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Dokument 5

Membrane proteins are categorized into integral and surface proteins based on their structure and function, including transport, anchoring, receptor, and enzyme proteins. Biological membranes exhibit properties such as fluidity, asymmetry, and selective permeability, allowing for various types of transport including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Osmosis describes the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution.

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2 views

Dokument 5

Membrane proteins are categorized into integral and surface proteins based on their structure and function, including transport, anchoring, receptor, and enzyme proteins. Biological membranes exhibit properties such as fluidity, asymmetry, and selective permeability, allowing for various types of transport including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. Osmosis describes the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a hypotonic to a hypertonic solution.

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introoprocks
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Membrane proteins :

Integrals - have hyphrophobic parts that penetrate the interior of the

bilayer and hydrophilic parts that contact the environment:

- trans-membrane integrals,

- integral that do not penetrate the membrane,

Surface - have hydrophilic properties, so they do not penetrate the

lipid bilayer.

Based on their functions, they are distinguished:

Transport proteins - enable the exchange of substances between the cell and the

environment and between compartments of the cell,

Anchoring proteins - increase the mechanical resistance of the membrane,

Receptor proteins - receive signals from the external and internal environment.

internal environment,

Enzyme proteins - accelerate certain processes in the cell

3. properties of biological membranes

● Fluidity - results from the continuous movement of

of phospholipids

● Asymmetry - results from the specific composition of the

of lipids and proteins in the two layers, e.g., only the

outer layer has glycolipids and

glycoproteins (these form the so-called glycocalyx - which protects the

cell from damage and involved in

cell recognition)

● Selective (selective) permeability -.

only certain molecules


Types of transport across the membrane

1.Simple diffusion- free passage of water and small,

soluble molecules e.g. water, molecular oxygen,

nitrogen, carbon dioxide

From a solution of higher concentration to a solution of lower concentration

less

2.Facilitated diffusion - the penetration of molecules is assisted

is by transport proteins, e.g. amino acids, glucose

from a solution of higher concentration to a solution of lower concentration

smaller

3. active (active)transport-the movement of

molecules using energy from the breakdown of ATP, e.g., the action of the

sodium-potassium pump in the membrane of neurons

From a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration

greater

Osmosis

Osmosis - a process involving the passage of water across a membrane

semi-permeable membrane.

Water flows from a less concentrated (hypotonic) solution

To a more concentrated solution (hypertonic).

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