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Lecture 3

This document discusses the local resistance of cross-sections in structural steel members, focusing on local buckling and its dependence on various parameters such as width-to-thickness ratio and material yield strength. It classifies cross-sections into four categories: Class 1 plastic, Class 2 compact, Class 3 semi-compact, and Class 4 slender, each with specific characteristics regarding moment resistance and buckling behavior. Additionally, it provides a step-by-step method for classifying cross-sections based on slenderness ratios and material strength, along with examples for different loading conditions.

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2 views6 pages

Lecture 3

This document discusses the local resistance of cross-sections in structural steel members, focusing on local buckling and its dependence on various parameters such as width-to-thickness ratio and material yield strength. It classifies cross-sections into four categories: Class 1 plastic, Class 2 compact, Class 3 semi-compact, and Class 4 slender, each with specific characteristics regarding moment resistance and buckling behavior. Additionally, it provides a step-by-step method for classifying cross-sections based on slenderness ratios and material strength, along with examples for different loading conditions.

Uploaded by

karsonb2016
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LECTURE 3

Local Resistance of cross-sections


The cross section of most structural steel members may be considered to be an assembly of flat
plate. As these flat plates are relatively thin, they may buckle locally when subjected to
compression. In effect, this may limit the axial carrying load capacity of the section to a value
below the squash load (cross-sectional area multiplied by the yield strength) and the bending
resistance to a value below the full plastic moment of resistance value. This phenomenon is
independent of the length of the member and it is termed local buckling. The local buckling of a
cross section is dependent on many parameters namely:

The width to thickness ratio of the element. This is called the aspect ratio. The higher the aspect
ratio, the more the tendency of the material to buckle. This is why wide but thin elements are more
prone to buckling.

Support conditions: The buckling tendency of an element is also dependent on the support
restraints.

The yield strength of the material: The higher the yield strength of the material, the greater the
likelihood of local buckling before yield is reached.

Local buckling can also be determined by stress determination across the width of the plate
element.

Residual stresses in rolled or welded sections. This is due to contraction after being heated.

Classifications of cross-sections
Class 1 plastic: Class 1 plastic cross-sections are sufficiently stocky that the material design
strength may be attained throughout the cross-section. The moment of resistance is therefore equal
to the full plastic moment, pyS. This moment can be maintained even if rotation occurs at the cross
section. In any section where we have hinges, materials that falls within plastic design Class 1
sections must be used.
Class 2 compact: Class 2 compact cross-sections can attain the full plastic moment resistance but
cannot sustain significant rotations. Therefore, you could use materials classified as Class 2
compact where you do not have plastic hinges or rotation.

Class 3 semi-compact: Class 3 semi-compact develops their elastic moment capacity but local
buckling may prevent the production of full plastic moment.

Class 4 slender: Class 4 slender contains slender elements subjected to compression due to
moment or axial load, local buckling may prevent the full elastic moment capacity from being
developed.

Section classification

Steps for classification


Evaluate slender ratio (b/T or d/t) of all of the elements of the cross-section in which there is
compressive stress.

To allow for the influence of variation in the material design strength, evaluate the parameter є as
(275/Py)0.5. For steel of grade S275 that is less than 16mm thick, this parameter will be 1.

Where necessary evaluate the stress ratios, r1 and r2.


Identify the appropriate row of the table for the element under consideration and determine the
class of that element, according to the limiting value of thickness ratio.

Classify the complete cross-section according to the least favorable (highest) classification of the
individual elements in the cross section.

Example:

A 457 x 191 x 67 UC in steel grade S355 is to be used under three different conditions, as described
below. Classify the section for each case and evaluate the local cross-sectional resistance.

The conditions are:

Under pure bending

Under bending plus 700kN axial compression

Under pure axial compression of 700kN

The following section properties may be obtained from the code.

B = 189.9 mm T = 12.7 mm

d = 407.6 mm t = 8.5 mm

Ag = 85.5 cm2 Z = 1300 cm3 S = 1470 cm3

Slenderness ratios:

b/T = 7.48 and d/t = 48.0

Influence of material strength

Maximum material thickness = 12.7 mm, Table 1.3 gives py as 355 N/mm2.

Hence, є = (275/355)0.5 = 0.88


Condition (i), Pure bending

Flanges

The limiting value of b/T for Class 1 is 9є = 7.92. The actual value is 7.48, therefore the flanges
are Class 1 plastic.

Web

The limiting value of d/t for Class 1 is 80є = 70.4. The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is
Class 1 plastic. The entire cross-section is classified as Class 1 plastic and thus the design strength
of the material can be attained throughout the section. The moment capacity of the cross-section
given by Clause 4.2.5.2 is thus,

pySx = 1470 x 355 x 10-3 = 522kNm.

Condition (ii), Bending plus 700kN axial compression

Flanges

The limiting value of b/T is as in condition (i) above and the flanges are therefore Class 1 plastic.

Web

The level of zero stress will not be at mid depth of the web, so it is necessary to determine the
stress ratios, r1 and r2 from Table 2.1.

r1 = Fc / dtpy = 700 x 103 / 407.6 x 8.5 x 355 = 0.569

r2 = Fc / Agpy = 700 x 103 8550 x 355 = 0.231

The limiting value of d/t for Class 2 compact is

100є / (1 + 1.5r1) = 88 / (1 + 1.5 x 0.569) = 47.5

The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is not Class 2 compact.

The limiting value of d/t for Class 3 semi-compact is

120є / (1+2r2) = 105.6 / (1+2x0.231) = 72.2


The actual value is 48.0, therefore the web is Class 3 semi-compact.

The entire cross-section is therefore Class 3 semi-compact and thus the design strength of the
material can be attained at the extreme fibres. The moment capacity of the cross-section given by
Clause 4.2.5.2 is thus,

py Zx = 1300 x 355 x 10-3 = 462kNm.

Condition (iii), Axial compression of 700kN

Flanges

The limiting value of b/T is as in condition (i) above and the flanges are Class 1 plastic.

Web

When considering an I section in pure axial compression there is only one limit given in Table 2.1.
The limit is the same as in condition (ii) above and web is therefore Class 3 semi-compact.

The entire cross-section therefore may be treated as Class 1, 2 or 3 under pure axial compression.
The compression resistance (for a zero-length strut) is therefore given by Clause 4.7.4 as:

Agpy = 8550 x 355 x 10-3 = 3035kNm.

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