Starter Grammar reference

Present simple and present some-/any-/no-/every-

continuous compounds
• we use the present simple for facts, habits and
some- any- no- every-
routines
Person someone/ anyone/ no one/ everyone/
She usually gets on very well with everyone. somebody anybody nobody everybody
• we use the present continuous for actions in progress Thing something anything nothing everything
or a developing situation Place somewhere anywhere nowhere everywhere
They’re painting the living room.
• -body and -one have the same meaning
• some verbs have different meanings in the present There’s someone/somebody in the garden.
simple and the present continuous such as have, be,
think, look, smell, see • we generally use some- in positive sentences and
We have too much luggage. (possession) any- in negative sentences
We’re having a rest. (activity) I know someone who collects comics.
I don’t know anyone who’s very rich.
Past simple and present • in most questions we use any-, but for offers we use
perfect some-
Does anyone know the answer?
• we use the past simple for completed actions in the
past with expressions that specify the time when Would someone like the last piece of cake?
they happened • we don’t use verbs in the negative with no-
Paul discovered a diary in one of the drawers yesterday. There is nobody in the classroom. ✓
• we use the present perfect for actions in the past There isn’t no one in the classroom. ✗
without specifying when they happened
Lorna has seen this film before. Future tense review
Time expressions • we use will or won’t + infinitive without to for
With past simple With present perfect decisions made at the moment of speaking and
predictions with little evidence now
when I was younger, recently, lately, ever/
yesterday, last week, never, for three years, Are you thirsty? I’ll get you a glass of water.
in January, in 2015, since March, already, In 20 years, people won’t have to go to school.
five years ago, for yet, just • we use be going to for plans or decisions made
before and predictions with evidence now
Past tenses: past simple and I’m going to tidy my room this weekend.
past continuous It’s nine o’clock in the morning and it’s already 25°C.
It’s going to be very hot today.
• we use the past simple for finished actions in the past
I wrote an email to my music teacher. • we use the present continuous for future
arrangements with a fixed date or time
Nicki didn’t take the bus to school.
Why did Tina call you on Saturday? Marco is meeting us at the airport an hour before
the flight.
• we use the past continuous for an action that was in
progress in the past • we use the present simple for timetabled events
Bob was writing a message to me. The live stream starts at seven o’clock.
They weren’t watching TV.
Who were you talking to at the party?
• we can use both tenses in the same sentence for
an action in the past (past simple) that interrupts or
happens during another action in progress in the past
(past continuous)
Katya’s dad called her for dinner while she was writing
her blog.
Were you having dinner when you heard the news?
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 Grammar practice Starter

Present simple and present Past tenses: past simple and

continuous past continuous
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Choose the correct option.
1 Oh, no! The bus leaves/is leaving. I’m going to 1 Karen didn’t hear/wasn’t hearing you when you
miss it! called her name.
2 Excuse me. How much does this cost/ 2 I heard about it on the news while I ate/
is this costing? was eating dinner.
3 Natalie doesn’t usually eat/isn’t usually eating 3 She picked/was picking up my book and gave/
lunch with us. was giving it to me.
4 Do you go/Are you going out? Can you buy 4 We watched/were watching the video when my
some bread? phone stopped/was stopping working.
5 My piano class starts/is starting at five o’clock 5 William wrote/was writing the last answer in the
every Monday and Wednesday. exam when the teacher said/was saying ‘STOP!’
6 I don’t do/’m not doing anything at the
moment. Can I help you? some-/any-/no-/every-
2 Complete the sentences with the present compounds
simple or continuous form of the verbs in
5 Complete the sentences with the correct
the box.
some-/any-/no-/every- compound. There may
be ​have ​look ​see ​smell ​think be more than one possible answer.
1 I’ve looked everywhere but I can’t find my
1 I have a pain in my shoulder so I ’m seeing earrings.
a doctor about it. 2 Megan was disappointed because
2 What you of the new liked the photos she posted.
shopping centre, Elisa? 3 I’m sure must have seen what
3 We a cup of coffee with Samantha. happened.
We’ll see you later. 4 What does that have to do with
4 The kitchen delicious. I wonder what we’re talking about?
Mark’s cooking. 5 Greg didn’t go at the weekend
5 Why Carol so friendly to because he was studying.
me. She normally never even at me!
Future tense review
Past simple and present
perfect 6 Complete the conversations with the correct
future form of the verbs in brackets. There
3 Complete the sentences with the past simple may be more than one possible answer.
or present perfect form of the verbs in A: I 1 ’m meeting (meet) Amy later for a cup
brackets. of coffee.
1 Why didn’t you come (come) to the B: Oh, great! I 2 (come) with you.
concert last night? A: Erm … well, I know she 3
2 Last week, we (find) out that they’re (tell) me something really
going to close the sports centre. important, so I don’t think she 4
3 We (not see) each other since the (be) very happy if you come with me.
summer. B: Oh, alright then. But 5 you
4 The teacher (not tell) us anything (text) me later and tell me what
about the exam yesterday. she said?
5 How Helen (know) about A: No, sorry. I 6 (not send) you a
our plans for the summer? message later with what Amy tells me – don’t be
so nosy!

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1 Grammar reference

Past tense review • stative verbs are not usually used in the present
perfect continuous. These are verbs such as know,
• we use the past simple for finished past actions,
understand, want, love, hate, hear
states and habits, often with a past time expression
We’ve known each other since we were at primary
I bought these jeans yesterday. They only cost me £20.
school together.
• we use the past continuous for actions that were
in progress at a certain time in the past, actions Past perfect simple and past
that continued for some time and descriptions of
background events simple
My granddad was living in Manchester when he met • we use the past perfect simple for actions that
my grandma. happened before another action in the past
I was looking for my science book for 20 minutes this Robbie had heard the news before I told him.
morning.
• we can use either the past perfect or past simple
It was raining and everyone was walking with their in sentences with before or after if the past perfect
umbrellas. action happened at a specific time in the past, as the
• we use the past perfect for an action that happened order of events is clear
before another action in the past After I had tidied/tidied my desk, I started studying for
We had intended to go shopping, but Naomi had to my exam.
stay at home to study. • we often use the time expressions by the time, ever,
• we use used to for past habits or repeated actions never, already and by then with the past perfect
and states that are no longer true Had Carol ever ridden a horse before today?
Juan used to go swimming twice a week in the We’d already left by the time Theo arrived.
local lake.
We didn’t use to like playing cards. Past perfect simple and past
Didn’t this house use to belong to a famous
Hollywood actor?
perfect continuous
• we use the past perfect continuous for actions that
Present perfect simple and started in the past and continued up to another time
in the past
present perfect continuous Enzo had been watching the film for about 20 minutes
• we use the present perfect to show the present but he hadn’t understood anything.
result of a finished action when the focus is on the • with the past perfect continuous, the emphasis is on
result (what/how much has been completed) the duration of the action, so we often use for and
I’ve written the essay, but it’s far too long. since
• we use the present perfect continuous when the I had been thinking about becoming a vegetarian
action is unfinished and the focus is on the action since I watched that documentary.
or process They’d been dancing for a few minutes when the DJ
Ellen’s been practising the piano all morning. stopped the music.
Have you been waiting for a long time? • we often use it to show cause and effect
• we use the present perfect continuous to emphasise She’d been feeling so proud of herself because she had
duration passed all her exams.
Demir’s been cycling for over two hours. They’d been walking for about an hour when they got
hungry.
• we also use it for temporary things or actions
Paul’s been sleeping on the sofa while his Time expressions
grandmother’s visiting. With past perfect With past perfect
• we form the present perfect continuous with has/ simple continuous
have (not) been (perfect) + -ing form (continuous) before, after, by the time, before, after, for, since,
Tom has been studying all day. until, already, always, when
Doctors have been warning people to wash their never
hands more carefully.

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 Grammar practice 1
Past tense review 4 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
1 Have you been taken the book back to the
1 Complete the sentences with the correct past library yet?
tense form of the verbs in brackets. Have you taken the book back to the
1 I hadn’t heard (not hear) of this band before I library yet?
saw their gig on TV.
2 She haven’t been studying very hard.
2 When Isa (buy) those
new headphones?
3 They’ve haven’t heard what happened.
3 When Liam (wake) up, it
(snow).
4 When I was younger, I (used to / 4 Have they been fixing the door yet?
enjoy) doing jigsaws.
5 they (make) a 5 We’ve watched this film for a while, but we don’t
reservation before they (go) to the understand anything!
restaurant?
6 There (not / used to / be) so many
bikes parked in front of the school. Past perfect simple and past
2 Complete the text with the correct past tense simple
form of the verbs in brackets.
5 Choose the correct option.
Do you want to know what 1 happened (happen)
to me while I 2 (walk) home from 1 Had you finished/Did you finish your
school the other day? Well, there 3 (be) homework by the time you went out?
a big storm in the morning and it 4 2 The police found/had found the thief and then
(rain) a lot, so there 5 (be) puddles of arrested him.
water everywhere. While I 6 (stand) at 3 By the time I got back home, my parents left/
the traffic lights waiting to cross the road, a truck had left.
7 (drive) past and it went right through 4 I didn’t know/hadn’t known the answer so I
an enormous puddle which 8 (splash) made something up.
me. I 9 (not notice) the puddle,
5 Gia didn’t do/hadn’t done any exercise for years.
otherwise I wouldn’t have stopped there! I
10 (have) to walk the rest of
the way home in wet clothes! Past perfect simple and past
perfect continuous
Present perfect simple and
present perfect continuous 6 Rewrite the sentences so they have the same
meaning. Use the present perfect simple or
3 Choose the correct option. continuous and the word given.
1 I’ve looked/I’ve been looking for a pen all 1 It was the best spaghetti I’d ever eaten. NEVER
morning! I’d never eaten better spaghetti (than that).
2 You’ve always wanted/ 2 This was their first ever win. WON
You’ve always been wanting a pet.
3 Rene hasn’t called/hasn’t been calling me yet. 3 Ellie had learnt how to ride a motorbike the
Should I be worried? previous month. RIDING
4 Armani’s eyes are red. Has he cried/
Has he been crying? 4 Their last visit to the farm was when they were
5 Have you known/Have you been knowing eight years old. SINCE
Monica for a long time?
5 We had started dance classes three months
before Hugo’s party. GOING

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2 Grammar reference

Future tenses review Future perfect

• we use will or won’t + infinitive without to for Affirmative Negative
predictions about the future, things we think will I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/
happen, often with phrases like I think, I hope, I’m sure, They ’ll/will have started. They will not (won’t) have
probably, definitely, etc. started.
I think you’ll like this film. Questions Short answers
Dave will probably come by later. Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/
• we also use this form for spontaneous decisions we you/they have started? you/they will.
make at the moment of speaking No, I/you/he/she/it/we/
I heard a noise outside – I’ll go and see. you/they won’t.

• we use be going to + infinitive for predictions about • we use the future perfect for actions that will be
the future when we can see some evidence now complete before a specific time in the future
That car is going too fast round the corner – it’s going Someone will have designed a cheap flying car
to crash. by 2050.
• we also use this form for future plans or intentions I won’t have finished my homework by five o’clock.
which are already decided, but without an exact time • we form the future perfect with will (’ll)/will not
or date (won’t) + have + the past participle
During this course, we’re going to learn lots of The plane won’t have landed by three o’clock.
interesting things.
• we use the present continuous for future Future time expressions
arrangements, usually involving someone else, often
with a date, time or place Time expressions
We’re staying at Kevin’s beach house for two weeks. With future continuous With future perfect
• we use the present simple for events that are part of at 11 o’clock by 11 o’clock
a timetable or schedule in the future on Friday/4 March in three weeks’ time
Classes start at 8:30 am and finish at 2:30 pm tomorrow. in January before too long
this time tomorrow/
Future continuous and future next week
perfect • we use the preposition by + a time/day/date/month/
year to say that something will be completed (future
Future continuous perfect) no later than that time/day, etc.
Affirmative Negative We’ll have finished painting the room by tomorrow.
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ By 2050, we will have replaced all petrol vehicles with
They will/’ll be studying. They will not/won’t be electric ones.
studying.
Questions Short answers
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/
you/they be studying? you/they will.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/
you/they won’t.

• we use the future continuous for actions that will be

in progress at a specific time in the future
This time tomorrow, Ben will be having a piano lesson.
In the future, we won’t be using petrol or gas.
• we form the future continuous with will (’ll)/will not
(won’t) + be + the present participle (-ing form)
She won’t be coming to class for a few days.

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 Grammar practice 2
Future tenses review Future continuous and future
1 Choose the correct option. perfect
1 The next bus leaves/will leave at 5:35. 4 Complete the sentences using the future
2 When are you going to tidy/are you tidying continuous or future perfect form of the verbs
this room up? in brackets.
3 Isabel thinks we don’t/won’t enjoy the concert. 1 Hopefully by tomorrow, they will have fixed (fix)
4 What time does/will your basketball practice my computer.
start? 2 In the first week of August, we
5 I ’ll go/’m going shopping with Grace in an hour. (hike) in the mountains in the
6 Are you coming/Do you come with us on the north of Spain.
picnic tomorrow? 3 Don’t worry, by this time tomorrow, Esme
(tell) me everything!
2 Complete the sentences with the correct 4 you (do) all the
future form of the verbs in brackets. housework by 11 o’clock? I need your help.
1 I’ve decided I’m not meeting (not meet) Chris 5 Do you think you (work) in a
for coffee later. I don’t feel very well. full-time job when you’re 30?
2 That rock’s loose – you (fall)! 6 They (finish) repairing the
3 The first flight from Rome tomorrow central heating in a few hours.
(land) at 6:30 am.
4 Those bags look heavy. Here, I 5 Complete the text with the correct future
(help) you carry them. continuous or future perfect form of the
5 Charlie says he thinks he verbs.
(not pass) all his exams this time. In a month’s time, on the 10th of July,
6 you (study) Lucy 1 will be flying (fly) to Rome. She
English in Dublin again next summer? 2 (study) Italian there for a month.
By the time she leaves, she 3
3 Correct the mistake in each sentence. There (finish) her exams and, hopefully, she
4 (pass) them all. While she’s there,
may be more than one possible answer.
she 5 (have) Italian classes every
1 Hollie and I will have coffee later. Come with us! morning. I’m sure by the end of the month she
Hollie and I are having coffee later. Come with us! 6 (learn) a lot of new vocabulary.
2 Look at the weather forecast. It’ll be sunny Who knows? Maybe she 7 (speak)
tomorrow. it fluently!

3 I don’t think my parents are allowing me to go Future time expressions

out on a school night.
6 Choose the correct option.
1 Johnny will have cooked dinner at/by the time
4 Hurry up! The film will start at 8:30 pm!
we get home.
2 Don’t worry. At/On three o’clock I’ll be waiting for
5 Hang on, Megan’s calling me. I’m going to see you at the school gate.
what she wants.
3 My online order will have arrived at/in three days.
4 They’ll be starting the next season of the series
in/by March.
5 They said they’ll have finished repairing the roof
by/in Friday.
6 On/In five years’ time, Aislinn will have graduated
from university.

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3 Grammar reference

Relative clauses Comparing

• there are two types of relative clauses: defining and • we use comparative adjectives to compare two
non-defining. These clauses are parts of a sentence things, people or places
and they give us information about a person, object, This book is funnier than his last one.
event, action, etc.
This film was more enjoyable than the one we
• we use a defining relative clause to give essential watched yesterday.
information about the noun it follows. We don’t use
• we form the comparative of adjectives with one
commas to separate defining relative clauses in the
syllable, or two syllables ending in -y, by adding -er/-r.
sentence
For adjectives with two or more syllables, we use the
The girl who posted the video is a neighbour of mine. word more
• the relative pronoun (that, who, whose, etc.) depends large – larger flat – flatter
on the type of noun it’s referring to: important – more important

Relative pronouns Use • we use superlative adjectives to compare three or

more things, people or places and say which one has
who/that people
the greatest degree of a particular quality
which/that things
This is the longest video she’s ever posted.
whose possessions The most important part of the story is the ending.
where places
• we form the superlative of adjectives with one
when times syllable, or two syllables ending in -y, by adding
• we use who/that for people -est/-st. For adjectives with two or more syllables,
we use most
The girl who/that made the discovery is from Oviedo.
large – largest flat – flattest
• we use which/that for things important – most important
This is the website which/that posts the best videos.
• we use a lot, much and far before comparative
• we use whose for possession adjectives to highlight a big difference
The boy whose headphones I borrowed is in my class. Jack’s a lot more easy-going than I am.
• we use where for places Their latest album is much better than their first one.
The park where they made the video has a huge pond. This match is far more exciting than the last one we
watched.
• we use when for times
I remember when the president came to our school. • we use a little, a bit and slightly before comparative
adjectives to highlight a small difference
• when the relative pronoun refers to the object of the
The problem is a bit more complicated than you think.
relative clause, or when it comes before a subject in
the relative clause, we can leave it out Are you feeling a little better than you were yesterday?
I love the present (that/which) you gave me. Chloe is slightly taller than me.

• we use non-defining relative clauses to give extra • we use by far before superlative adjectives to
non-essential information about the noun it follows. highlight a big difference
We always use commas to separate a non-defining This is by far the best ice cream I’ve ever eaten.
relative clause from the rest of the sentence • we use just (to emphasise equality), not quite (to
Jack’s last video, which got over a million views, was show a small difference) and not nearly (to show a
posted two weeks ago. bigger difference) before as + adjective + as
• the relative pronoun whom refers to a person and I’d be just as excited as you would be to meet him.
is more formal. It is used when it is the object of the The meal wasn’t quite as good as we’d thought it
verb in the relative clause and it is often preceded by would be.
a preposition The chair wasn’t nearly as comfortable as it looked.
The woman whom you met yesterday used to be the
president of Ireland. • in negative sentences, we can use not so … as or not
as … as
The man from whom Elvan borrowed some money
was very rich. The island isn’t so/as pretty as everyone says it is.

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 Grammar practice 3
Relative clauses Comparing
1 Complete the sentences with the correct 4 Complete the second sentence so it means
relative pronoun. the same as the first. There may be more than
1 I have an app on my phone which/that shows one possible answer.
all the stars and planets in the sky. 1 No one in my class is funnier than Heidi.
2 Zack was helping a neighbour cat Heidi is the funniest person in my class.
had disappeared. 2 The camera on my old phone wasn’t as good as
3 Martina, comes from Spain, designs this one.
her own clothes. This camera the one on my
4 That was the moment everyone old phone.
knew something was wrong. 3 Emily isn’t nearly as tall as Jake.
5 Oscar’s watch was in the drawer he Jake is Emily.
had left it the day before.
4 We had never eaten a worse meal than this one.
2 Complete the sentences with the clauses in This was meal we had ever
the box. Add commas where necessary. eaten.
5 The exam was a lot easier than everyone had
that give away her location expected.
when I have my piano lesson
The exam wasn’t nearly
where they first met everyone had expected.
which goes on sale tomorrow
6 I don’t have quite as much money as you.
whose mother is a diplomat
You’ve got I have.
1 Rosie dislikes apps that give away her location .
5 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
2 My mum and dad went to Vienna
. 1 This country has a much warmer climate that
the UK.
3 The new game is
going to be very successful.
This country has a much warmer climate than
4 Wednesday is the day .
the UK.
I can’t meet you then. 2 The chemistry classes weren’t as nearly boring as
5 Leah is going to live James had told me.
in Moscow.
3 I don’t know who the better singer is in this group.
3 Rewrite the sentences using the relative
pronouns given. Add commas when
4 Neasa’s house is very bigger than my flat.
necessary.
1 We went back to the café. I thought I’d left my
5 The bus is much slower as the train.
phone there. WHERE
We went back to the café where I thought
I’d left my phone. 6 Write complete comparative and superlative
2 The man in the video was shouting insults at sentences and questions.
someone. His face was red. WHOSE 1 this / be / by far / interesting point
This is by far the most interesting point.
3 I complained to the manager. The manager was 2 be / this issue / really / important / as they say ?
extremely rude to me. WHOM

3 it’s / unusual / book / I / ever / read

4 The 1990s was a very interesting decade. The
internet became popular in the 1990s. WHEN
4 nobody in my class / dance / well / Amber
5 The house has a beautiful garden. Kevin’s parents
bought the house last year. WHICH

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4 Grammar reference

Modal verbs • we use might have (been) or could have (been) when
we speculate about possibility in the past, but the
Present Past negative forms have different meanings. We use
Ability can could/was/were able to might not have (been) to express a possibility but
couldn’t have (been) is an impossibility. We use can’t
can’t couldn’t/wasn’t/weren’t
and must have (been) to make logical deductions
able to
about the past
Obligation have to had to
That noise might/could have been a cat.
and must had to
prohibition She might not have heard you – try again.
mustn’t weren’t allowed to
You must have seen Lauren – she’s just left the house.
No don’t have to didn’t have to
obligation don’t need to didn’t need to Perfect modals
Possibility, might (not) might (not) have
deduction be been
• we use perfect modals for things that didn’t actually
happen in the past. We use them to speculate about
and could be could have been past events
speculation
couldn’t be couldn’t have been
• we form perfect modals with could(n’t)/should(n’t)/
can’t be can’t have been would(n’t) + have + past participle
must be must have been We wouldn’t have done it that way.
Advice should go should have gone
• we use could have + verb to mean something was
shouldn’t go shouldn’t have gone possible but we didn’t do it or it didn’t happen
• some modal verbs have a past form (was/were able There could have been a terrible accident.
to, had to) but we form some past modal verbs with • we use couldn’t have + verb to mean something was
a modal + have + past participle impossible so we didn’t do it or it didn’t happen
We were able to catch the last bus. Paula couldn’t have sent you this note. That’s not
She must have left her phone in the library. her writing.
• when we talk about general abilities in the past, we • we use should have + verb to mean we didn’t
can use could or was/were able to. However, when we do something but we wish we had done it or
talk about managing to do something on a specific something didn’t happen but we wish it had
occasion in the past, we only use was/were able to happened
Rosa could/was able to play the piano when she We should have gone the other way – now we’re lost.
was five. • we use shouldn’t have + verb to mean we did
I lost my key, but I was able to climb in through a something or something happened and we regret it
window. I’m sorry, I shouldn’t have shouted at you like that.
• we use had to to talk about obligations in the past, • we use would have + verb to mean we didn’t do
but must doesn’t have a past form for obligation something because it was impossible or we didn’t
and prohibition. We can use not be allowed to to talk know about it
about a prohibition
Guille would have come earlier, but he had a lot of
We had to wait a long time. homework.
We weren’t allowed to talk during the show.
• we use wouldn’t have + verb to mean we did
• we use can’t and must (be) to talk about certainty something, but under different circumstances our
and make logical deductions in the present. We use actions would have been different
might/could/may (be) to talk about possibility in the Pamela wouldn’t have told you, but she thought you
present should know.
It might be Jaime’s bag. He was here earlier.
It can’t be Jaime’s bag because his is dark blue not
light blue.
Luke is looking for something. It must be his.

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 Grammar practice 4
Modal verbs Perfect modals
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Match 1–5 with a–e to make sentences.
1 Petra knows about cars. She can/may help you to 1 I probably would have passed the exam c
work this out. 2 They should have warned us about
2 You mustn’t/don’t have to do the washing-up. 3 You shouldn’t have promised to help me
I’ve already done it.
4 Jacob couldn’t have heard me say that
3 That can’t/might not be my towel. Mine is red
5 I wouldn’t have kept so calm
and this is blue.
4 Could you/Were you able to find your a if I’d been in that situation.
favourite pen? b if you didn’t have time.
5 He wasn’t nice. You don’t have to/shouldn’t c if I’d answered all the questions.
speak to him ever again. d because he was standing on the other side of
6 They’re not sure, but there may/can be a chance the class.
to buy the tickets tomorrow. e what was going to happen in the end.

2 Correct the mistake in each sentence. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
1 We mustn’t forgetting to leave the keys with the of the words in brackets.
secretary. 1 Oh, dear! She shouldn’t have said (should /
We mustn’t forget to leave the keys with not / say) that to you.
the secretary. 2 You (could / not / help) her
2 Lynn missed her flight but she could buy a ticket because it was too late.
for the next one. 3 I think I (would / give) up a
long time ago.
3 This may not be true. I wasn’t even there! 4 They probably (could / do)
a better job.
4 Jessica hasn’t to apologise. I’m really not upset 5 You (should / ask) for help
about it. before you started painting.

6 Complete the second sentence so it means

5 Ilker might take it. He was here earlier. the same as the first. Use perfect modals.
1 I went out without an umbrella and all my clothes
6 Thomas arrived late because he must walk – his got wet!
bike was at the repair shop. I shouldn’t have gone out without an umbrella.
2 It wasn’t possible for them to know what was
going to happen.
3 Complete the text with modal verbs. There
They what was going
may be more than one possible answer.
to happen.
I1 can’t remember exactly what happened.
3 We missed the bus because we left late.
I was running for the bus, but I 2 get
there on time and it started pulling away. As I was We earlier to catch
running, I 3 have fallen and hit my the bus.
head. I woke up in hospital and I 4 4 Flavia didn’t know you needed her advice, so she
even remember how I got here. The doctor didn’t give you any.
says I 5 try to stand up because I Flavia you some
6 fall again. I’ll 7 stay advice if she’d known you needed it.
in hospital for a couple of days. Well, at least I 5 Archie didn’t do his homework on time because
8 get up early for school. he didn’t want to.
Archie his homework
on time, but he didn’t want to!

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5 Grammar reference

Reported speech: statements Reported speech: orders and

• tense changes in reported speech: requests
Direct speech Reported speech
• when we report orders or commands, we usually use
the verb tell
present simple past simple
‘Listen to the teacher,’ she said.
present continuous past continuous
She told me to listen to the teacher.
past simple past perfect
• in an order, the imperative form changes to the
past continuous past perfect continuous infinitive with to in reported speech. When the order
present perfect past perfect is negative, we use not before the infinitive
past perfect past perfect ‘Take a chocolate,’ my granny told me.
will would My granny told me to take a chocolate.
is/are going to was/were going to ‘Don’t go near the bees’ nest,’ he told us.
would would He told us not to go near the bees’ nest.
can could • when we report requests, we usually use the verb
must/have to had to ask + (someone) + infinitive with to
‘Could you send me those photos?’ she said.
• we don’t have to change the tense in reported
speech if the reporting verb is in the present and/or She asked me to send her those photos.
the reported information is still true • with negative requests, we use ask + (someone) +
Marlon says he wants to learn to surf. not + infinitive with to
Gina told me she doesn’t eat eggs. ‘Would you mind not playing your music so loud?’ he said.

• we also change pronouns in reported speech to refer He asked me not to play my music so loud.
to the people who spoke and who they spoke about
‘We’re painting my old bike red,’ said Phoebe. Reporting verbs
Phoebe said they were painting her old bike red. • We can use other reporting verbs to summarise
what people said and to be more specific about the
• in reported speech, we also change demonstrative
intention or function of what was said
pronouns and adjectives, and time expressions
‘It wasn’t me. I didn’t borrow your laptop,’ I told Vicky.
‘I’ll listen to it tomorrow,’ said Frank.
I told Vicky that I hadn’t borrowed her laptop.
Frank said he’d listen to it the next day.
I denied borrowing Vicky’s laptop.

Reported speech: questions • reporting verbs have different patterns:

• in reported questions, we make the same changes Pattern Examples

as in reported speech, but the word order changes verb + infinitive agree, refuse, decide, offer,
from a question to a statement promise
‘Where were you going yesterday?’ Ali asked me. verb + object + infinitive ask, convince, invite, tell
Ali asked me where I had been going the day before.
verb + verb -ing deny, suggest, recommend
• when we report yes/no questions, we use if or verb + preposition + admit to, insist on,
whether. When the question includes or not, we verb -ing apologise for
normally use whether
verb + (object) + that suggest, recommend,
‘Have you downloaded the homework assignment yet?’ clause convince
Claudia asked him.
Freya offered to help us to move the furniture.
Claudia asked him if/whether he had downloaded the
homework assignment yet. The thief denied stealing the painting.
The documentary convinced me that the situation
• with the simple tenses (present simple and past
was very serious.
simple) in positive questions, we don’t use do/does or
did in the reported question The nurse suggested that I sit down.
‘When did you see Mr Gregory?’ my mum asked me.
My mum asked me when I saw/had seen Mr Gregory.

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 Grammar practice 5
Reported speech: statements Reported speech: orders and
1 Complete the sentences and questions in requests
reported speech. There may be more than 4 Complete the reported orders and requests.
one possible answer. There may be more than one possible answer.
1 ‘Have you seen my mobile phone?’ 1 ‘Leave your bags in the classroom,’ the teacher
My mum asked me if I’d seen her mobile told us.
phone. The teacher told us to leave our bags in
2 ‘Did Greg tell you what happened?’ the classroom.
Helen asked Amy 2 ‘Could you open the window?’ the man said
3 ‘We haven’t played this game since yesterday!’ to me.
Tom said The man asked
4 ‘Why won’t you talk to me about it?’ 3 ‘Don’t copy the exact words from the book,’ he
My brother asked me told us.
5 ‘I’m going to correct the exams tomorrow.’ He told
The teacher told us 4 ‘Could you tell me the answer, please?’
Joe asked me.
2 Correct the mistake in each sentence. Joe asked me
1 Jenna told to me that Renzo had won a prize. 5 ‘Don’t call me later,’ I told her.
Jennifer told me that Renzo had won a prize. I told her
2 She say that he had written a short story online.
Reporting verbs
3 A magazine told him they will publish it.
5 Choose the correct option.
1 Why did Daniel refuse to help/helping us with
4 He told them he must ask his parents.
the project?
2 I don’t know why she’s insisting on to invite/
5 They said him that they loved the ideas. inviting so many people.
3 Harper recommended to check/checking the
6 Jenna said she has read it and she thought it was times on the internet.
amazing. 4 We couldn’t convince him to come/coming
with us.
5 Heather denied to paint/painting graffiti on the
Reported speech: questions school wall.

3 Choose the correct option. 6 Rewrite the sentences in reported speech

1 Megan asked what was I doing/I was doing using the verbs given.
after school. 1 ‘Why don’t we take a break?’ Stefano said.
2 Alice asked Cara did she want/if she wanted SUGGESTED
a cup of coffee. Stefano suggested taking a break.
3 My dad wanted to know where could we/ 2 ‘I’m sorry I didn’t tell you about the football
we could go for lunch. match,’ Marisa said to us. APOLOGISED
4 My teacher asked me why I hadn’t done/
had I not done the project. 3 ‘I’ll drive you to the shopping centre,’ my dad said
5 Layla asked us where we would go/ to us. OFFERED
would we go on our bikes.
6 Sam asked her when she had to go/ 4 ‘Yes, it was me! I stole the painting from the
had she to go home. gallery,’ the thief told the police. ADMITTED

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6 Grammar reference

Conditionals Alternatives to if
Conditions Consequences
• we can replace if with different words or phrases
when talking about specific conditions or to put
Zero conditional limits on a situation
If I eat eggs, I get sick. I can go out with my friends as/so long as I’m home
If you don’t keep milk by 10:30 pm.
in the fridge, it goes off. Providing (that)/Provided (that) you hand in all your
First conditional assignments on time, you’ll pass the course.
If they promote this They let us watch the rehearsal on condition that we
product, they’ll sell more. kept very quiet.
If you don’t try harder, you won’t succeed. • we use as long as and providing (that) more often
Second conditional in spoken English and provided (that) and so long as
If they offered me a job, I would refuse to work more often in written English as they are more formal
there.
If our cities didn’t have I wish and If only
so many cars, the air would be cleaner. • we use wish and if only + past simple to talk about
Third conditional regrets and things we would like to change about
If Bea had entered the the present
competition, she would have won it. I wish I had enough money to buy a better computer.
If you hadn’t said nobody would have Noah wishes he could play a musical instrument.
anything, found out! If only we didn’t live so far away from London.

• we use the zero conditional to talk about situations • we use wish/if only + past perfect to talk about
that are always true past regrets
If you don’t put salt on it, it doesn’t taste as good. I wish I hadn’t told you about my problem.
If only our best player hadn’t got injured last week.
• we use the first conditional to talk about possible
situations in the present and their consequences If only we’d remembered to bring our umbrellas.
If she does her homework now, she’ll be free for the • we use Do you wish …? for questions in the present
weekend. and past
• we use the second conditional to talk about the Do you wish you could do whatever you wanted?
possible consequences of an imaginary situation in Do you wish you’d asked us to help you sooner?
the present or future
If Jack didn’t go to my school, I wouldn’t see him
every day.
• we use the third conditional to talk about the
imaginary consequences of past events that never
happened, i.e. impossible situations
If I hadn’t eaten it, I wouldn’t have become ill.
• in all conditionals, we can put either the condition
or the consequence first. If the condition comes first,
we use a comma. But if the consequence comes first,
we don’t need a comma
Sarah wouldn’t have fallen over if she hadn’t
bumped into the chair.
• we use unless in conditional sentences to mean if …
not. We usually use it in first conditional sentences,
but we can use it in other types of conditional
sentences
Unless you come with me, I won’t go to the cinema.
They won’t give you the tickets unless you pay for
them first.
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 Grammar practice 6
Conditionals Alternatives to if
1 Complete the conditional sentences with the 4 Match 1–5 with a–e to make sentences.
verbs in brackets. 1 I’ll lend you the money c
1 When it’s very hot, Jake always drinks (drink) 2 My parents will let me go to the concert
more water. 3 You’ll learn to speak French well
2 This clock (not work) properly unless 4 Nuncio will only come shopping with us
you put a new battery in it.
5 Providing we’re really quiet
3 I (enjoy) the film a lot more if you
hadn’t told me what happened at the end. a on the condition that we don’t go into every shop!
4 My neighbourhood would be a nice place if it b as long as you practise every day.
(have) more parks. c on condition that you give it back next week.
5 If I see a bee in the house, I always d nobody will catch us.
(take) it outside carefully.
e provided I’m back by midnight.
6 If you (not buy) all those video games,
you wouldn’t have spent all your money.
I wish and If only
2 Correct the mistake in each sentence. There
may be more than one possible answer.
5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. There may be more
1 She wouldn’t to bought it if she had known how
than one possible answer.
much it cost.
1 I wish I could play (can / play) the guitar like a
She wouldn’t have bought it if she had rock star.
known how much it cost. 2 Chloe says she is sorry and she wishes she
2 Unless you don’t study hard, you won’t pass your (not / crash) your bike.
exams.
3 If only we (live) in a bigger house,
I could have my own room.
3 They would had agreed to print it you if you’d 4 Sometimes I wish my teacher (not /
asked them. give) us so much homework!
5 Noah said he missed the train. If only he
4 If they sent me a video, I delete it. (leave) the house earlier.
6 I can’t see the singer on the stage. I wish I
5 If there were no tickets left, I’ll look for another (be) a bit taller!
date.
6 Order the words to make sentences.
1 to you / they / had happened / If only / what /
3 Rewrite the sentences using a conditional and had told us
the word given. If only they had told us what had happened to you.
1 You were hungry because you didn’t eat 2 to practise / I wish / the piano / more time / I had
breakfast. HAVE
If you had eaten breakfast, you wouldn’t 3 tonight / If only / with us / come dancing /
have been hungry. could / Sarah
2 Don’t go near the dog because it bites. IF
The dog near it. 4 brought / you / your sunglasses / wish / Don’t /
3 The phone is too expensive so I’m not going to you’d ?
buy it. SO
If the phone it. 5 didn’t / I / you / all the time / just wish / complain
4 They won’t win the match without trying harder.
UNLESS 6 you / Do you / yesterday / hadn’t / all your money /
They harder. spent / wish ?

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7 Grammar reference

The passive The passive: modal verbs

Present simple am/are/is (not) taken Passive modals
Present continuous am/are/is (not) being taken Active Passive
Past simple was/was (not) made can do can be done
Past continuous was/were (not) being made can’t do can’t be done
Present perfect has/have (not) been built could make could be made
Past perfect had been (not) recorded couldn’t make couldn’t be made
will will (not) be done should write should be written
be going to am/are/is (not) going to be shouldn’t write shouldn’t be written
tested must take must be taken
• we use the passive to focus on the person or thing mustn’t taken mustn’t be taken
affected by the action and not the person or thing • we form the passive of modal verbs with the modal
that does it verb + be + past participle
• we form the passive with the correct tense of the The lights must be switched on during class.
verb be + past participle My mobile phone couldn’t be fixed.
A new shopping centre is being built near the lake. Your assignments should be handed in before
The books won’t be delivered until next week. next Friday.
Have three new teachers been hired for next year?
• if we want to say who or what does the action, we have/get something done
use the preposition ‘by’ • we can use have or get + object + past participle
We found out my bag had been stolen by another to say someone does something for us. Get is less
passenger. formal than have
Soon our packages will be delivered by drones. • the verbs have or get can be used in different tenses
• we can use get instead of be in the passive. We can’t or forms (gerund or infinitive) or with modal verbs
use get with stative verbs They had the whole house painted.
Sorry, I got distracted by that man standing The watch is badly broken so you can’t have it
behind you. repaired.
Don’t do that! You’re going to get hurt. He’d like to have his walls painted in black and blue.
For this type of work, people get paid too little. Are you going to have your hair cut?
• we can use the structure have/get + object + past
participle for unpleasant things that happen to us
Barry had his phone stolen at the café.
She has had a window broken on her car.

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 Grammar practice 7

The passive The passive: modal verbs
1 Choose the correct option. 4 Complete the sentences with the words in
1 The festival holds/is held every year in Barcelona. brackets.
2 Jan is celebrating/is being celebrated his 50th 1 All the computers must be switched off
birthday next week. (must / switch off) at the end of class.
3 This notebook had left/had been left on one of 2 Your face
the desks. (can / recognise) by the camera at the door.
4 A new version of the app has released/ 3 The match
has been released recently. (could / not / play) because of the storm.
5 The teacher was talking/was being talked 4 All reservations
when the fire alarm went off. (should / make) on our website.
6 The homework will post/will be posted on the 5 These products
class website tomorrow. (must / not / sell) to the general public.
6 People used to believe that the atom
2 Complete the sentences with a passive form (could / not / split).
of the verbs in the box. There may be more
than one possible answer. 5 Write complete sentences with the passive.
1 my old computer / could / not / fix
follow ​give ​install ​not cut down ​
overcook ​take My old computer couldn’t be fixed.
2 the homework / can / not / write / in pencil
1 My dad wasn’t happy because his steak
had been overcooked . 3 those shoes / should / throw out
2 New computers in our
school recently and they’re quite good.
4 all the sports equipment / must / put away
3 Julieta an award for her
project next week.
5 the bill / can / pay / at the door ?
4 I hope all the trees on our road
in the future.
5 Look behind you. we 6 the cats must / not / let out
?
6 When we came back after the holidays, all the
posters in school down. have/get something done
3 Rewrite the sentences, changing the active to 6 Read the situation and complete the
passive or the passive to active. sentences using have/get something done.
1 Someone informed the students that the school 1 A cleaner is going to clean the classroom.
was closed. They are going to have the classroom cleaned.
The students were informed that the school 2 They delivered two pizzas to us.
was closed. We
2 They are filming a new TV show in my city at 3 I want a haircut.
the moment.
I
4 A painter is going to paint my room next
3 A photographer is going to take a photo of the weekend.
class tomorrow.
I’m
5 A new alarm was installed after the robbery.
4 They will use this classroom for exams next week.
My parents
6 Our breakfast was taken up to our room at
5 I was furious because someone had eaten all the the hotel.
doughnuts.
We

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8 Grammar reference

Verb patterns • some verbs can be followed by an object before the

infinitive (verb + object + (not) infinitive). The object
Infinitives can be a noun or a pronoun. Some common verbs
To express purpose Jake watched a video to find that follow this pattern are: advise, allow, ask, choose,
out how to fix his computer. convince, encourage, expect, force, instruct, invite, need,
order, permit, persuade, remind, tell, urge, want, warn
After certain verbs They decided to go home
early. Guy asked Becky to go with him.
After adjectives It’s important to wash your The police ordered the protesters to leave the area.
hands carefully. Please remind me to send a message to Kate
tomorrow for her birthday.
Gerunds
As the subject of Using emojis is a quick way
the sentence to show an emotion. used to, be used to,
After certain verbs I can’t imagine living get used to
without a mobile phone. • we use used to + bare infinitive to talk about past
After prepositions He warned me by sending habits and states. It is understood that we no longer
me a text. do these actions now or that the state is no longer
true
• some verbs like stop, remember, forget, try and regret
Dana used to like playing tennis.
can be followed by either the infinitive or the gerund.
However, the meaning changes Did Harry use to go to this school?
Can you stop looking at your phone for a moment, My dad didn’t use to work here.
please? • we use be used to + gerund to talk about something
(no longer look at your phone) we are accustomed to doing
Can you stop to take a break? You look tired. Professional footballers are used to training every day.
(no longer do something in order to do something Are you used to working with animals?
else) She’s not used to getting up so early.
David doesn’t remember telling me about grades.
• we use get used to + gerund to talk about the process
(David has no memory of this happening) of becoming familiar with something
David didn’t remember to tell me you wanted to talk. I was just getting used to working with this computer.
(this didn’t happen because David forgot) Will Ryan get used to taking the bus to school?
I forget studying this topic in class! We got used to living in this neighbourhood.
(I studied this topic in class but I don’t remember
• we also use be/get used to + noun/pronoun
doing it)
She moved to a flat in the city centre, but she can’t get
I always forget to switch off the bathroom light.
used to the noise.
(I don’t do this before I don’t remember)
My dad bought a new phone and it took him a while to
She tried putting the key in the other way, but it get used to it.
didn’t work.
My brother’s always making fun of my hair. I’m used
(she experimented with this) to it.
She tried to open the door, but it was locked.
(she wanted to but couldn’t)
Jesse regretted sending that message to the group.
(she was sorry that she did this)
Jesse regrets to inform you that she can’t answer
your message.
(she doesn’t want to inform us but she has to)

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 Grammar practice 8
Verb patterns used to, be used to,
1 Choose the correct option. get used to
1 It’s easy to understand/understanding why 4 Choose the correct option.
Lianne was so upset.
1 I fruit but now I love apples and pears!
2 Carl dreams of to become/becoming an
a wasn’t used to eating b didn’t use to eat
inventor.
2 Do you think you’d ever in a different country?
3 Do you expect us to carry/carrying all these
bags? a get used to living b used to live
4 I stopped to listen/listening to music because I 3 Did Mary in that clothes shop?
wanted to concentrate. a be used to working b use to work
5 I use this notebook to write/writing down ideas 4 Robbie wasn’t used to in such a big house.
for stories. a live b living
6 Alison wasn’t really enjoying to canoe/canoeing. 5 Harry didn’t like Athens in July because he
the heat.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form a wasn’t used to b didn’t get used to
of the verbs.
call ​do ​go ​have ​learn ​see 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets.
1 How did you forget to do your 1 Cristina used to love (love) playing chess
homework? but now she never plays.
2 We tried Gary several times, but 2 I’ll have to get used to (eat) rice
he didn’t answer. every day when I move to Tokyo.
3 My dad regrets not a foreign 3 As a journalist, she’s used to
language when he was younger. (interview) different people.
4 a nice long breakfast is one of 4 When Paul was younger, he used to
my favourite things to do at weekends. (support) a different team.
5 Pandora opened the box what 5 Everyone’s used to (recycle) rubbish
was inside it. nowadays.
6 You’ll never persuade me to a 6 For her new job, Natalie had to get used to
heavy metal concert. (travel) to Paris every two weeks.

3 Complete the text with the gerund or 6 Correct the mistake in each sentence.
infinitive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 One of my hobbies is playing tennis so I used to do
I didn’t really feel like 1 going (go) out, but that every week.
Helen invited me 2 (have) a pizza with One of my hobbies is playing tennis so I’m used
her. She didn’t stop 3 (talk) the whole to doing that every week.
time, but it was so funny 4 (hear)
2 Didn’t your dad used to cycle to work?
her stories about her holidays with her parents.
I always enjoy 5 (hang) out with Helen
because she helps me 6 (forget) all 3 I’m not used to sit so far back in the classroom.
my problems. We were having so much fun, I forgot
7 (check) the time and my parents 4 When I changed school, I had to get used wearing
weren’t too happy 8 (see) me arriving a uniform.
home late.

5 Are you use to life in the village now?

6 I’m used to playing with trains when I was a

little girl.

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