No vaccine or natural
Treatment: immunity

Virus
Neonatal ~ Sepsis, Discontinuation of drug
Fluid replacement
pneumonia,
Vancomycin and
meningitis
Metronidazole

Vancomycin
(treatment)

DNA RNA

Mycoses
(+) Single stranded w/ reverse
Icosahedral (+) Single stranded (-) Single stranded Double Stranded
transcriptase
(+ssRNA) (-ssRNA) (dsRNA)
Cutaneous (Superficial) Systemic (+ssRNA-RT)

Enveloped Nonenveloped Flaviviridae Orthomyxovirdae Paramyxoviridae Retrovirus

Dermatophytoses True Pathogens Opportunistic Pathogens

Rubulavirus (Mumps) HIV
HCV (hepatitis C) Influenza virus
Morbilivirus (Measles)
Hepadnavirus Herpesviridae Adenoviridae
Coccidioides Immitis: Histoplasma Blastomyces Dermatitidis: Candida Albicans Aspergillus Fumigatus
Characterized by: Coccidioidomycosis Capsulatum: Blastomycosis (can be systemic) Aspergellosis - acute Causes AIDS
Chronic persistent
Itching and scaling skin patches Histoplasmosis Dimorphic fungus Candidiasis - overgrowth pulmonary infection tissue destruction,
Hepatitis, chronic active Type A: Animal resevoir Mumps: Measles:
Valley Fever Dimorphic fungus, yeast of candida albicans immunodecificient state.
HBV hepatitis cirrhosis, Types A & B affect humans encephalitis, swelling of fever, a red rash, cough
Identified according to affected Adenovirus
in tissue. Cutaneous Blastomycosis which is a normal flora Symptoms: hepatocellular salivary gland and watery eyes TRANSMISSION: sexual
tissue Chronic cutaneous coughing blood, fever, carcinoma TRANSMISSION: aerosols
coccidioidomycosis with Acute pulmonary (Large round with thick Infects moist membrane malaise, weight loss, AlphaHerpesviridae BetaHerpesviridae GammaHerpesviridae contact, transfusions,
can cause no symptoms, contaminated needle use,
Treatment: granulomatous lesions on infection walls and broad buds under of the body airway obsurction, TRANMISSION: Reduces Ciliary clearance
acute, or chronic perinatal transmission
Topical Antifungals: miconazole face a microscope) fungus ball (lung X-Ray) transfusion, leading to reduced clearance Vaccine: MMR
infections
or clotrimazole Treatment: Treatment: transplants, injecting of infectious agents
Oral Antifungals: for refractory Ketaconazole (oral Amphotericin B and HSV-1 HCMV (HSV-5) Epstein-Barr virus (HSV-4)
TRANSMISSION: contact drugs, accidental needle
infection and for antifungal) surgical removal of HSV-2 injury (Hemagglutinin Protein) -
with body fluids
ONYCHOMYCOSIS Amphotericin B for fungal mass/infected Varicella-Zosteer (HSV-3) induces cell multiplication and Attaches virus to cell and
Treatment:
systemic tissue immortalization allows entry
Amphotericin B Cause of intraurterine
infections & congenital Treatment: (Neuraminidase Protein) -
Tinea Pedis Tinea Corporis Tinea Capitis Oral Candidiasis: Female Genital Tract Above the waist Below the waist Chicken-pox (Varicella) pharyngitis, lymphadenopathy, Interferon-Gamma Digests neuraminic acid on
abnormalities
(Athletes Foot) (Ringworm) (Fungal infection of Oral Thrush - infection in Candidiasis: infections: HSV-1 infections: HSV-2 Reactivation: shingles splenomegaly, fever Chronic actvie host surface
Infection between Lesions on skin the head/scalp) the mouth Caused by antibiotic (zoster) hepaitis, relapse
Infected cells are greatly
toes. advancing rings with Scalp ringworm treatment (HSV-3) Burkitts lymphoma (jaw) high Vaccine (Trivalent
enlarged in size and
scaly centers lesions Diaper Rash nasopharyngeal carinoma Ribavirin Inactivated Vaccine TIV);
Gingivostomatitis Genital tract lesions multinucleated
Transmission via feet Symptoms: intense TRANSMISSION: TRANSMISSION: intimate contact less expensive Live attenuated virus
Tinea Manuum Cutaneous Candidiasis Pharyng/tonsilitis
Transmission via burning and discharge Respiratory droplets with saliva (virus containing) (LAIV)
(Hand Infection) Painful lesions w/fever, TRANSMISSION: Sexual Fever, muscle pain,
Sweating causes household pet Treatment:
Infection of the skin malaise, and myalgia contact, birth canal passage lymphadenopathy
vulnrebility to Zanamivir, Oseltamivir
Tinea Unguinum on the hand keratoconjunctivitis Damage to liver, splen,
disease Neuraminidase
(onychomycosis) bloodforming oragns, CNS
Tinea Cruris TRANSMISSION: saliva Rimantadine,
Infection of the nails
(Jock-itch) destruction of GI, Amantadine
Infection of the groin hepatitis, pneumonia
and pubic skin (immunosurp. & deficient (Uncomplicated) Muscle (Pulmonary) Croup, cough,
patients) aches, fatigue, fever, dry dyspnea, stridor
Transmission via cough, nasal discharge,
contaminated towels photophobia (Nonpulmonary) :
(highly contagious) encephalopathy, Reye’s
Syndrome, Myositis,
Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Helminths(worms)
Protozoa

Pseudopods Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoans Nematodes (Round Worm) Cestodes (Tape Worm) Trematodes (Flukes)
(Movement by Pseudopodia) (Movement by Flagella) (Movement by Cilia) (Do not move)

Plasmodium Spp. Ascaris Lumbricoides Achinococcus Granulosus Schistosoma Mansoni; S.

Schistosoma haematobium
Entamoebae Histolytica ex: Plasmodium falciparum (Giant Round Worm) japonicum
(Urinary disease)
(liver and intestinal disease)

Blood Protozoal Infection:

Ascariasis Cystic Hydatid Disease (Cystic
Intestinal Protozoal Infections: Malaria Schistosomiasis
Echinococcus)
Amoebiasis (Blood infection: Bilharzia)
Complete digestive tract
Vector: Female Anopheles
No digestive tract
Resevoir Host: Human Mosquitoes Incomplete digestive tract
Habitat: small intestine
Route of infection: fecal-oral route Resevoir Host: Humans
Infective Stage: Fertile eggs Definitive Host: Dog
(i.e. through ingestion) Route of infection: Anopheles Transmission: Cercaria from snails, free
Life Cycle: egg ingestion -> larval migration Accidental Host: Human
Infective Stage: Mature Cyst Mosquito bite; swimming in water and penetrate the skin
Transmission: Ingestion of eggs Intermediate Host: Sheep
Cyst resists chlorine used in water Human-to-Human (blood
Infective Stage: Fertile eggs
treatment transfusion or contaminated Tiny granuloma and scars on site of
The larvae invade the intestinal mucosa Transmission: ingestion of infected feces
needles) infection
and travel via the blood to the lungs.
Symptoms: Life Cycle: Sexual stages in
Symptoms:
asymptomatic to luminal dysentery mosquito; Asexual stages in liver Symptoms:
Symptoms: Hepatomegaly, abdominal paion, cough
(diarrhea escalation to bloody and red blood cells fibrosis of liver, portal hypertension,
Phase 1- Migratory phase: hepatitis (sometimes w/blood), pressure, cystic
diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, Symptoms: haematuria, obsturctive uropathy
pneumonitis, allergic reactions, esnophilia. rupture causes severe allergic reaction
stool w/mucus and blood) Periodic fever, flu-like symptoms
Can cause Amoebic Abscess on
Phase 2- Intestinal Infection: nutritional Pathogenesis:
organs such as the liver Complications:
defeciency, intestinal obstruction Eggs develop into hydatid cysts which are
Cerebral malaria, Blackwater
surrounded by germinal epithelium filled
Identification and Diagnosis: fever, proteinuria, tropical
Gastrointestinal discomfort, colic, with clear fluid and contain protoscoloces
Sample: Feces spleenomegaly
vomiting, fever, worms in stool
Diagnostic Stage: mature cyst or
trophozoite Pathogenesis:
Serological tests for clotted blud Haemolysis via toxic metabolites
Biopsy from edge of liver abscess (cause fever)
Plug capillaries by infected RBC
Treatment:
Antiprotozoal medication ~ Identification and Diagnosis:
metronidazole Thick blood smear: w/Giemsa stain
to show parasite within RBC
Think blood smear: Detect species
Serological tests
AGARS TO MEMORIZE:

Sheep Blood Agar Hektoen Agar Chocolate Agar McConkey Agar

S. aureus; S. Epidermidis Shigella; Salmonella Haemophilus w/X and V factors B. Anthracis; Salmonella; V. Cholerae;
P. aeruginosa

Tinsdale Agar Blood Agar Thayer-Martin Chocolate Agar Lowenstein Jensen Medium

C. Diphtheria (w/tellurite) B. Anthracis; V. Cholerae: Clampylobacter

N. gonorrhoeae M. Tuberculosis
P. aeruginosa w/antibiotics
Brucella

AGARS TO MEMORIZE: