Motion in the Universe Terrestial Domain

Anything within the Earth; elements

Celestial Domain include fire, air, water, and Earth.
Celestial body such as star, planet,
moon, asteroid, or comet. Anything Natural Motion
outside Earth. Element is Aether or Everything below sphere of moon is
Ether. Motion is perfect and circular made of four elements (FAWE).
constant speed ●​ Natural motion of elements is
Rectilinear and radial
Diurnal Motion ●​ Result of elements seeking to
●​ Daily motion of sky from East to reach natural places​
West
●​ Caused by Earth’s rotation axis Violent Motion
●​ Responsible for daily setting ●​ Imposed motion resulting from
and rising of sun and stars action of forces that pushed or
pulled
Annual Motion ●​ Always has external force
●​ Motion of sun caused by Earth’s ●​ Once objectcs in natural resting
revolution around it place, could not move by itself
●​ Accounts for visibility of zodiac
constellation Alteration Motion
●​ Responsible for seasons ●​ Physical and chemical changes
of an object
Precession of equinoxes
●​ Change in orientation of The Celestial Sphere
rotational axis of any rotating a)​ NCP and SCP​
body points where Earth’s rotational
●​ Earth requires 26,000 years to axis cuts this sphere
complete one cycle of precession b)​ Celestial equator
●​ Complete cycle traces out a cone projection of Earth’s equator on
celestial sphere
Hipparchus of Nicaea c)​ Ecliptic
●​ Credited for discovering the path the sun appears to take
precession of equinoxes around celestial sphere
●​ Created catalog of stars noting d)​ Solstices​
exact positions in latitudes and Two points on ecliptic with
longitudes greatest distance from celestial
●​ There’s a two-degree shift in equator
position of stars ●​ Summer = June
●​ Winter = December
 e)​ Equinoxes lunar eclipses. ​
Two points where ecliptic
intersects celestial equator 2. “Plato’s Saving the Appearances”
●​ Autumn = September ❖​ All motions in Universe are
●​ Spring or Vernal = March perfectly circular
​ ❖​ All heavenly bodies ethereal or
Constellations perfect
Ecliptic traces through series of star ❖​ Retrograde motion
clusters
3. Eudoxus’ Model
Zodiac ❖​ First to “save the appearances”
Sequence of constellations using series of 27 concentric
​ spheres
Solar day ❖​ Sun, moon, and planets move in
time between two sunrises circular motion
The time it takes for the Earth to rotate ❖​ Last two spheres produce
about its axis so that the Sun appears backward motion of planets
in the same position in sky
3. Aristotle’s Model
Sidereal day ❖​ Proposed Earth is a Sphere
The time it takes for Earth to rotate ❖​ Used buffering spheres between
about its axis so distant star appears celestial spheres
in same position in sky ❖​ Outermost shere as the domain
of Prime Mover
Models of The Universe ❖​ Divided Universe into two realms

Thales of Miletus 4. Ptolemy’s Model

Earth is a flat disk ❖​ Proposed idea of epicycle (circle
on which planet moves) to
Anaximander explain planetary motion
Earth is cylinder-shaped ❖​ Each planet has own epicycle
and deferen (bigger circular path
The Geocentric Models epicycle moves around)
1. Pythagorean Model
❖​ First to assert Earth is round The Heliocentric Models
❖​ Earth is the center of Universe 1. Philolaus
❖​ Heavenly bodies move in circles ❖​ Proposed Pyrocentric model
❖​ Anaxagoras credited with ❖​ Fire located at center of
determining positions of sun, Universe
moon, and Earth during solar and
2. Aristarchus of Samos 2)​ Law of Equal Areas​
❖​ First heliocentric model of Line connecting planet to the sun
universe that considered “sweeps out” equal areas in
Philolau’s ‘central fire’ equal amounts of of time
❖​ Placed known planets based on 3)​ Law of periods​
distance from sun Squares of periods of planets are
proportional to cubes of their
3. Copernicus’ Model mean distances from the Sun​
❖​ Earth spins on its axis
❖​ Earth revolves around sun
❖​ Only moon orbits Earth
❖​ First to be credited for
heliocentric model of universe

The Heliocentric Models

1. Tycho Brahe’s Universe
❖​ Kind of middle way between Artistotle vs Galileo’s views
Ptolemy and Copernicus about Motions​
❖​ Suggested geocentric model of ​
Universe
What is motion?
❖​ Sun acts like ptolemaic epicycle
The action of changing location or
​
position​
2. Galileo’s Astronomical
Observations
Sumeria and Egypt
❖​ Moon has mountains, valleys,
craters First studied motion of heavenly
❖​ Surface of sun has blemishes bodies
called sunspots
❖​ Jupiter has four moons Greece
❖​ Venus phases similar to moon First studied heavenly bodies
systematically
3. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
❖​ Inherited numerous observational Scientific Revolution
data on Brahe’s Period of drastic changes in science,
❖​ Formualted three laws of
16th to 17th century​
planetary motion

Galileo Galilei
1)​ Law of Ellipses​
Revolutionalized science
Planets move in ellipses having
common focus situated at Sun
Newton’s Laws of Motion Law of Acceleration
Second Law of Motion
Law of Inertia Acceleration is directly proportional to
First Law of Motion the net force acting on the body and
An object at rest will remain at rest inversely proportional to the mass
unless acted upon by an external force,
and an object in motion will keep moving Law of Interaction
unless an external force acts upon it. Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and
opposite reaction

Mass
●​ Object’s inertia depends on its
mass
●​ The amount of matter or
substance that makes up an
object
●​ Measured in kilograms (unit)
●​ The mass of object can be
measured in pounds
​
●​ Object with greater mass has
more difficult time accelerating
Inertia
●​ It requires less exerted force to
●​ Tendency of an object to rest
stop a less massive object
changes in motion
●​ Mathematically related to weight
●​ Greater mass = greater inertia
of object
●​ All objects has inertia
●​ Weight of object is dependent
●​ Object would not have inertia in
upon balue of acceleration of
gravity-free environment
gravity
●​ Weight refers to force
Types of Inertia
experienced by an object
1.​ Inertia of rest
●​ Weight of object would be less on
Tendency to remain in rest
Moon than Earth
2.​ Inertia of motion
●​ To gain weight, put on more ass
Tendency to remain in uniform
motion
Force (N)
3.​ Inertia of direction
Defined as push or pull
Tendency to remain in one
direction
Friction
●​ Force that opposes motion
between any surfaces touching
●​ Occurs because no surface is
perfectly smooth
●​ Rough surfaces have more
friction
●​ Heavier object have more friction
●​ Friction produces heat

Balanced Forces
1)​ Net Force
Combination of forces (same or
opposite direction)
2)​ Balanced Force
Force i which net force is equal to
zero. When two forces are equal
and in opposite direciton, they
balance each other. Net force
must equal to zero
3)​ Normal Force​
Force that goes upward
4)​ Gravitational Force
Force that goes downward

Unbalanced Forces
A force in which net force is greater than
zero. Forces cause accelration.
Changes the motion and direction of n
object.