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These Questions have been sourced from Current Affairs 2025 Daily 20
MCQ Series in GKToday Android Application. This app exclusive course
provides approx. 500 questions every month along with archives of last 5
years current affairs mcqs, category wise classification, monthly
compilations as well as monthly revision documents in just Rs. 999/- per
year.

1. Which country has recently launched the CR450 prototype, the world's fastest high-speed train?
[A] France
[B] China
[C] Russia
[D] India
Answer: China
China unveiled the CR450, the world's fastest high-speed train, with test speeds of 450
km/h and a commercial speed of 400 km/h. It surpasses the CR400 Fuxing trains (350
km/h) and reflects breakthroughs in speed, energy efficiency, safety, and comfort.
Developed through 200,000 km of tests, 3,000 simulations, and 2,000 platform tests.
Features include water-cooled traction, high-stability bogies, and a 20% reduction in
energy use. Enhances passenger comfort with noise reduction, spacious cabins, and
storage for bicycles and wheelchairs. Aligns with China's plan to expand its rail network to
70,000 km by 2035.
2. Which institute has developed needle-free shock syringes for painless injections?
[A] IIT Hyderabad
[B] IIT Delhi
[C] IIT Bombay
[D] IIT Madras
Answer: IIT Bombay
IIT Bombay developed a shockwave-based, needle-free syringe for painless drug delivery,
reducing skin damage and infection risks. The syringe uses high-energy shockwaves to
create a microjet of liquid drug that penetrates the skin without needles. It consists of a
driver, driven section, and drug holder, powered by pressurized nitrogen gas. Effective in
tests on rats, it showed deeper tissue penetration with minimal skin damage. The device
supports over 1,000 uses, needing only nozzle replacements, making it cost-effective. It
could accelerate immunization drives like Mission Indradhanush and lower risks of needle-
related infections.
3. Vivad Se Vishwas scheme is associated with which sector?
[A] Agriculture
[B] Taxation
[C] Science and Technology
[D] Education
Answer: Taxation
The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) extended the deadline for the Vivad Se Vishwas

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scheme to January 31, 2025, from December 31, 2024. The scheme was announced in
Union Budget 2023-24. The Vivad Se Vishwas scheme is modeled on the 2019 Sabka
Vishwas Scheme for indirect taxes. It facilitates the settlement of disputed tax, interest,
and penalties. The scheme also grants immunity from prosecution under the Income-tax
Act for matters included in the declaration.
4. Tamu Lhosar festival is observed in which country?
[A] Nepal
[B] Bhutan
[C] Myanmar
[D] Sri Lanka
Answer: Nepal
The Gurung community celebrates Tamu Lhosar, marking the New Year and bidding
farewell to the past year. The festival is observed in Nepal's hilly and mountainous
districts, including Lamjung, Gorkha, Tanahun, and others. A special celebration is held at
Tundikhel, Kathmandu, where Gurung women wear traditional attire, including
Makhamali blouses, Ghalek shawls, Patuki, and sarees. Men dress in cultural outfits like
Bhoto, Bhangra, and Kachhad, performing a vibrant dance. Tamu Lhosar is celebrated on
the 15th of the Nepali month Push (December-January), with a public holiday announced.
5. A new plant species called Stellaria bengalensis has been discovered in which state recently?
[A] Odisha
[B] Kerala
[C] West Bengal
[D] Gujarat
Answer: West Bengal
Researchers have identified Stellaria bengalensis, an annual herb, in Kalimpong, West
Bengal. It grows at altitudes of 2,245-2,450 meters in muddy soil slopes, similar to Stellaria
mcclintockiae found in Kerala earlier this year. Stellaria bengalensis is an annual herb,
8-10.5 cm tall, with white flowers, no bracts, and sharp, pointed seeds. India has about 22
Stellaria species, mostly in the Himalayas, and the new species is currently assessed as
'data deficient' by IUCN.
6. What is the theme of the 'Sanskriti Utsava' organized by Uttar Pradesh in 2025?
[A] Cultural Unity in Diversity
[B] Sanskriti se hi Pehchaan
[C] Hamari Sanskriti-Hamari Pehchaan
[D] Preserving Classical Arts
Answer: Hamari Sanskriti-Hamari Pehchaan
The 'Sanskriti Utsava' is set to celebrate Uttar Pradesh's foundation day with the theme
'Uttar Pradesh Parv: Hamari Sanskriti-Hamari Pehchaan'. Scheduled from January 2 to
January 26, 2025, the festival aims to promote classical, semi-classical, and folk arts
through competitions at various levels. It seeks to discover emerging talents and enrich
the state's cultural heritage, showcasing diverse genres like Khayal, Dhrupad, and various
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folk music styles, along with classical dance forms such as Kathak and Bharatnatyam.
7. Chashma Nuclear Power Plant, which was seen in news, is located in which country?
[A] Pakistan
[B] Nepal
[C] Myanmar
[D] Bangladesh
Answer: Pakistan
Pakistan constructs its largest nuclear power plant, Chashma Nuclear Power Plant Unit 5
(C-5), with a capacity of 1200 MWe. The Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA)
issued the licence after reviewing safety, radiation protection, and nuclear security
standards. C-5 features a Chinese Hualong third-generation Pressurised Water Reactor
with advanced safety systems and a lifespan of 60 years. The plant will cost USD 3.7 billion
and is Pakistan's third nuclear plant of this design. Nuclear energy contributes 27% of
Pakistan’s electricity, with an installed capacity of 3,530 MW.
8. Which state won the Santosh Trophy national football championship title recently?
[A] West Bengal
[B] Kerala
[C] Odisha
[D] Punjab
Answer: West Bengal
West Bengal won the Santosh Trophy national football championship by defeating Kerala
in the final of the 78th edition. The final match was held on 31st December 2024 at GMC
Balayogi Stadium, Hyderabad, Telangana. The Santosh Trophy is a premier state-level
football tournament for men in India, organized by the All India Football Federation. The
78th edition's final round was hosted by the Telangana Football Association from 14th to
31st December 2024 in Hyderabad.
9. Business Ready (B-READY) is the flagship report of which organization?
[A] International Monetary Fund
[B] World Bank
[C] United Nations Development Programme
[D] World Trade Organization
Answer: World Bank
The World Bank launched the Business Ready (B-READY) report, replacing the paused Ease
of Doing Business report. The Ease of Doing Business report was suspended in 2020 due
to data manipulation and ranking integrity concerns. B-READY serves as a benchmarking
tool to evaluate the global business climate and promote inclusive private sector growth.
It focuses on ten core topics: Business Entry, Location, Utility Services, Labor, Financial
Services, International Trade, Taxation, Dispute Resolution, Market Competition, and
Insolvency.
10. Which organization has launched the quantum processor 'Willow'?
[A] Amazon
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[B] Meta
[C] Google
[D] Microsoft
Answer: Google
Google launched the quantum processor 'Willow,' advancing quantum computing to solve
practical problems. Willow has 105 physical qubits and operates at near absolute zero
temperatures (-273.15°C). It features better error correction and faster performance than
other quantum computers. The coherence time of Willow's qubits is around 100
microseconds, improved by error correction. Willow's architecture enables lower error
rates with more qubits. It outperformed classical computers in testing, completing a
Random Circuit Sampling task in minutes.
11. Which day is observed as Global Family Day every year?
[A] 1 January
[B] 2 January
[C] 3 January
[D] 4 January
Answer: 1 January
Global Family Day, also called World Peace Day, is observed annually on January 1 to
promote peace and unity worldwide. It emphasizes the idea that all people are
interconnected regardless of nationality, borders, or ethnicity. The concept originated in
1997 when the UN General Assembly declared the International Decade for the Culture of
Peace and Nonviolence for Children of the World. The UN officially recognized Global
Family Day in 2001 after its initial success in 1999.
12. Which city has launched 'Climate Mission' to become world's first energy literate city?
[A] Roorkee, Uttarakhand
[B] Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
[C] Indore, Madhya Pradesh
[D] Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Answer: Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) launched the Indore Climate Mission to make Indore
the world's first energy-literate city. IMC signed an MoU with the Energy Swaraj
Foundation, leading to the mission's launch on 30 November. The mission aims to make 5
lakh residents energy literate, a first in any Indian city. It focuses on reducing greenhouse
gas emissions, promoting energy conservation, and encouraging eco-friendly lifestyles.
13. Which country has introduced a new 'Tourism tax' in January 2025?
[A] Bhutan
[B] China
[C] Russia
[D] Nepal
Answer: Russia
Russia has introduced a new tourist tax, replacing the previous resort fee, effective today.

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Travelers will pay an additional 1% of their lodging costs to support regional tourism
infrastructure. The tax was added to the Russian Tax Code in July 2024 under a new
chapter, “Tourist Tax.” Regional authorities can implement the tax as a local levy, with
many regions already adopting it. The tax starts at 1% in 2025 and will increase to 3% by
2027.
14. Which country has abolished the death penalty in January 2025?
[A] Zimbabwe
[B] Iraq
[C] Kuwait
[D] Ethiopia
Answer: Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe abolished the death penalty, sparing around 60 prisoners on death row. The
country last executed someone in 2005 due to a lack of willing executioners. President
Emmerson Mnangagwa, once sentenced to death during the independence war,
approved the law after Parliament's bill. Mnangagwa has consistently opposed capital
punishment and commuted death sentences to life in prison through amnesties. Amnesty
International praised Zimbabwe’s move as a positive step for abolition in the region.
Globally, 113 countries, including 24 in Africa, have abolished the death penalty. In 2023,
Amnesty recorded 1,153 executions, with most in Iran and Saudi Arabia.
15. Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Kerala
[B] Tamil Nadu
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Karnataka
Answer: Kerala
A four-day faunal survey at Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary enriched its biodiversity
records. Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Kollam, Kerala, in the southern
Western Ghats. It covers 172 sq. km and is part of the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve.
The terrain is mostly hilly with ravines, featuring rich biodiversity. The sanctuary's rivers,
Shendurney, Kazhuthuruthy, and Kulathupuzha, merge to form the Kallada River. The
sanctuary plays a key role in conserving the unique flora and fauna of the Western Ghats.
16. Which state is the host of National SARAS mela 2025?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Kerala
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Kerala
The National Saras Mela will be held at Chengannur, Kerala, from January 20 to 31, at the
Chengannur municipal stadium. Organized by the Kudumbashree Mission, it will promote
rural products on a unified platform. The mela features 300 stalls from 28 States, including
200 from Kerala, showcasing handcrafted items, jewellery, textiles, and home decor. It
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provides self-help groups, neighborhood groups, and artisans a platform to reach urban
markets.
17. What is "INS Surat" that was recently seen in news?
[A] Fleet tanker
[B] Kamorta-class corvettes
[C] Nuclear powered aircraft carrier
[D] Stealth Destroyer
Answer: Stealth Destroyer
On 15 January 2025, the Indian Navy will commission three major combatants: INS Nilgiri,
INS Surat, and INS Vagsheer. INS Surat is the fourth and final ship of the Project-15B
Vishakhapatnam Class stealth destroyer. It is designed by the Indian Navy’s Warship
Design Bureau and built by Mazagaon Dock Limited. It has 72% indigenous content and is
India's first AI-enabled warship. The ship has a displacement of 7,400 tons, is 163 meters
long, and can reach speeds up to 60 km/h. It has a range of 15,000 km and is equipped
with BrahMos missiles, Barak-8 missiles, and advanced anti-submarine weapons.
18. Scrub Typhus, that was recently seen in news, is caused by which agent?
[A] Virus
[B] Fungus
[C] Bacteria
[D] Protozoa
Answer: Bacteria
Scrub typhus cases have been reported in several districts including Chennai, Tiruvallur,
and Vellore, with 5,000 cases in 2024. The disease is caused by the bacteria Orientia
tsutsugamushi and transmitted through infected mites. Symptoms include fever,
headache, body ache, and sometimes a rash. Severe cases can lead to respiratory distress,
organ failure, and death. Factors like vector abundance, climate, farming, and sanitation
impact its spread. The Elisa test is used for detection. Control measures include cold
fogging, clearing bushes, and reducing rodent populations.
19. Which institute has developed an affordable device to diagnose and manage tinnitus?
[A] IIT Madras
[B] IIT Kanpur
[C] IIT Bombay
[D] IIT Roorkee
Answer: IIT Bombay
Researchers at IIT Bombay have developed an affordable device to diagnose and manage
tinnitus. Tinnitus is the perception of sound with no external source, often caused by age-
related hearing loss, ear injury, or circulatory issues. Symptoms include sleep
disturbances, depression, anxiety, and other phantom noises like buzzing or roaring. The
new device offers a comprehensive approach with precise tinnitus matching, customizable
treatment, and tracking tools to monitor disease progression. It aims to provide
personalized care for patients based on their unique conditions.
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20. Which two countries have become the full member of the European Union’s (EU) Schengen
area on January 1, 2025?
[A] Cyprus and Ireland
[B] Romania and Bulgaria
[C] Iceland and Cyprus
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Romania and Bulgaria
Romania and Bulgaria became full members of the EU’s Schengen area on January 1,
2025. Previously, both countries held partial membership in the Schengen area. The
Schengen area operates as a single jurisdiction with a common visa policy for
international travel.
21. What is the name of the campaign launched by Nepal to end child marriage?
[A] Child Marriage Free Nepal
[B] End Violence Against Children
[C] Preserve a child's childhood
[D] Viksit Nepal
Answer: Child Marriage Free Nepal
More than 100 people, including child rights activists from Nepal and India, launched the
‘Child Marriage Free Nepal’ campaign in Kathmandu. The campaign, supported by Indian
organization Just Right for Children and Nepal’s Backward Society Education, aims to end
child marriage by 2030. Nepal has the second-highest prevalence of child marriage in
South Asia, with the legal marriage age set at 20. Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli pledged
support for the campaign.
22. Which year has been declared the ‘Year of Reforms’ by the Ministry of Defence to modernize
the Armed forces?
[A] 2024
[B] 2025
[C] 2026
[D] 2027
Answer: 2025
Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh chaired a meeting to review progress on defense reforms
and projects. 2025 has been declared the 'Year of Reforms' for the Ministry of Defence
(MoD). The goal is to transform the Armed Forces into a technologically advanced,
combat-ready force. Key focus areas include improving Jointness & Integration, enhancing
cyber and space capabilities, and integrating emerging technologies like AI, robotics, and
hypersonics. Acquisition procedures will be simplified, and public-private partnerships will
be promoted. The reforms aim to improve defense exports, optimize resources, and
ensure veterans’ welfare.
23. Who has been honored with the Gangadhar National Award for Poetry 2023?
[A] Nilakantha Diksita
[B] Kudikala Vamsidhar

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[C] Prativa Satpathy
[D] Tishani Parmar
Answer: Prativa Satpathy
Prativa Satpathy, renowned Odia poet, was awarded the Gangadhar National Award for
Poetry 2023 by Sambalpur University. Satpathy gained prominence in the 1960s with her
acclaimed work 'Sesha Janha'. Her poems have been translated into several languages,
gaining international recognition. The Gangadhar National Award, established in 1989,
includes a citation, a shawl, and a cash prize of Rs 1,00,000. Previous awardees include
Gulzar, K Sachidanandan, and Jayanta Mohapatra.
24. Which is the nodal ministry for National e-Governance Awards Scheme?
[A] Ministry of Finance
[B] Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
[C] Ministry of Home Affairs
[D] Ministry of Panchayati Raj
Answer: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions issued guidelines for the 28th
National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG) 2025. The NAeG is one of the most prestigious
awards for digital governance in India. The National Awards for e-Governance (NAeG)
scheme aims to promote excellence in e-Governance initiatives. The awards include a
Trophy, Certificate, and cash incentives—Rs 10 lakh for Gold Awardees and Rs 5 lakh for
Silver Awardees. 16 awards will be given this year, with 10 Gold and 6 Silver. The Ministry
of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions is the nodal ministry.
25. Sultanpur National Park is located in which state?
[A] Haryana
[B] Odisha
[C] Bihar
[D] Uttarakhand
Answer: Haryana
Sultanpur National Park in Gurugram, Haryana, plans to develop two water bodies to
attract migratory flamingoes from the nearby Najafgarh wetland. The park is a popular
bird sanctuary and a haven for bird watchers. It hosts both migratory and resident birds,
especially during the winter season.
26. Where was the 24th Rashtriya Vanvasi Krida Pratiyogita (National Sports For Forest Dwellers)
held?
[A] Bhopal
[B] Raipur
[C] Ranchi
[D] Bhubaneshwar
Answer: Raipur
The 24th Rashtriya Vanvasi Krida Pratiyogita held in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Tribal athletes
from across India, including the Andaman-Nicobar Islands and Manipur, participated in

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the event. The event was organized by the Vanvasi Vikas Samiti under the Vanvasi Kalyan
Ashram. More than 800 tribal youth from 33 provinces are competing in sports like
football and archery.
27. Which institute's space tech startup tested its first green propulsion system, VYOM 2U?
[A] IIT Roorkee
[B] IIT Madras
[C] IIT Bombay
[D] IIT Kanpur
Answer: IIT Bombay
Manastu Space, a start-up from IIT Bombay, successfully tested its green propulsion
system, VYOM 2U. This environmentally friendly technology represents a significant
advancement in satellite propulsion, offering a safer alternative to conventional toxic
propellants. The test was conducted aboard ISRO's PSLV C60 as part of the POEM-4
initiative, which provides a platform for innovative space experiments. The successful test
marks a key milestone in the commercialization of sustainable propulsion technology for
future space missions.
28. What is the proposed new base year for India's Wholesale Price Index (WPI)?
[A] 2022-23
[B] 2020-21
[C] 2015-16
[D] 2018-19
Answer: 2022-23
The government has initiated a review of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) to update its
base year from 2011-12 to 2022-23. This change aims to reflect structural economic
changes and enhance the accuracy of inflation measurement and GDP calculations. The
18-member committee, led by NITI Aayog member Ramesh Chand, will also explore
transitioning to a Producer Price Index (PPI) to include services, which constitute over half
of India's economic output, thus aligning with international practices.
29. India’s first Coastline-Waders Bird Census has conducted at which place?
[A] Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
[B] Marine National Park, Jamnagar
[C] Satpura National Park, Madhya Pradesh
[D] Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Uttar Pradesh
Answer: Marine National Park, Jamnagar
Gujarat government and Bird Conservation Society of Gujarat (BCSG) conducted India's
first coastal and wader bird census from January 3 to 5, 2025, at the Marine National Park
and Marine Sanctuary in Jamnagar. Jamnagar district in Gujarat hosts 300+ bird species,
including 50+ wader bird species. The three-day event includes expert talks on Day 1, bird
counting on Day 2, and a closing ceremony with knowledge sharing on Day 3. The census
will focus on wader and coastal bird species in the Marine National Park and Marine
Sanctuary.
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30. Which institute has recently developed bacteria to combat soil pollution and boost agriculture?
[A] IIT Kanpur
[B] IIT Madras
[C] IIT Bombay
[D] IIT Guwahati
Answer: IIT Bombay
IIT Bombay researchers developed a solution to tackle soil pollution using bacteria that
consume toxic pollutants and produce essential nutrients. These bacteria degrade
harmful substances, boost plant growth hormones, inhibit harmful fungi, and improve
nutrient availability for plants. This innovation can reduce reliance on chemical pesticides
and enhance soil health and fertility. The bacteria, mainly from the genera Pseudomonas
and Acinetobacter, were isolated from highly toxic environments and contaminated soils.
They effectively break down aromatic pollutants like carbaryl, naphthalene, and
phthalates, commonly found in pesticides and industrial by-products. The research offers
an eco-friendly alternative to expensive traditional soil remediation methods.
31. Which state has implemented the Shakti Scheme to provide free bus travel to women?
[A] Jharkhand
[B] Odisha
[C] Karnataka
[D] Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Karnataka
A delegation from Andhra Pradesh, including Ministers and officials, will visit Karnataka to
study the Shakti scheme, which offers free bus travel for women on non-premium State-
run buses. Andhra Pradesh is considering launching a similar scheme. The 15-member
delegation will engage with KSRTC officials to understand the operational aspects,
benefits, and challenges of the scheme. Shakti Yojana, implemented by Karnataka's
Congress government, has been running successfully for more than a year. The Shakti
scheme has significantly increased ridership, adding 23.17 lakh passengers daily.
32. Which state government launched the Yuva Nidhi Scheme to provide financial aid to
unemployed graduates and diploma holders?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Jharkhand
[C] Bihar
[D] Maharashtra
Answer: Karnataka
Registrations for Yuva Nidhi Scheme has started in Chamarajanagar, Karnataka. Chief
Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah launched the Yuva Nidhi scheme in January 2024. The
scheme provides financial aid to unemployed graduates and diploma holders for two
years. The scheme is managed by the Department of Skill Development,
Entrepreneurship, and Livelihood. Applications can be submitted on the Seva Sindhu
portal, Karnataka One, Grama One, and Bapuji Seva Kendra.

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33. Which institution released the "Comparative study of School Education System (SES)" report?
[A] Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
[B] NITI Aayog
[C] IIT Delhi
[D] Department of Education
Answer: Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) released a report titled "Comparative Study of
School Education System" (SES). The report analyzes India's school education system in
comparison with countries like the USA, UK, China, Sweden, and Australia. It focuses on
various aspects, including education structures, teaching methods, funding, assessments,
and equity measures. India spends only 2.7-2.9% of GDP on education, stagnating over six
years, while global benchmarks suggest 5-7%. Developed countries like Sweden allocate
6.7-6.9% and the UK 5.3-5.6%, while developing nations like Indonesia and Thailand
allocate 3.7-4.3% and 4.0-4.3%, respectively. Australia increased education spending by
8%, and China by 2.4%, highlighting India’s underinvestment. The study calls for raising
India’s education spending to 6% of GDP and implementing NEP 2020 reforms, focusing
on vocational and digital education.
34. Which ministry launched the revamped 'Baanknet' e-auction portal?
[A] Ministry of Finance
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of Corporate Affairs
[D] Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Finance
The Finance Ministry launched the revamped 'Baanknet' e-auction portal as a one-stop
platform for buyers and investors. It consolidates e-auction information from all Public
Sector Banks (PSBs) on properties like flats, houses, plots, shops, industrial land, vehicles,
and machinery. The portal simplifies property discovery and participation in auctions,
enhancing transparency and efficiency. It aids PSBs in recovering distressed assets,
improving their balance sheets, and boosting credit availability. More than 1,22,500
properties are listed, and PSB executives received training for effective use.
35. Which state launched the Ladki Bahin scheme?
[A] Maharashtra
[B] Gujarat
[C] Karnataka
[D] Tamil Nadu
Answer: Maharashtra
Maharashtra is reviewing beneficiaries of the Ladki Bahin Scheme, launched in June 2024.
Scheme supports women from economically weaker sections with ₹1,500 per month. Only
women with an annual family income below ₹2.5 lakh are eligible. Budget also included
free LPG cylinders for BPL families and free electricity for farmers. Scheme’s annual cost is
₹46,000 crore, raising concerns over financial sustainability. Finance department warned

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the expenses could affect payment of government salaries. Government aims to reduce
beneficiaries to ease the financial burden.
36. Centralised Pension Payments System (CPPS) is implemented by which organization?
[A] Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
[B] Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
[C] Ministry of Finance
[D] Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances
Answer: Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO)
The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has fully implemented the Centralized
Pension Payments System (CPPS). CPPS allows 7.85 million pensioners to access their
pensions from any bank or branch nationwide. It eliminates physical verifications and
ensures seamless pension disbursement. The new system replaces the decentralised
model, which relied on limited agreements with specific banks. Pensioners no longer need
to transfer pension payment orders (PPO) when moving or changing banks. Pension
amounts are immediately credited upon release, enhancing convenience and ease of
living.
37. What is the name of the digital platform used by CAG to improve transparency and
accountability in public spending?
[A] Digital Transparency Toolkit (DTT)
[B] Public Spending Analyzer (PSA)
[C] Open Data Kit (ODK)
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Open Data Kit (ODK)
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is using the Open Data Kit (ODK) platform to
enhance transparency and accountability in public spending. ODK is a secure digital
platform for designing, collecting, and managing data. It is integrated with CAG's
Operating System (OIOS) and provides end-to-end encryption. The platform helps identify
problem areas and launch multilingual surveys. Beneficiary surveys support audit
planning and evidence collection. ODK was used to assess patient satisfaction and audit
the performance of AIIMS Mangalagiri and AIIMS Bibinagar.
38. What is the name of the fixed deposit scheme launched by SBI for senior citizens aged 80 years
and above?
[A] SBI Patrons
[B] SBI Elite
[C] SBI Golden Deposit
[D] SBI Wealth Plus
Answer: SBI Patrons
State Bank of India launched two new deposit schemes, Har Ghar Lakhpati and SBI
Patrons, to provide better financial options. SBI Patrons is a fixed deposit scheme
specifically for senior citizens aged 80 and above. It offers higher interest rates,
acknowledging the loyalty of senior customers. Both new and existing term deposit

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customers can avail the SBI Patrons scheme. Depositors under this scheme earn an
additional 10 basis points higher interest than standard rates for senior citizens.
39. Rajagopala Chidambaram, who recently passed away, was associated with which field?
[A] Nuclear physics
[B] Politics
[C] Social Work
[D] Sports
Answer: Nuclear physics
Eminent physicist Rajagopala Chidambaram, key figure in India's nuclear tests of 1974 and
1998, passed away at 88. Born in 1936, Chidambaram studied at Presidency College,
Chennai, and Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru.. He served as Principal Scientific
Adviser to the Government of India (2001-2018) and director of BARC (1990-1993).
Chidambaram was chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and Secretary, DAE
(1993-2000). He also chaired the Board of Governors of the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) in 1994-1995.
40. Sariska Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Gujarat
[C] Karnataka
[D] Rajasthan
Answer: Rajasthan
A male tiger, T-2402, left Sariska Tiger Reserve and injured three people. Sariska Tiger
Reserve is located in Rajasthan, covering 800 sq km in the Aravali Hills. It was a hunting
ground for the Maharaja of Alwar before becoming a reserve in 1955 and a national park
in 1979. It was the first reserve globally to successfully relocate tigers. The area is known
for temples, palaces, and lakes like Pandu Pol, Bhangarh Fort, Siliserh Lake, and
JaiSamand Lake.
41. Polavaram irrigation project is built on which river?
[A] Narmada
[B] Krishna
[C] Kaveri
[D] Godavari
Answer: Godavari
Telangana government engaged IIT-Hyderabad experts to study the Polavaram project's
impact on the Godavari River. The Polavaram Project is a multi-purpose irrigation project
on the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. It aims to address water scarcity, boost
agriculture, and generate power. The dam spans 1.2 km, with 48 radial gates and a
spillway designed to withstand massive floods. The project aims to develop 4.36 lakh ha of
irrigation, generate 960 MW of power, supply water to 28.5 lakh people, and divert 80 TMC
water to the Krishna basin.
42. Europa, which was seen in news, is a moon of which planet?
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[A] Venus
[B] Mars
[C] Jupiter
[D] Saturn
Answer: Jupiter
Europa, one of Jupiter's moons, has a thicker icy crust than previously thought, possibly
limiting access to its subsurface oceans. It is the smallest of Jupiter's Galilean moons,
discovered by Galileo in 1610, with a diameter of 3,130 km, slightly smaller than Earth's
Moon. Europa's surface is smooth ice, and a saltwater ocean lies beneath, containing twice
the water of Earth's oceans. The moon might harbor conditions suitable for life with key
chemical elements present. NASA's Europa Clipper, launched on October 14, 2024, aims to
explore Europa's potential for supporting life.
43. Exports Inspection Council (EIC) works under which ministry?
[A] Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of External Affairs
[D] Ministry of Finance
Answer: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
The Export Inspection Council (EIC) has launched a study on food testing infrastructure for
exports. It was set up under the Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act, 1963. It
ensures quality control and inspection of Indian exports. EIC is the official certification
body for exports, ensuring products meet quality and safety standards for importing
countries. It provides mandatory certification for specific food products and voluntary
certification for others. EIC operates through Export Inspection Agencies in major cities,
with NABL accredited laboratories and 30 sub-offices. It works under the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry.
44. The Indian army organized the "Know Your Army Fair 2025" in which city?
[A] Lucknow
[B] Pune
[C] Hyderabad
[D] Chennai
Answer: Hyderabad
The Indian Army hosted the three-day ‘Know Your Army Mela 2025’ at Golconda Fort,
Hyderabad. The event was organized by HQ Telangana and Andhra Sub Area with support
from the Artillery Centre, Hyderabad. The event showcased the technological
advancements and indigenous capabilities of the armed forces to connect with the public
and inspire youth to consider military careers.
45. Which ministry launched the Sashakt Beti and e-Drishti initiatives?
[A] Ministry of Home Affairs
[B] Ministry of Education
[C] Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

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[D] Ministry of Defence
Answer: Ministry of Education
Union Minister of Education launched Sashakt Beti and e-Drishti projects at the University
of Delhi's Samarpan Samaroh event. Project Sashakt Beti empowers orphaned and single-
parent female students with family incomes under ₹4 lakh by providing laptops. Project e-
Drishti supports visually impaired students by providing tablets to improve their learning
and research capabilities.
46. Which country has developed the Abdali Short Range Ballistic Missiles (SRBMs)?
[A] Pakistan
[B] India
[C] Bangladesh
[D] China
Answer: Pakistan
Bangladesh is reportedly considering purchasing Abdali Short Range Ballistic Missiles
(Hatf 2) from Pakistan amid rising India-Bangladesh tensions. Abdali (Hatf 2) is a short-
range, road-mobile ballistic missile developed by Pakistan’s Space Research Commission
(SUPARCO). The missile is 6.5 m long, 0.56 m in diameter, weighs 1,750 kg, and has a
range of 180-200 km. It carries a 250-450 kg high explosive or submunition warhead with
a CEP of 150 m. It targets military bases, airfields, and critical infrastructure.
47. Prime Minister of India recently laid the foundation stone of Central Ayurveda Research
Institute (CARI) in which city?
[A] Hyderabad
[B] Jaipur
[C] Delhi
[D] Bhopal
Answer: Delhi
Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for the Central Ayurveda
Research Institute (CARI) building in Rohini, Delhi. The state-of-the-art facility spans 2.92
acres, costs ₹187 crore, and will be completed in 30 months. The institute will include a
100-bed research hospital with advanced clinical research, education, and treatment
facilities. The project supports the "Heal in India" initiative and aims to make India a global
health and wellness hub. CARI, established in 1979, focuses on Ayurvedic research,
particularly in preventive cardiology.
48. What is "Mucuna bracteata" that was recently seen in news?
[A] Asteroid
[B] Invasive plant
[C] Newly discovered species of Fish
[D] A type of vitamin
Answer: Invasive plant
The Tamil Nadu Forest Department and an NGO are running a pilot project to remove
Mucuna bracteata, an invasive plant, from rubber plantations and forest areas in

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Kanniyakumari. Originally introduced to protect rubber trees, it has spread across parts of
the Western Ghats, including regions near the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai tiger reserve.
Mucuna bracteata now covers large areas, overtaking native trees and hindering their
growth. The vine is a threat to biodiversity and is found mainly in the rainforest of
Kanniyakumari and abandoned rubber plantations.
49. Which city is the host of the 15th Aero India event 2025?
[A] Jaipur
[B] Bengaluru
[C] New Delhi
[D] Chennai
Answer: Bengaluru
Aero India 2025, Asia's biggest biennial air show, will be held at Yelahanka Air Force
Station, Bengaluru, from February 10-14, 2025. The first edition was in 1996, and the 14th
edition was held in 2023. The event will showcase India’s aerospace and defence
advancements, featuring air displays and exhibitions of military aircraft on February 13-14.
It is organized by the Defence Exhibition Organisation, Department of Defence
Production, Ministry of Defence. The theme of Aero India 2025 is "The Runway to a Billion
Opportunities."
50. Which football player was recently awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest
civilian honor in the United States?
[A] Lionel Messi
[B] Cristiano Ronaldo
[C] Kylian Mbappe
[D] Luka Modric
Answer: Lionel Messi
Lionel Messi was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden, the
highest civilian honor in the U.S. Messi is the first Argentine and first male soccer player to
receive this award. He could not attend the ceremony due to prior commitments, sending
a letter expressing gratitude. The award recognizes significant contributions to society,
world peace, or public welfare. Messi was honored for being the most decorated soccer
player and his philanthropic work through the Leo Messi Foundation and as a UNICEF
Goodwill Ambassador.
51. Rani Durgavati Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Odisha
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Madhya Pradesh
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has directed Madhya Pradesh to address complaints
from 52 villages regarding non-recognition of forest rights and forceful eviction near the
Rani Durgavati Tiger Reserve. Villagers from Damoh, Narsinghpur, and Sagar districts
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allege violations of the Forest Rights Act (FRA) and Wildlife Protection Act (WLPA) after the
reserve was notified in September 2023. The Rani Durgavati Tiger Reserve is located in
Madhya Pradesh. The reserve is spread across the districts of Sagar, Damoh, and
Narsinghpur, covering an area of 2,339 square kilometers.
52. Osteoporosis disease, which was seen in news, primarily affects which part of body?
[A] Heart
[B] Lungs
[C] Kidneys
[D] Bones
Answer: Bones
A webinar on osteoporosis was organized by Naruvi Hospitals, Vellore recently. Experts
highlight calcium intake, regular exercise, and healthy habits to prevent bone loss.
Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones, making them thinner and more prone to
fractures. It commonly affects bones like hips, wrists, and the spine. The condition occurs
when bone loss outpaces new bone creation, often due to low hormone levels. The
disease is often called "silent" because it shows no symptoms until a fracture occurs.
53. Which ministry released the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report for 2024?
[A] Ministry of Agriculture
[B] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
[C] Ministry of Jal Shakti
[D] Ministry of Rural Development
Answer: Ministry of Jal Shakti
The Union Minister of Jal Shakti released the Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment
Report for 2024. The total annual groundwater recharge in India is 446.90 Billion Cubic
Meter (BCM), with 406.19 BCM being extractable. The country's groundwater extraction is
245.64 BCM, with an average extraction rate of 60.47%. Out of 6746 assessment units,
73.4% are categorized as 'Safe', while 11.1% are 'Over-exploited'. Groundwater recharge
has increased by 15 BCM since 2017, and extraction has decreased by 3 BCM. Recharge
from tanks, ponds, and water conservation structures has significantly improved.
54. What is the IUCN status of Golden Jackal that was recently seen in news?
[A] Endangered
[B] Vulnerable
[C] Critically Endangered
[D] Least Concern
Answer: Least Concern
Golden jackals, also called common jackals, are medium-sized wolf-like canids. They are
adapting to environmental changes and are less inclined to avoid humans. In human-
inhabited areas, they are strictly nocturnal but may be partly diurnal in other regions.
They inhabit valleys, rivers, lakes, canals, and seashores, but are rare in low mountains.
They are found in parts of Africa, Europe, South Asia, and India. Their conservation status
is "Least Concern" under IUCN.
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55. Which day is celebrated as World Day of War Orphans?
[A] January 5
[B] January 6
[C] January 7
[D] January 8
Answer: January 6
January 6 is observed as World Day of War Orphans to highlight the struggles of children
who lose parents to war. Millions of children worldwide face impacts of conflict, climate
change, displacement, and poverty. The day calls for collective efforts to ensure care,
education, and protection for these vulnerable children. More than 460 million children
live in or flee conflict zones like Sudan, Ukraine, Myanmar, and Palestine. These children
face physical dangers and emotional trauma from losing their families.
56. What is the rank of India in terms of the largest metro network in the world?
[A] First
[B] Second
[C] Third
[D] Fourth
Answer: Third
India has the third-largest operational metro rail network globally, after China and the
USA. India's metro network serves over 1 crore passengers daily, surpassing Japan in
metro projects by 2022. Metro development in India began in 1969 with the Metropolitan
Transport Project. PM Modi launched metro projects worth over ₹12,200 crore in Delhi on
January 5.
57. As per recent report by IIT Roorkee, which river has been identified as most vulnerable to
landslide-induced natural dams in Uttarakhand?
[A] Alaknanda
[B] Kosi
[C] Mandakini
[D] Dhauliganga
Answer: Alaknanda
A study by IIT Roorkee identified the Alaknanda River in Uttarakhand as highly vulnerable
to landslide-induced natural dams. The Alaknanda is one of the two main headstreams of
the Ganges River, originating from the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in the
Garhwal Himalayas. It spans approximately 190 km before merging with the Bhagirathi
River at Devprayag, where it is officially called the Ganga. Alaknanda contributes more
water to the Ganga than the Bhagirathi. The river's banks host key pilgrimage sites,
including Badrinath, Hemkund Sahib, and Joshimath, and form part of the Char Dham
Yatra.
58. “Net-Zero Banking Alliance” is convened by which organisation?
[A] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
[B] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

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[C] World Bank
[D] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Answer: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Major Wall Street banks have exited the Net-Zero Banking Alliance, a prominent group in
global finance. The Alliance, led by banks and convened by the UN, commits members to
align lending, investments, and capital activities with net-zero greenhouse gas emissions
by 2050. The United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
convenes the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA). It is governed by a Steering Group,
including member banks, UNEP FI Secretariat, and the UN. Banks in the alliance commit to
transitioning GHG emissions in their portfolios and setting 2030 and 2050 targets with
updates every five years. Members must annually publish emissions data. No Indian bank
is currently part of this alliance.
59. Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula), which was seen in news, belongs to which species?
[A] Lizard
[B] Bat
[C] Frog
[D] Spider
Answer: Bat
A study revealed the migration strategy of common noctule bats, which travel thousands
of kilometers across Europe in spring, using warm storm fronts to conserve energy. The
common noctule is an insectivorous bat with a golden to dark brown body, narrow wings,
and a powerful flight pattern. It echolocates at low frequencies around 25kHz, audible to
some humans, especially children. They inhabit forests, open areas, and urban settings,
roosting in hollow trees, buildings, and caves. During winter, they hibernate in caves or
urban structures, especially in Eastern Europe. IUCN lists the species as "Least Concern."
60. Which ministry launched the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Specialty Steel (PLI
Scheme 1.1)?
[A] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[B] Ministry of Steel and Heavy Industries
[C] Ministry of Power
[D] Ministry of Finance
Answer: Ministry of Steel and Heavy Industries
The Union Minister of Steel and Heavy Industries launched the second round of the PLI
Scheme for Specialty Steel, called PLI Scheme 1.1. It will run from FY 2025-26 to FY
2029-30. It covers five product categories: coated/plated steel, high-strength steel,
specialty rails, alloy steel products, and electrical steel. These products serve sectors like
white goods, transformers, automobiles, and niche industries. Changes include reduced
investment thresholds, allowance for carrying forward excess production, and
participation through capacity augmentation without new mills. The scheme aims to boost
domestic specialty steel production, reduce imports, and attract investments, originally
expanded to steel in November 2020.
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61. Which institute has recently commissioned Asia's largest shallow wave basin research facility?
[A] IIT Bombay
[B] IIT Kanpur
[C] IIT Delhi
[D] IIT Madras
Answer: IIT Madras
IIT-Madras has commissioned Asia's largest shallow wave basin research facility at its
Discovery campus in Thaiyur. The facility handles complex wave and current interactions,
addressing challenges in Indian ports, waterways, and coastal engineering. Developed
indigenously, it is supported by the National Technology Centre for Ports Waterways and
Coasts (NTCPWC). The facility can test coastal structures, post-impact analysis, solar
floating plants, and climate change effects. It is equipped with a mobile wave maker,
enabling multiple projects and international research collaborations. This facility
strengthens IIT-Madras as a global leader in marine science and engineering.
62. Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) functions under which ministry?
[A] Ministry of Home Affairs
[B] Ministry of Defence
[C] Ministry of Tourism
[D] Ministry of Culture
Answer: Ministry of Defence
The Supreme Court suggested setting up Benches of the Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) in
Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh to address growing defence-related case
pendency. AFT is a military tribunal established under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act,
2007. It functions under the Ministry of Defence. It resolves military-related disputes,
including service matters and appeals from court-martial decisions. The suggestion aims
to speed up the resolution of defence cases in these areas.
63. Recently, Saint Narahari Tirtha statue have been found at which temple in Andhra Pradesh?
[A] Ahobilam Temple
[B] Simhachalam Temple
[C] Kanaka Durga Temple
[D] Draksharama Temple
Answer: Simhachalam Temple
A three-foot statue of 13th-century saint Narahari Tirtha was discovered at Simhachalam
Temple in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Narahari Tirtha was a Dvaita Vedanta
philosopher and disciple of Madhvacharya, spreading the doctrine in eastern India,
especially Kalinga (modern Odisha and Andhra Pradesh). He hailed from Chikakolu (now
Srikakulam) and assisted Eastern Ganga dynasty kings for three decades, ensuring
adherence to Sanatana Dharma and proper temple administration. His contributions are
documented in inscriptions at Simhachalam and Srikurmam temples. He introduced
Devaranamas in Kannada, Yakshagana Bayalata in Karnataka, and influenced Kuchipudi in
Andhra Pradesh.

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64. The Ministry of Food Processing Industries inaugurated the 8th edition of Indusfood 2025 in
which city?
[A] Greater Noida
[B] Varanasi
[C] Lucknow
[D] New Delhi
Answer: Greater Noida
Union Minister of Food Processing Industries Chirag Paswan inaugurated the 8th edition
of Indusfood 2025 in Greater Noida on January 8. The event is organized by the Trade
Promotion Council of India (TPCI) with Department of Commerce support. Indusfood is
Asia’s largest annual food and beverage trade show. The event features 2,300+ exhibitors
from 30+ countries across 120,000 square meters and expects 7,500 international buyers
and 15,000 Indian visitors.
65. The ‘Cancel Coal’ case, which was seen in news, is associated with which country?
[A] South Africa
[B] Russia
[C] Indonesia
[D] Malaysia
Answer: South Africa
South Africa's High Court blocked a 1,500 MW coal power plan, supporting constitutional
rights and sustainable energy. The 'Cancel Coal' case, led by civil society, challenged the
government's 2019 Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) to add 1,500 MW of coal power. The
youth-led protest opposes the expansion of coal, citing environmental and health
concerns. South Africa relies on coal for 71% of its energy supply. The ruling emphasizes
the constitutional duty to protect the environment and sets a global precedent for
transitioning to renewable energy.
66. Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Odisha
[B] Gujarat
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Jharkhand
Answer: Maharashtra
The Bombay High Court took suo moto cognizance of an incident where tourists cornered
a tigress and her cubs in Umred-Pauni-Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary. This incident
highlighted gaps in wildlife protection and monitoring protocols. The sanctuary is located
in Maharashtra’s Bhandara and Nagpur districts. It connects to the Tadoba Andhari Tiger
Reserve via a vital forest corridor along the Wainganga River. The sanctuary is bordered
by the Wainganga River and the Gose Khurd Dam to the northeast.
67. What is India's projected GDP growth rate for the financial year 2024-25?
[A] 6.4%
[B] 7.2%

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[C] 8.1%
[D] 8.4%
Answer: 6.4%
India's GDP is projected to grow by 6.4% in FY 2024-25, a decline from 8.2% in FY 2023-24.
This marks the lowest growth rate in four years, indicating a slowdown in economic
performance. The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) provides
these estimates, which also highlight a marginal increase in nominal GDP to 9.7%. The
decline in growth reflects challenges in various sectors, including agriculture,
construction, and services, impacting overall economic health.
68. Kalpeni Island, which was seen in news, is located in which state/UT?
[A] Lakshadweep
[B] Andaman and Nicobar
[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Puducherry
Answer: Lakshadweep
Divers near Kalpeni Island in Lakshadweep discovered possible wreckage of a 17th or
18th-century European warship. Kalpeni Island is part of the Lakshadweep archipelago in
the Arabian Sea, covering 2.79 square kilometers. It is 287 kilometers from Kochi, Kerala,
and lies southeast of Kavaratti Island. Kalpeni forms a single atoll with islets Tilakkam,
Pitti, and Cheriyam. The island is known for coral reefs, clear waters, white beaches, and a
2.8-kilometer-wide lagoon, it is ideal for snorkeling and scuba diving. The island’s culture
reflects its Maliku community heritage, with a climate similar to Kerala.
69. Modhweth Festival is celebrated by which tribe in Tamil Nadu?
[A] Toda
[B] Kurumbas
[C] Konda Reddi
[D] Malasar
Answer: Toda
The Toda tribe in Tamil Nadu's Nilgiri Hills celebrated their traditional Modhweth or
Buffalo Festival to mark the New Year. The Toda tribe is among the oldest ethnic groups in
the Upper Nilgiris plateau. They are divided into five clans: Paiki, Pekkan, Kuttan, Kenna,
and Todi. The Toda people have their own language without a script. They live in closed
communities called munds. The Modhweth Festival is an annual celebration held in late
December or early January, highlighting their cultural significance.
70. Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated annually on which day?
[A] January 8
[B] January 9
[C] January 10
[D] January 11
Answer: January 9
Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (PBD) is celebrated annually on January 9th to honor the

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contributions of the Overseas Indian community. It marks Mahatma Gandhi's return to

India from South Africa on January 9, 1915, starting a pivotal movement in India's freedom
struggle. The diaspora has played a key role in India’s development in sectors like
business, technology, and policy-making. It started in 2003 and is now celebrated every
two years since 2015. The 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention held from January 8-10,
2025, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, with the theme "The Diaspora's Contribution to a Viksit
Bharat."
71. UJALA scheme is implemented by which organization?
[A] Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)
[B] Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
[C] Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
[D] Central Electricity Authority
Answer: Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL)
The Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All (UJALA) scheme, launched in January 2015,
distributed 36.87 crore LED bulbs, saving ₹19,153 crore annually in electricity costs. It is
the world’s largest zero-subsidy LED lamp distribution initiative, aiming for energy
efficiency in households. The scheme replaced 77 crore traditional bulbs and 3.5 crore
street lights, targeting savings of 85 lakh kWh and reducing CO2 by 15,000 tonnes. It is
implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under the Ministry of Power.
72. Which Indian player won the U-17 title at the British Junior Squash Open 2025 in Birmingham?
[A] Anahat Singh
[B] Akanksha Salunkhe
[C] Adya Advani
[D] Nikita Joshi
Answer: Anahat Singh
Anahat Singh won the U-17 title at the British Junior Squash Open in Birmingham on
January 6, 2025. She defeated Malika El Caracsi of Egypt in the final. Anahat had previously
won Under-11 and Under-15 category titles. She became India's youngest player at the
Commonwealth Games in 2022. Anahat has also won bronze medals at the Asian Games
and Asian Championships.
73. What is the name of India’s first ayurvedic medical device recently approved by CDSCO?
[A] Nadi Tarangini
[B] AyurvedPlus
[C] Joshi Health Device
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Nadi Tarangini
Nadi Tarangini, India’s first Ayurvedic medical device, received approval from Central
Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). It costs ₹55,000 and is manufactured by
Atreya Innovations in Pune. The device analyzes 22 Ayurvedic parameters and provides a
10-page report in 10 Indian languages. It has an accuracy of 85% and is used in over 1250
Ayurvedic clinics. Nadi Tarangini received patents in the US, Europe, Indonesia, and India.
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74. Where was the eighth Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge, LSAM 22
inducted recently?
[A] Mumbai
[B] Kochi
[C] Chennai
[D] Visakhapatnam
Answer: Mumbai
The eighth Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile (ACTCM) Barge, LSAM 22, was inducted
on 06 Jan 2025 at Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The contract for 11 ACTCM Barges was signed
with M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt. Ltd., a Thane-based MSME, on 05 Mar 2021. Seven
ACTCM Barges have already been delivered, and the shipyard is also building four Sullage
Barges for the Navy. The barges are indigenously designed and tested for seaworthiness
at Naval Science and Technological Laboratory, Visakhapatnam. Built under Indian
Register of Shipping rules, these barges promote Make in India and Aatmanirbhar Bharat
initiatives.
75. Which state has announced a $1 million prize for deciphering the Indus Valley script?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Haryana
[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M.K. Stalin announced a $1 million prize for deciphering the
ancient Indus Valley script. The announcement was made during the centenary
celebration of the Indus Valley Civilization at an international conference in Chennai. The
Chief Minister emphasized the importance of decoding the script to understand ancient
history. Tamil Nadu is supporting archaeological research through initiatives like a
dedicated research chair named after Iravatham Mahadevan. This move reflects the
state's commitment to promoting historical and archaeological studies.
76. Which technique is used in Prayagraj to create dense forests for Mahakumbh 2025?
[A] Miyawaki Technique
[B] Hydroponics
[C] Permaculture
[D] Agroforestry
Answer: Miyawaki Technique
The Miyawaki Technique, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, accelerates
forest growth by planting native species closely together. This method enhances
biodiversity, improves soil quality, and creates lush green spaces even in urban areas. In
Prayagraj, over 1.2 lakh trees of various species have been planted using this technique,
contributing to better air quality and environmental conservation ahead of the
Mahakumbh 2025. The dense forests help absorb carbon, reduce pollution, and restore
ecological balance, showcasing an effective approach to urban greening and

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sustainability.
77. e-Shram Portal was launched by which ministry?
[A] Ministry of Labour and Employment
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of Heavy Industries
[D] Ministry of MSME
Answer: Ministry of Labour and Employment
The union Minister of Labour & Employment launched multilingual functionality on the e-
Shram portal. The e-Shram portal supports and empowers the unorganized workforce by
creating a National Database of Unorganised Workers (NDUW). The portal now supports
22 languages, upgraded using MEITY’s Bhashini project. Previously, the portal was
available only in English, Hindi, Kannada, and Marathi.
78. Who won the gold medal in the 10m air-rifle event at the 15th Lakshya Cup tournament?
[A] Mohit Gowda
[B] Kiran Jadhav
[C] Aishwary Pratap Singh
[D] Aakash Bhardwaj
Answer: Kiran Jadhav
Kiran Jadhav of the Navy won the 10m air-rifle gold at the 15th Lakshya Cup. Jadhav scored
251.7 points, securing his first victory after years of finals since 2018. Maharashtra's
Gajanan Khandagale came second with 250.9 points, and Mohit Gowda took third with
229.3 points. Paris Olympics finalist Arjun Babuta finished fourth with 208.2 points.
National champions Shahu Mane and Ananya Naidu failed to qualify for the finals. Mohit
Gowda topped the qualifiers with 630.5 points, while Olympians Divyansh Singh Panwar
and Sandeep Singh also missed the finals.
79. Flamingo Festival 2025 is celebrated in which state?
[A] Odisha
[B] Tamil Nadu
[C] Kerala
[D] Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Andhra Pradesh
The Flamingo Festival 2025 returns to Andhra Pradesh after a four-year break, celebrating
migratory birds, especially flamingos, at Pulicat Lake and Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary. The
event covers five key locations: Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Atakanithippa, BV Palem (Pulicat
Lake), Sullurpet's Government Junior College, and Sri City. More than 200 bird species,
including flamingos, grey pelicans, and open-bill storks, are expected to migrate to the
region. Activities include birdwatching, eco-friendly biodiversity sessions, boating, cultural
programs, and stalls at Sullurpeta.
80. Punatsangchhu-II Hydroelectric Project (PHEP-II), which was seen in news, is located in which
country?
[A] Nepal

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[B] Bhutan
[C] Myanmar
[D] China
Answer: Bhutan
Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) commissioned two units of the 6x170 MW Punatsangchhu-
II Hydroelectric Project (PHEP-II) in Bhutan. PHEP-II was executed under an India-Bhutan
bilateral agreement and is located in Wangdue district, Bhutan. BHEL has previously
executed major projects in Bhutan, contributing to nearly 89% of the country’s installed
capacity. BHEL is also working on the 6x200 MW Punatsangchhu-I project in Bhutan.
81. EmpowHER Biz – Sapno Ki Udaan is an initiative of which institution?
[A] NITI Aayog
[B] National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD)
[C] National Commission for Women (NCW)
[D] Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB)
Answer: NITI Aayog
NITI Aayog's Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) launched "EmpowHER Biz – Sapno
Ki Udaan" in partnership with New Shop under its Award to Reward (ATR) program. The
initiative provides mentorship and training in retail management, digital tools, financial
literacy, and business development for women entrepreneurs. Fifty women aged 18–35
will be selected through an online application process based on specific criteria. The top
20 participants will receive a 100% waiver on New Shop franchise fees, reducing barriers
to owning retail businesses. The program targets women from Delhi NCR, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.
82. What are Glenochrysa zeylanica and Indophanes barbara, that were recently seen in news?
[A] Drugs for Tuberculosis (TB)
[B] Neuroptera species
[C] Invasive plant
[D] Newly discovered minerals
Answer: Neuroptera species
Researchers discovered two rare Neuroptera species, Indophanes barbara and
Glenochrysa zeylanica, in Kerala. Indophanes barbara, an antlion from the
Myrmeleontidae family, does not build pits like other antlion larvae and lives in loose soil
for protection. Adult Indophanes barbara resemble damselflies but can be identified by
their long antennae and belong to holometabolous Neuroptera insects, unlike
hemimetabolous damselflies. Glenochrysa zeylanica, a green lacewing from the
Chrysopidae family, was rediscovered in Wayanad after 111 years and reported for the
first time in India. Neuroptera, commonly called lacewings, are terrestrial insects with
complex wing vein patterns.
83. Artesian condition was recently observed at which place in Rajasthan?
[A] Bikaner
[B] Alwar

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[C] Jaisalmer
[D] Bhilwara
Answer: Jaisalmer
The artesian condition was recently observed in Taranagar village, Jaisalmer district,
Rajasthan. The term "artesian" refers to water confined under pressure below layers of
impermeable rock. This water is located deeper beneath the earth's surface, surrounded
by poorly permeable rocks, creating high underground pressure. Artesian conditions
occur when groundwater moves from a recharge area to a discharge point at a lower
elevation. Unlike normal tube wells, artesian water can naturally sprout from
underground without any external assistance.
84. Recently, who has been appointed as Revenue Secretary in the Ministry of Finance?
[A] Manoj Govil
[B] Tuhin Kanta Pandey
[C] Arunish Chawla
[D] Ankit Jalan
Answer: Tuhin Kanta Pandey
The government shifted revenue secretary Arunish Chawla to the Department of
Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM) ahead of the Union Budget. Tuhin
Kanta Pandey, the DIPAM Secretary, is now appointed as the new revenue secretary and
designated finance secretary. Chawla, a 1992-batch IAS officer from Bihar, was previously
Secretary in the Department of Pharmaceuticals. Pandey, a 1987-batch IAS officer from
Odisha, is known for his role in the disinvestment of Air India and Neelanchal Ispat Nigam
Ltd to Tata Group. Chawla will also handle additional responsibilities as Secretary of the
Department of Public Enterprises.
85. What is the name of the indigenous dog breed recently recognized by ICAR-NBAGR from the
Himalayas?
[A] Damchi
[B] Gaddi
[C] Bakharwal
[D] Bangara
Answer: Gaddi
The Gaddi dog, a loyal shepherd dog from the Himalayas, is now recognized as an
indigenous breed by Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Animal
Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBAGR). It is found in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and
the Pir Panjal range. It is known for guarding flocks against predators like the Snow
Leopard and is named after the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh. Other registered
indigenous breeds include the Rajapalayam and Chippiparai from Tamil Nadu and the
Mudhol Hound from Karnataka, known for agility, guarding, and loyalty.
86. Joseph Aoun has been elected as president of which country?
[A] Oman
[B] Lebanon

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[C] Qatar
[D] Yemen
Answer: Lebanon
Joseph Aoun, Lebanon's army chief, was elected President on 9 January 2025, filling a two-
year vacancy since Michel Aoun's term ended. His election signals reduced influence of
Hezbollah, following its war with Israel, and revived Saudi and international involvement
in Lebanon. Aoun pledged to ensure state control over arms, rebuild areas affected by
war, and prevent Israeli attacks. Aoun's presidency aims to revive governance and tackle
Lebanon's economic crisis.
87. Which organization released the World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025 report?
[A] United Nations (UN)
[B] World Bank
[C] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
[D] Asian Development Bank (ADB)
Answer: United Nations (UN)
World Economic Situation and Prospects 2025 report was recently released by the UN.
According to this report, the Indian economy is projected to grow by 6.6% in 2025 and
6.7% in 2026, supported by private consumption and investments. The UN report
highlighted the public sector's role in funding infrastructure, digital connectivity, and
social infrastructure projects. Capital expenditure on infrastructure will have strong
multiplier effects, boosting growth. Manufacturing, services, and strong export growth in
pharmaceuticals and electronics will drive economic activity. Favorable monsoon rains in
2024 are expected to boost agricultural output in 2025. Risks include geopolitical tensions,
debt challenges, and climate hazards affecting growth.
88. Mount Ibu, which was seen in the news, is located in which country?
[A] Philippines
[B] Vietnam
[C] Malaysia
[D] Indonesia
Answer: Indonesia
Mount Ibu, an active stratovolcano in Indonesia, erupted, sending ash clouds 3 kilometers
high. It is located on Halmahera Island's northwest coast. Mount Ibu is one of Indonesia's
127 active volcanoes. Indonesia, part of the Pacific "Ring of Fire" with 127 active volcanoes,
often experiences such events. A stratovolcano, or composite volcano, has a conical shape
formed by layers of volcanic material from successive eruptions.
89. Recently, which drug has been officially banned in India due to its toxic impact on endangered
vultures?
[A] Nimesulide
[B] Ketoprofen
[C] Flunixin
[D] Aspirin

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Answer: Nimesulide
India has officially banned nimesulide after research confirmed its toxic impact on
endangered vultures. Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used
for pain and inflammation relief in conditions like osteoarthritis, menstrual cramps, and
fever. The drug was widely used for treating animals like cattle, pigs, and horses. It causes
kidney damage in vultures, leading to health issues and a decline in their population.
Symptoms like visceral gout indicate kidney damage in vultures. Nimesulide is banned for
pediatric use in several countries and now in India under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act,
1940.
90. Ebola Virus, that was recently seen in news, are primarily found in which region?
[A] South America
[B] Sub-Saharan Africa
[C] North America
[D] Australia
Answer: Sub-Saharan Africa
Researchers developed the first nanobody-based inhibitors targeting the Ebola virus.
Ebola is caused by ortho ebola viruses, discovered in 1976 in the Congo, primarily found in
sub-Saharan Africa. The virus gets its name from the Ebola River in Congo. Fruit bats are
natural hosts, and it spreads through contact with infected animals or humans. Symptoms
include fever, diarrhea, vomiting, bleeding, and often death. The average fatality rate is
around 50%. There is no cure exists for Ebola. Experimental treatments like monoclonal
antibodies have been used. Treatment focuses on fluid balance, blood plasma, and early
intervention for better recovery chances.
91. The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025 was organized in which city?
[A] Chandigarh
[B] New Delhi
[C] Hyderabad
[D] Bengaluru
Answer: New Delhi
The Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue 2025 inaugurated at Bharat Mandapam, New
Delhi, to promote youth participation in nation-building. It is organized by the Department
of Youth Affairs under Union Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya from January 10-12. It
reimagines the National Youth Festival, providing a platform for youth to present ideas for
a developed India and engage with policymakers and global icons. 3,000 participants were
selected, including 1,500 from State Championships, 1,000 from cultural programs, and
500 for groundbreaking contributions.
92. Which ministry launched the 8th edition of National Programme for Organic Production
(NPOP)?
[A] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
[B] Ministry of Agriculture
[C] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
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[D] Ministry of Power
Answer: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
The Ministry of Commerce & Industry launched the 8th edition of the National Programme
for Organic Production (NPOP) to promote ease of operations and transparency for
stakeholders, including farmers. Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export
Development Authority (APEDA) implements NPOP to strengthen India’s organic
certification system. The event unveiled key portals, including NPOP, Organic Promotion
Portal, TraceNet 2.0, revamped APEDA, and AgriXchange, for improving operations,
traceability, and market access.
93. Z Morh Tunnel, which was seen in the news, is located in which state/UT?
[A] Sikkim
[B] Arunachal Pradesh
[C] Assam
[D] Jammu and Kashmir
Answer: Jammu and Kashmir
The Z-Morh tunnel will be a key milestone in creating a year-round strategic corridor
between Kashmir and Ladakh. It is a 2-lane road tunnel between Gagangir and Sonamarg
on the Srinagar-Leh Highway in Jammu and Kashmir. The tunnel is named after the Z-
shaped road section near the site. The tunnel is necessary due to the area's high altitude
(over 8,500 ft) and frequent snow avalanches, which make the road impassable during
winter months.
94. Which country has introduced world-first sanctions regime to combat irregular migration in
January 2025?
[A] China
[B] United Kingdom (UK)
[C] United States (US)
[D] Australia
Answer: United Kingdom (UK)
The UK announced the world’s first sanctions regime to combat people smuggling and
block illicit finance supporting such crimes. The sanctions focus on irregular migration and
organized immigration crime. Authorities can now target individuals and entities enabling
dangerous journeys, such as smuggling vulnerable people via sea crossings in Europe.
The regime is expected to be implemented within the year.
95. Which institute in Himachal Pradesh was recently renamed after former Prime Minister Dr.
Manmohan Singh?
[A] Himachal Pradesh Institute of Management Studies
[B] Himachal Pradesh Institute of Public Administration
[C] Himachal Pradesh National Law University
[D] Indus International University
Answer: Himachal Pradesh Institute of Public Administration
The Himachal Pradesh government approved renaming the Himachal Pradesh Institute of

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Public Administration (HIPA) to Dr. Manmohan Singh Himachal Pradesh Institute of Public
Administration. This honors Dr. Singh’s contributions to national and state development.
The Cabinet acknowledged his transformative role during his tenure as Prime Minister
and Union Finance Minister.
96. What is the name of the sixth and final Scorpene-class submarine delivered to the Indian Navy?
[A] INS Vikrant
[B] INS Vaghsheer
[C] INS Sharda
[D] INS Kaveri
Answer: INS Vaghsheer
Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited (MDL) delivered the sixth Scorpene-class submarine,
INS Vaghsheer, to the Indian Navy on Jan 9, 2025. This marks the completion of Project
P-75, enhancing India's submarine fleet. INS Vaghsheer underwent rigorous trials and
features advanced stealth technology, precision-guided weapons, and indigenous
systems. The submarine strengthens India’s self-reliance in defence technology. MDL is
poised for Project 75(I), building nuclear-powered submarines. The shipyard now has the
capacity to build up to 10 capital warships and 11 submarines simultaneously, advancing
India’s naval capabilities.
97. Which country has developed the world's first wooden satellite named LignoSat?
[A] China
[B] Russia
[C] Japan
[D] India
Answer: Japan
LingoSat, a joint project of Japan’s Kyoto University and Sumitomo Forestry, is the first
wooden satellite launched into orbit. It uses wood from honoki, a magnolia tree native to
Japan, and is assembled using traditional Japanese crafts without screws or glue. The
satellite’s name comes from the Latin word "Ligno," meaning wood. LignoSat 1 is a
CubeSat measuring 10 cm on each side and weighing 900 grams. LignoSat 2, a 2U
CubeSat, is planned for launch in 2026.
98. The 'Maa Ki Rasoi' initiative is launched by which state government recently?
[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Uttar Pradesh
[C] Gujarat
[D] Rajasthan
Answer: Uttar Pradesh
The 'Maa Ki Rasoi' initiative, inaugurated by Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath,
offers a full meal for just ₹9 to economically weaker sections in Prayagraj. The initiative is
operated by Nandi Sewa Sansthan at Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital. This initiative reflects
the government's commitment to social welfare, especially during the auspicious
Mahakumbh festival.
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99. What is the name of the DRDO's clothing system designed for extreme cold weather
operations?
[A] HIMKAVACH
[B] ARCTIC SHIELD
[C] SNOWGUARD
[D] WINTER WARRIOR
Answer: HIMKAVACH
HIMKAVACH is a multi-layer clothing system developed by the Defence Research and
Development Organisation (DRDO). It is designed for extreme cold conditions ranging
from +20°C to -60°C. It has successfully passed user trials and is specifically tailored for
use in the Himalayan region. The system ensures optimal protection and functionality for
soldiers facing harsh weather. Its effectiveness emphasizes India's commitment to
improving military preparedness in challenging environments, especially in border areas
with extreme cold conditions.
100. The National Youth Day is celebrated on 12th January every year in commemoration of which
Indian leader?
[A] Bhagat Singh
[B] Chandra Shekhar Azad
[C] APJ Abdul Kalam
[D] Swami Vivekananda
Answer: Swami Vivekananda
India celebrates National Youth Day on January 12, honoring Swami Vivekananda’s legacy
of youth empowerment. The National Youth Festival (NYF) 2024, held on January 10-12 at
Bharat Mandapam, is reimagined as the Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue. It is
organized under the National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development
(NPYAD) by the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports, with shared costs between the Centre
and the host state/UT. The festival includes cultural events, youth conventions,
exhibitions, and adventure activities, involving around 7,500 delegates.
101. Desert National Park is located in which city?
[A] Pushkar
[B] Bikaner
[C] Jaisalmer
[D] Jodhpur
Answer: Jaisalmer
A group of 12 critically endangered Great Indian Bustards (GIBs) was recently spotted at
Desert National Park (DNP) in Rajasthan, boosting conservation efforts. Desert National
Park (DNP) is located in the Thar Desert near Jaisalmer and spans over 3,160 sq. km,
making it one of India’s largest national parks. The park lies in an extremely arid region
with annual rainfall below 100 mm. Its terrain includes craggy rocks, salt lake bottoms,
dunes (20% of the park), and three main lakes: Rajbaugh, Malik Talao, and Padam Talao.
102. Which ministry has launched the National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT & NS)?

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[A] Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
[B] Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways
[C] Ministry of Jal Shakti
[D] Ministry of Defence
Answer: Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways
The National River Traffic and Navigation System (NRT&NS) was launched on January 11,
2025, by the Union Minister of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways. National River Traffic and
Navigation System aims to ensure safe and efficient operation of inland vessels. The
launch took place during the 2nd meeting of the Inland Waterways Development Council
(IWDC). IWDC, established in 2023, serves as an apex platform for policy discussions to
promote inland waterways in India.
103. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) is a climate research project led by which
organization?
[A] United Nations (UN)
[B] European Union (EU)
[C] World Bank
[D] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Answer: European Union (EU)
Scientists at the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) reported 2024 as the hottest
year since global temperature tracking began in 1850. Copernicus Climate Change Service
(C3S) is part of the European Union's (EU) Copernicus Earth Observation Programme and
is managed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). It
provides free access to climate data on past, present, and future climates globally. C3S's
Climate Data Store offers updated datasets, tools, and expert guidance for visualizing
climate information. The service supports a wide range of users, including scientists,
policymakers, and the public.
104. Which country is the host of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Summit 2025?
[A] Russia
[B] France
[C] China
[D] India
Answer: France
Prime Minister Narendra Modi will attend the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Action Summit
2025 in France from February 10 to 11. The summit will be hosted at the Grand Palais in
Paris, announced by French President Emmanuel Macron. The event will bring together
Heads of State, international leaders, CEOs, academics, NGOs, and civil society members.
The summit will focus on five themes: public interest in AI, the future of work, innovation
and culture, trust in AI, and global AI governance.
105. Recently, where was the regional conference on ‘Drug Trafficking and National Security’ held?
[A] New Delhi
[B] Chennai

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[C] Bengaluru
[D] Hyderabad
Answer: New Delhi
Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired a regional conference on ‘Drug Trafficking and
National Security’ at Vigyan Bhavan in New Delhi. The conference, organized by the
Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), aimed to address drug trafficking and its impact on
national security. Amit Shah launched the Drug Disposal Fortnight and inaugurated the
new office complex of the Bhopal Zonal Unit of NCB. He also extended the MANAS-2
helpline to all 36 states and Union Territories. The conference focused on tackling drug
trafficking in eight northern Indian states and union territories.
106. Kalamkari Painting is mainly practised in which state?
[A] Maharashtra
[B] Odisha
[C] Uttar Pradesh
[D] Andhra Pradesh
Answer: Andhra Pradesh
A bamboo weave box with Kalamkari paintings by Nimmalakunta artisans will be
showcased at Rashtrapati Bhavan. Kalamkari is a popular hand-painted or block-printed
cotton textile art form from Andhra Pradesh. The art originated during the reign of Qutb
Shahis in the 16-17th century in the Tilang region, now part of Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana. "Kalam" means pen and "Kari" means craftsmanship, highlighting the skillful
artistry involved.
107. The 23rd Divya Kala Mela was organized in which city from January 9 to 19, 2025?
[A] Jaipur, Rajasthan
[B] Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
[C] Vadodara, Gujarat
[D] Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Vadodara, Gujarat
The 23rd Divya Kala Mela was inaugurated at Akota Stadium, Vadodara, Gujarat, by the
Union Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment. The event celebrates the
talents and entrepreneurship of Divyangjans (persons with disabilities). The event is
organized by the Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities, Ministry of
Social Justice & Empowerment. It runs from January 9 to 19, 2025. More than 20 states and
Union Territories are participating with artisans and entrepreneurs showcasing their work.
108. Which country has joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for
Official Statistics in January 2025?
[A] Bhutan
[B] India
[C] Myanmar
[D] Bangladesh
Answer: India

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India has joined the UN Committee of Experts on Big Data and Data Science for Official
Statistics, focusing on using big data for monitoring Sustainable Development Goals.
India’s involvement will help shape global standards in data science for official statistics.
India’s initiatives like the Data Innovation Lab and use of satellite imagery and machine
learning will be highlighted. The membership aligns India’s advancements in big data with
international goals and positions the country as a leader in data transformation. India
aims to modernize statistical processes, enhance data accuracy, and support evidence-
based policy decisions through innovative data techniques.
109. Zoran Milanovic has been elected as president of which country in January 2025?
[A] Croatia
[B] Bulgaria
[C] Romania
[D] Bosnia
Answer: Croatia
Zoran Milanovic was re-elected as President of Croatia for a five-year term, securing 74%
of the run-off vote. The first round of the presidential election on 29 December 2024 saw
Milanovic win 49.1% of votes, necessitating a second round on 12 January 2025. Milanovic,
backed by the opposition Social Democratic Party, is a critic of the EU and NATO but
condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine while criticizing Western military support for
Ukraine. The Croatian Democratic Union, the ruling party since 1991, had its candidate,
Dragan Primorac, secure 19.2% of votes. The President in Croatia is the Head of State with
limited executive powers, while the Prime Minister holds real executive authority. Croatia
is located on the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea.
110. Which city is the host of Kho Kho World Cup 2025?
[A] Bengaluru
[B] New Delhi
[C] Hyderabad
[D] Chennai
Answer: New Delhi
The first Kho Kho World Cup began on 13 January 2025 at Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium,
New Delhi. It was inaugurated by Sudhanshu Mittal, President of the Kho Kho Federation
of India. It was organized by the Kho Kho Federation of India with support from the Indian
Olympic Association, the event runs from 13–19 January 2025. Each team has 12 players,
with 9 taking the field during a match. The tournament features men's teams from 20
countries and women's teams from 19 countries, divided into four groups. India's men’s
team is led by Pratik Waikar, and the women’s team by Priyanka Ingle.
111. Neptune Missile is developed by which country?
[A] Ukraine
[B] China
[C] Iran
[D] Israel
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Answer: Ukraine
Ukraine's Security Service and Navy used a Neptune missile to strike an ammunition depot
in Russia's Rostov region. The R-360 Neptune is a Ukrainian-made subsonic cruise missile,
originally designed for anti-ship use and later adapted for land attacks. It is based on the
Russian Kh-35 missile, known as AS-20 Kayak by NATO. The missile entered service with
the Ukrainian Navy in March 2021. It weighs 870 kg, is 5.05 meters long, and has a 400 km
range. It travels at 900 km/h, with altitudes from 10 to 300 meters, dropping to 3 meters
in the final phase.
112. A rare carnivorous plant 'Utricularia' has been found at which national park in Rajasthan?
[A] Darrah National Park
[B] Desert National Park
[C] Keoladeo National Park
[D] Ranthambore National Park
Answer: Keoladeo National Park
A rare carnivorous plant, Utricularia, has been found in large numbers at Rajasthan's
Keoladeo National Park. Utricularia, or bladderwort, belongs to the family
Lentibulariaceae and includes 220 species found in temperate and tropical habitats
worldwide. These plants lack roots and have floating stems with simple or divided leaves.
They produce small carnivorous bladders that range from dark to transparent and trap
tiny animals like insect larvae and water fleas. The trap door mechanism activates within
milliseconds, capturing prey efficiently. Utricularia plants are found in lakes, streams, and
waterlogged soils, with some species being invasive.
113. Which country launched the world's largest Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)
technology?
[A] Russia
[B] India
[C] Israel
[D] China
Answer: China
China launched the world's largest Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) project,
"Nengchu-1". It has begun full operation in Yingcheng, Hubei Province, China. It marks a
milestone in China's energy storage technologies and is the largest CAES facility globally.
CAES stores electrical energy as potential energy by compressing air into sealed spaces
like underground mines or salt rock caverns. Energy is stored during off-peak hours and
released to the grid during peak demand.
114. Gangasagar Mela is a religious festival held in which state annually?
[A] Bihar
[B] West Bengal
[C] Uttarakhand
[D] Himachal Pradesh
Answer: West Bengal

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The Gangasagar Mela organizers introduced initiatives like certificates for pilgrims, e-
Anushandhan for facilities access, and e-Parichay QR code identity bands. The Gangasagar
Mela is an annual Hindu festival held on Sagar Island, West Bengal, at the confluence of
the Ganges and the Bay of Bengal. It includes rituals like the sacred bath and Deepdan
and is celebrated during Makar Sankranti, marking the Sun's transition into Capricorn. It is
the second-largest religious gathering in India after the Kumbh Mela. The mela has
ancient roots, with mentions in the Mahabharata's Vana Parva (1500–2000 BC).
115. Mukhyamantri Saur Swarojgar Yojana was launched by which state government?
[A] Uttarakhand
[B] Odisha
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Bihar
Answer: Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand government exempted solar entrepreneurs from mandatory GST registration
under the Mukhyamantri Saur Swarojgar Yojana. This initiative aims to encourage
renewable energy investments and simplify processes. Launched in 2020, the scheme
promotes self-employment through solar energy farming. The goal is to produce green
energy and offer job opportunities to Uttarakhand's youth and returning migrants. Each
beneficiary is allocated a 25-kilowatt solar plant under the scheme.
116. Which organization has developed Combat Air Teaming System (CATS) warrior?
[A] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[B] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[C] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) conducted the engine ground run of the Combat Air
Teaming System (CATS) Warrior on January 11, 2025, ahead of Aero India 2025. Combat Air
Teaming System (CATS) is an Indian unmanned and manned combat aircraft teaming
system. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) developed this system. The system enhances
surveillance, strike capabilities, and reduces human error.
117. Which institute has developed bacterial enzyme-based solution to degrade plasticizers?
[A] IIT Bombay
[B] IIT Madras
[C] IIT Kanpur
[D] IIT Roorkee
Answer: IIT Roorkee
IIT Roorkee researchers developed a method to degrade plasticizers like diethyl hexyl
phthalate (DEHP) using bacterial enzymes. DEHP is found in plastics and personal care
products, posing health risks. Esterase enzyme from Sulfobacillus acidophilus breaks
DEHP into mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethyl hexanol. The enzyme was
structurally studied using X-ray crystallography and remains active for about a month.
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Researchers used four additional enzymes from Comamonas testosteroni to complete the
degradation process. Integrating enzymes into bacteria ensures prolonged activity and
continuous degradation without needing fresh batches. Plasticizers enhance flexibility and
shine in products but can be absorbed through the skin, posing health dangers.
118. The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme is administered by
which department?
[A] Department of Revenue
[B] Department of Commerce
[C] Department of Consumer Affairs
[D] Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Answer: Department of Revenue
The industry has urged the government to extend the Remission of Duties and Taxes on
Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme for Export-Oriented Units (EOUs) and Special
Economic Zones (SEZs) until September-end amid global economic uncertainties. RoDTEP
was introduced under the Foreign Trade Policy 2015-20, effective from January 1, 2021.
The scheme offsets taxes and duties on exported goods that are not otherwise refunded.
It aims to boost exports by reducing taxes on exported products. RoDTEP replaced the
Merchandise Export Incentive Scheme (MEIS) to ensure WTO compliance. The Department
of Revenue, Ministry of Finance administers RoDTEP, which follows global trade principles.
119. The first International Overseas Uttarakhandi Conference was organized in which city?
[A] Almora
[B] Dehradun
[C] Haldwani
[D] Nainital
Answer: Dehradun
Uttarakhand CM Pushkar Singh Dhami inaugurated the International Overseas
Uttarakhandi Conference in Dehradun, fostering ties with global migrants. The state seeks
investment in tourism, agriculture, power, wellness, and manufacturing, emphasizing
policy reforms and improved infrastructure. A migrant cell and venture fund were
announced to support collaboration with migrants. CM Dhami urged migrants to adopt
villages or children to address migration issues and preserve heritage.
120. Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Assam
[B] Manipur
[C] Mizoram
[D] Nagaland
Answer: Assam
The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife approved oil and gas
exploration in Assam’s Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary. It is located in Jorhat
district, Assam. It is the only sanctuary in India named after gibbons and has the densest
gibbon population in Assam. The sanctuary's terrain slopes from southeast to northwest,
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with the Bhogdoi River creating a waterlogged region.

121. What is the name of India’s first indigenous micro-missile system designed to counter swarm
drones?
[A] Bhargavastra
[B] Agni
[C] Vayu
[D] Saryu
Answer: Bhargavastra
India has successfully tested the Bhargavastra, its first micro-missile system to counter
swarm drones. It is designed to counter the threat of swarm drones. It was developed by
Economic Explosives Ltd. Bhargavastra detects small flying machines over 6 km and hits
targets over 2.5 km. It uses guided micro-munitions and can fire more than 64 micro
missiles simultaneously. The system operates in all terrains, including high-altitude areas.
It fulfills Army Air Defence requirements, marking India's first counter-drone system with
micro missiles.
122. Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Himachal Pradesh
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Himachal Pradesh
The Government of India has designated areas around Shikari Devi Wildlife Sanctuary as
eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) to protect it from urbanization and development. The sanctuary
is located in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, in the Himalayan foothills. It covers
altitudes between 1,800 and 3,400 m, showcasing a transition from pine forests to alpine
meadows. The sanctuary is named after the goddess Shikari Devi, with a sacred temple at
2,850 m above sea level.
123. Which country has developed Electrokinetic Mining (EKM) for eco-friendly extraction of rare
earth elements (REEs)?
[A] Myanmar
[B] China
[C] Japan
[D] India
Answer: China
Researchers at the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, China, developed Electrokinetic
Mining (EKM) for eco-friendly extraction of rare earth elements (REEs). EKM uses an
electric field to concentrate REEs, simplifying their separation. REEs are 17 metallic
elements with critical properties for modern technologies, including magnetic, electronic,
and chemical applications. EKM relies on electrokinetics, which involves the movement of
particles or fluids under an electric field to extract REEs from ore.
124. Sada region, a flat top plateau region, is located in which state?

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[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Jharkhand
[C] Odisha
[D] Maharashtra
Answer: Maharashtra
The Sada region in the Konkan area of Maharashtra is experiencing land-use changes,
with croplands being converted into orchards and residential areas. It is a flat area formed
by centuries of erosion, similar to plateaux found in the Satara district, Maharashtra. The
region is rocky and barren most of the year but transforms during the monsoons,
harboring unique endemic flora. It has highly weathered lateritic soil that helps recharge
groundwater. The region boasts 459 plant species, 31 reptile species, 13 amphibians, 169
birds, and 41 mammals. It also features geoglyphs, believed to be around 10,000 years
old.
125. Which animals are primarily affected by Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), that was recently
seen in news?
[A] Cows and goats
[B] Deer, elk, moose, and reindeer
[C] Birds
[D] Dogs and cats
Answer: Deer, elk, moose, and reindeer
Scientists are concerned about the potential for 'zombie deer' disease, or Chronic Wasting
Disease (CWD), to affect humans. CWD is a fatal neurological disease that primarily affects
deer, elk, moose, and reindeer. Caused by prions, misfolded proteins that damage the
brain, leading to severe dysfunction and spongy tissue. It spreads through body fluids like
saliva, feces, blood, and urine, and can remain infectious in the environment for years.
Symptoms include weight loss, behavioral changes, and increased drinking and salivation.
There is no cure or vaccine, and although there’s no confirmed human transmission,
experts remain cautious.
126. Kashi Tamil Sangamam 3.O is an initiative of which ministry?
[A] Ministry of Education
[B] Ministry of Science and Technology
[C] Ministry of Home Affairs
[D] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Answer: Ministry of Education
Union Minister for Education, Dharmendra Pradhan, launched the registration portal for
the 3rd edition of Kashi Tamil Sangamam (KTS). KTS 3.0 will start on 15th February 2025
and run until 24th February 2025 in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. The event aims to celebrate
and reaffirm the historical connection between Tamil Nadu and Kashi, two ancient centers
of learning. KTS is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Government of India, focusing
on celebrating the civilizational link between these two regions.
127. The Parshuram Kund Mela has organized in which state recently?

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[A] Arunachal Pradesh
[B] Mizoram
[C] Sikkim
[D] Meghalaya
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh
The Parshuram Kund Mela has started in Arunachal Pradesh. Parshuram Kund is a Hindu
pilgrimage site on the Brahmaputra plateau near the Lohit River. It is also known as the
“Kumbh of the Northeast,” the festival attracts thousands of devotees from India and
abroad.
128. National Startup Day is celebrated annually on which day?
[A] 15 January
[B] 15 January
[C] 16 January
[D] 17 January
Answer: 16 January
National Startup Day is celebrated on January 16 to honor the entrepreneurial spirit of
startup founders in India. India is the third-largest startup hub with over 99,000 registered
firms and a $500 billion ecosystem. The Startup India Scheme, launched in 2016, fostered
a supportive environment for startups with financial incentives and simplified procedures.
In 2022, PM Modi declared January 16 as National Startup Day.
129. Kumani Bank mud volcano, which was seen in news, is located in which country?
[A] Vietnam
[B] Indonesia
[C] Azerbaijan
[D] Malaysia
Answer: Azerbaijan
The Kumani Bank mud volcano erupted in 2023, creating a temporary "Ghost Island."
Kumani Bank mud volcano is located 25 km off Azerbaijan’s eastern coast in the Caspian
Sea. The island, about 400 meters across, formed in 2023 and eroded back into the sea by
late 2024. Ghost Islands are temporary land masses created by volcanic activity that
disappear over time. The island provides geological insights into tectonic processes and
subsurface pressure dynamics. It offers clues about similar features on Mars for planetary
exploration. The area is linked to methane and gas emissions and highlights Azerbaijan’s
unique geological landscape with over 300 mud volcanoes.
130. Who has been elected as the new president of the Athletics Federation of India (AFI)?
[A] Vikram Singh
[B] Sandeep Mehta
[C] Bahadur Singh Sagoo
[D] Lakhan Bisht
Answer: Bahadur Singh Sagoo
Bahadur Singh Sagoo was elected as the new president of the Athletics Federation of India

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(AFI), succeeding Adille Sumariwalla. Sumariwalla served as AFI president for over a
decade, from 2012 to 2024. Sagoo, an Asian Games gold medallist (2002) and two-time
Olympian, brings vast experience to the role. Sandeep Mehta was elected as the new
secretary of the federation. India will host its first World Athletics Continental Tour event,
the "Indian Open," on August 10, 2025, in Bhubaneswar.
131. Atrax christenseni, which was seen in news, belongs to which species?
[A] Spider
[B] Frog
[C] Snake
[D] Fish
Answer: Spider
Australian scientists discovered a larger, more venomous Sydney funnel-web spider
species, named Atrax christenseni. The new species, called "Big Boy," is 9 cm (3.54 inches)
long and was first found in the early 2000s near Newcastle. It is dark brown to black with
finger-like spinnerets at the abdomen's end. Its venom glands are bigger, and its fangs
are longer. Only male funnel-web spiders cause human deaths due to their stronger
venom. Found in bushy suburban areas, forests, and shady gullies. Funnel-web spiders
are among the most dangerous, with venom containing 40 toxic proteins.
132. What does the term "Nautor Land" refer to?
[A] Fertile agricultural land owned by the government
[B] Government-owned barren or wasteland allocated for cultivation or productive use
[C] Forest land designated for conservation
[D] Privately owned uncultivated land
Answer: Government-owned barren or wasteland allocated for cultivation or productive use
The Union Home Ministry is considering a proposal to regularize nautor land in Ladakh,
granting locals ownership of government wastelands they have used for years. Nautor
Land refers to barren government land allocated for cultivation or productive use with
official approval. It originated in 1932 under Hari Singh in Jammu and Kashmir and was
later adopted in Himachal Pradesh in 1968 before being halted. The policy targets hilly
and remote areas like Leh, Kargil, and parts of Himachal Pradesh. Regularization ensures
ownership for locals, safeguards resources from outsiders, and preserves cultural and
economic traditions.
133. Where was the Future Minerals Forum (FMF) 2025 held?
[A] New Delhi, India
[B] Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
[C] Abu Dhabi, UAE
[D] Beijing, China
Answer: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Future Minerals Forum (FMF) 2025 held in Riyadh with more than 85 countries
discussing challenges in the mineral sector. Union Minister G Kishan Reddy joined
ministers from 50 nations at the event held at King Abdulaziz International Conference
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Center. The forum focuses on enhancing mineral supply chains, green technologies, and
sustainable practices. The forum focuses on enhancing mineral supply chains, green
technologies, and sustainable practices.
134. What is the name of India’s first warship equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) solutions?
[A] INS Surat
[B] INS Kaveri
[C] INS Arihant
[D] INS Nilgiri
Answer: INS Surat
INS Surat, INS Nilgiri, and INS Vaghsheer were commissioned into the Indian Navy for the
first time. INS Surat is a stealth-guided missile destroyer, part of Project 15B, known as the
Visakhapatnam class. It is India’s first warship equipped with artificial intelligence (AI)
solutions. INS Surat has a displacement of 7,400 tonnes, a length of 164 meters, and a
COGAG propulsion system with four gas turbines. It can achieve speeds over 30 knots (56
km/h) and is armed with advanced surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship missiles, torpedoes,
and sensors. Designed for high-speed offensive naval operations with superior strike
power and maneuverability.
135. Huntington’s Disease, that was recently seen in news, affects which type of cells in the human
body?
[A] Blood cells
[B] Brain cells
[C] Muscle cells
[D] Skin cells
Answer: Brain cells
New research reveals that genetic mutations in Huntington's Disease (HD) can have
delayed effects, impacting disease progression over time. Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a
genetic condition causing gradual loss of brain cell function, leading to their death. It
affects brain regions regulating voluntary movement, memory, and decision-making,
primarily the basal ganglia and brain cortex. HD is caused by a mutation in the HTT gene,
which produces huntingtin protein crucial for neuron function. Mutated huntingtin
proteins have abnormal shapes, damaging and killing neurons. HD is inherited; each child
of an affected parent has a 50% chance of developing the disease. It affects 3 to 7 out of
100,000 people, primarily of European ancestry.
136. The world's first Maha Mrityunjaya Yantra has been installed in which city?
[A] Varanasi
[B] Ayodhya
[C] Gorakhpur
[D] Prayagraj
Answer: Prayagraj
The world's first 52-foot Mahamrityunjaya Yantra has been installed at Tapovan Ashram,
Jhunsi Havelis, Prayagraj, a sacred Maha Kumbh site. The Yantra is a spiritual marvel
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believed to connect devotees with the higher consciousness of Lord Shiva. It symbolizes
"Victory over Death," helping individuals overcome fears of death, disease, and danger.
The Yantra enhances courage, positivity, and spiritual energy among devotees. This
monumental installation holds immense significance for spiritual seekers and devotees of
Lord Shiva.
137. Which space centre is home to the ISRO's new Third Launch Pad?
[A] Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram
[B] Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahemadabad
[C] ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri
[D] Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota
Answer: Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), Sriharikota
The Union Cabinet approved a Third Launch Pad (TLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre,
Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh. TLP will support ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicles
(NGLV) and human spaceflight missions. It will serve as a backup for the Second Launch
Pad (SLP) and support LVM3 vehicles with advanced stages. The project costs ₹3984.86
crore and is expected to be completed in four years. TLP will boost launch frequencies,
enabling India's space goals, including the Bharatiya Antariksha Station by 2035 and
crewed lunar landing by 2040. It enhances India's capacity for heavier and advanced
launch vehicles.
138. Which organization has published the "Prospects for Children in 2025: Building Resilient
Systems for Children’s Futures" report?
[A] International Labour Organization (ILO)
[B] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
[C] United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
[D] World Bank
Answer: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) report "Prospects for Children in 2025"
warns of escalating crises affecting children globally. More than 473 million children, or
19%, lived in conflict zones in 2023, facing risks like displacement, starvation, and trauma.
Nearly 400 million children are in countries burdened by debt, limiting education,
healthcare, and social services. In low-income nations, debt servicing outpaces social
spending, deepening poverty for 1.8 billion children. Climate change impacts children,
with only 2.4% of climate finance directed to child-responsive initiatives. Digital inequality
affects access to essential services, especially for youth in low-income countries and
adolescent girls. UNICEF calls for increased financing to protect children's health,
education, and well-being.
139. Mount Aconcagua, which was seen in news, is located in which mountain range?
[A] The Andes
[B] The Himalayas
[C] The Alps
[D] The Rockies
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Answer: The Andes
Indian and Argentine armies jointly summited Mt Aconcagua, the tallest peak in the
Americas at 6,995 meters, on Army Day, January 15, 2025. The expedition began on
January 3, 2025, and featured 23 participants, including an eight-member Indian team led
by Lt Col Manoj Joshi and a 15-member Argentine contingent. Mt Aconcagua, located in
the Andes of Argentina, is the highest peak in South America and outside Asia, standing at
6,962 meters. The mountain is of volcanic origin but is not currently active.
140. Which organization has released the World Employment and Social Outlook Report 2025?
[A] International Labour Organisation (ILO)
[B] World Health Organization (WHO)
[C] International Organization for Migration (IOM)
[D] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Answer: International Labour Organisation (ILO)
International Labour Organisation (ILO) has released the World Employment and Social
Outlook Report for 2025. The report highlights ongoing global labor market struggles due
to geopolitical tensions, climate change costs, and unresolved debt issues. The global jobs
gap in 2024 was 402 million, including 186 million unemployed, 137 million temporarily
unavailable, and 79 million discouraged workers. The global unemployment rate stood at
5%, with youth unemployment at 12.6%. Low-income countries face challenges creating
decent jobs, with informal work returning to pre-pandemic levels. Labour force
participation declined in low-income nations but increased among older workers and
women in high-income countries, though gender gaps persist.
141. What is the name of the application launched by the Department of Telecommunications to
empower citizens and address fraud communications?
[A] Digi Saathi
[B] Fraud Watch
[C] Sanchar Saathi
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Sanchar Saathi
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) launched the Sanchar Saathi mobile app on
January 17, 2025, to report fraudulent communications directly from call logs. The app
builds on the Sanchar Saathi portal, launched in May 2023, aimed at combating fraud calls
and improving mobile security. Users can check and manage mobile connections,
disconnect unauthorized ones, and verify device authenticity. The app supports the
government's broader goal of enhancing mobile network accessibility and security for
Indian users.
142. Which ministry has launched the toolkit for 9th edition of Swachh Survekshan (SS), the world's
largest urban cleanliness survey?
[A] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[B] Ministry of Jal Shakti
[C] Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

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[D] Ministry of Home Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
The Union Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs launched the toolkit for the 9th edition
of Swachh Survekshan (SS), the world's largest urban cleanliness survey. A new category,
the "Super Swachh League," has been introduced to recognize cities excelling in
cleanliness. Cities are now categorized into five groups based on population, with awards
for top cities in each group. Assessment will focus on parameters like waste management,
sanitation, and cleanliness at tourist spots. The field assessment phase will run from
February 15 to March 2025.
143. Which organisation released the 'Global Risks Report 2025'?
[A] International Monetary Fund
[B] World Economic Forum
[C] United Nations Development Programme
[D] United Nations Environment Programme
Answer: World Economic Forum
The World Economic Forum released the Global Risk Report, first published in 2006,
categorizing extreme weather as an "environmental risk." The 2024-2025 report is based
on the Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS) and assesses risks over short-term (1-2
years) and long-term (10 years) periods. Short-term risks include misinformation, extreme
weather events, and state-based armed conflict. Long-term risks include extreme weather
events, biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and critical earth system changes. Four key
spheres shaping global risks are technological, geostrategic, climatic, and demographic,
expected to intensify. The report highlights addressing short-lived climate pollutants like
black carbon, methane, and hydrofluorocarbons.
144. Trajan 155 mm towed artillery gun system is developed by India and which country?
[A] Russia
[B] Australia
[C] France
[D] Japan
Answer: France
The Trajan 155 mm towed artillery gun system, developed by India and France, has
secured an export order from Armenia. It is a 155 mm, 52-calibre towed gun system,
jointly developed by Larsen & Toubro (L&T) and KNDS France, and manufactured in India.
The gun has a range exceeding 40 km, depending on the ammunition, and is designed for
modern combat. It features advanced targeting, fire-control systems, modular design for
easy transport, rapid firing rates, and terrain adaptability.
145. Which Indian Naval Ship (INS) is participated in the fourth edition of the Multinational Exercise
LA PEROUSE?
[A] INS Surat
[B] INS Kolkata
[C] INS Mumbai

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[D] INS Vikrant
Answer: INS Mumbai
INS Mumbai, an indigenously built guided missile destroyer, is participating in the fourth
edition of Exercise LA PEROUSE. The exercise involves navies from Australia, France, the
UK, the US, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Canada. It focuses on enhancing maritime
situational awareness, surveillance, interdiction, air operations, and information sharing.
The exercise highlights India’s naval synergy, interoperability, and commitment to a rules-
based maritime order. It aligns with India's SAGAR vision to ensure security and growth in
the Indo-Pacific region.
146. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) recently found ancient Buddhist artefacts at which
place in Odisha?
[A] Ratnagiri Monastery
[B] Jiranga Monastery
[C] Dauligiri Monastery
[D] Lalitgiri Monastery
Answer: Ratnagiri Monastery
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered ancient Buddhist artifacts, including a
Buddha head and inscribed relics, at Odisha’s Ratnagiri. Ratnagiri has been associated
with Buddhism since Emperor Ashoka's invasion of Kalinga. It was a significant center for
Mahayana and Tantrayana (Vajrayana) Buddhist learning, rivaling Nalanda. Ratnagiri,
along with Lalitagiri and Udayagiri, forms the Diamond Triangle of Buddhist centers in
Odisha.
147. Which city is the host of National Science Drama Festival 2024-25?
[A] Delhi
[B] Hyderabad
[C] Chennai
[D] Bhopal
Answer: Delhi
The National Science Drama Festival 2024-25, organized by the National Council of Science
Museums (NCSM), took place on January 18, 2025, at the National Science Centre, Delhi.
The event was preceded by block, district, and state-level competitions across all 28 States
and 8 Union Territories, involving over 40,000 students. Students presented creative
science dramas on topics like Artificial Intelligence, Climate Change, Water Conservation,
and medical breakthroughs. The festival highlighted the integration of science with
literature and theatre, promoting cross-curricular learning and fostering scientific
thinking. NCSM used drama as an innovative tool to engage audiences and combat
misinformation, encouraging a scientific mindset among citizens.
148. What is the primary objective of the SCOT Mission?
[A] To study the Moon's surface
[B] Conducting interplanetary explorations
[C] Launching human spaceflights

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[D] Tracking and monitoring Resident Space Objects
Answer: Tracking and monitoring Resident Space Objects
The Prime Minister praised Indian space startup Digantara for the success of its Mission
SCOT. SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking) is Digantara’s first mission for space
surveillance and one of the world's first commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA)
satellites. It was launched aboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission and deployed in a sun-
synchronous orbit. SCOT is designed to track Resident Space Objects (RSOs) as small as 5
cm in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with high accuracy and revisit rates. It addresses gaps in
existing systems limited by fields of view, weather, and geography.
149. Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Odisha
[B] Assam
[C] Karnataka
[D] Maharashtra
Answer: Karnataka
The Forest Department is urging residents of Sheribikanahalli Tanda, in the Chincholi
Wildlife Sanctuary, to relocate due to the area's ecological sensitivity. Chincholi Wildlife
Sanctuary is located in Kalburgi District, North Karnataka, and spans 134.88 sq.km. It was
declared a sanctuary in 2011. It is the first dry land wildlife sanctuary in South India and is
also referred to as the Ooty of Telangana. The sanctuary is home to the Chandrampalli
dam and four smaller dams. It also shelters the Lambani Tandas, a protected tribal
community living in the forest.
150. Which organization has launched Internet Governance Internship and Capacity Building
Scheme?
[A] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[B] National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)
[C] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[D] Ministry of Power
Answer: National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) launched the Internet Governance
Internship and Capacity Building Scheme. The program aims to create awareness and
develop expertise in internet governance (IG) among Indian citizens. The initiative will
build a pool of Indian talent to address emerging IG issues. The program offers bi-annual
internships: six-month and three-month tracks. Interns receive mentorship from global
experts and a stipend of ₹20,000/month, along with support for mandatory outreach
programs.
151. Which four planets recently formed a rare arc in the night sky, called a planet parade?
[A] Mercury, Venus, Saturn, and Neptune
[B] Venus, Uranus, Saturn, and Pluto
[C] Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars
[D] Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Uranus

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Answer: Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars
Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars formed a rare arc in the night sky, called a 'planet
parade.' A planet parade occurs when multiple planets are visible in the night sky
simultaneously. This phenomenon, also known as a conjunction, makes planets appear
close together or even touching, though it is a perspective illusion. Planets have unique
motions and move at different rates, making simultaneous visibility uncommon. Such
alignments involving four or more planets are rare and do not happen annually, as
highlighted by NASA.
152. Which country has been admitted as a "partner country" of the BRICS bloc in January 2025?
[A] Iran
[B] Vietnam
[C] Turkey
[D] Nigeria
Answer: Nigeria
Nigeria has been admitted as a "partner country" of the BRICS bloc. BRICS was formed in
2009 to counterbalance the G-7 industrialized nations. Nigeria is the ninth partner, joining
countries Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda, and Uzbekistan.
With Africa's largest population and a major economy, Nigeria aligns with BRICS on South-
South cooperation and global governance reform. The bloc is exploring alternatives to the
US dollar for international payments.
153. Which day is observed as Kokborok Day in Tripura?
[A] 18 January
[B] 19 January
[C] 20 January
[D] 21 January
Answer: 19 January
Kokborok Day is celebrated on January 19 annually. It holds great importance for the
indigenous Tripuri people, especially in Tripura, India. The day honors the cultural
heritage, history, and linguistic contributions of the Kokborok language. Kokborok is the
mother tongue of the Tripuri community. The celebration promotes the language,
traditions, and unity of the Tripuri people. It also raises awareness about preserving and
promoting Kokborok.
154. Which country has launched Pakistan's first indigenous Electro-Optical Satellite (PRSC-EO1)?
[A] China
[B] Russia
[C] India
[D] Saudi Arabia
Answer: China
China launched Pakistan's first indigenous Electro-Optical (EO-1) satellite, PRSC-EO1. The
launch occurred from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center using a Long March-2D carrier
rocket. The satellite is equipped with electro-optical sensors for collecting Earth
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observation data.
155. Palamu Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Maharashtra
[B] Karnataka
[C] Bihar
[D] Jharkhand
Answer: Jharkhand
Jharkhand Forest Department is studying ways to revive the declining Bison (Gaur)
population at Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR). It is located in the western part of Latehar
district on the Chhotanagpur plateau in Jharkhand. It is part of the Betla National Park and
was one of the first nine tiger reserves under ‘Project Tiger.’ It holds historical significance
as the first reserve where a tiger census was conducted in 1932 using pugmark counting.
156. Which state government has launched TWARIT initiative to streamline the transmission of
warrants and summons?
[A] Uttar Pradesh
[B] Gujarat
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh High Court launched the TWARIT (Transmission of Warrants, Summons,
and Reports by Information Technology) platform to digitally transmit warrants,
summons, and reports. The platform replaces paper-based systems, making legal
proceedings faster, more efficient, and transparent. It enhances the justice delivery
system, reducing delays and saving time for courts, law enforcement, and the public.
TWARIT enables electronic delivery of legal documents like court summons and arrest
warrants.
157. The Solar Mobile Van Training Units has been launched in which city recently?
[A] New Delhi
[B] Chennai
[C] Hyderabad
[D] Bhopal
Answer: New Delhi
Union Minister Jayant Singh Chaudhary launched Solar Mobile Van Training Units in New
Delhi to enhance financial and digital literacy in rural areas. Two new solar-powered vans
equipped with modern technologies were flagged off to serve rural areas in Sikkim,
Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
The vans provide training on financial literacy, digital skills, cyber security, technical
knowledge, and generative AI. By FY 2025, the program will expand to 7 more districts,
benefiting 58 lakh people, including students, women, youth, and ex-servicemen. The
project aims to make rural India self-reliant and empowered through technology and
partnerships.
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158. Vikas (Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai) Engine was developed by which organization?
[A] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[B] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[C] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[D] Bharat Dynamics Limited
Answer: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
ISRO successfully demonstrated the restart of its Vikas liquid engine at the Propulsion
Complex, Mahendragiri. The test is a significant step towards developing reusable launch
vehicle technologies to reduce future space mission costs. The Vikas engine, named after
Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, was conceptualized and designed by ISRO's Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre (LPSC). LPSC specializes in designing and developing liquid propulsion
stages for ISRO's launch vehicles. The Vikas engine powers the liquid stages of PSLV, GSLV,
and GSLV Mk-III launch vehicles, enhancing their payload capacities.
159. What is "Dark Oxygen" that was recently highlighted in news?
[A] Oxygen produced thousands of feet below the ocean surface without light or photosynthesis
[B] Oxygen produced by volcanic eruptions under the sea
[C] Oxygen produced in caves on land
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Oxygen produced thousands of feet below the ocean surface without light or
photosynthesis
Scientists discovered that metal lumps, called polymetallic nodules, on the dark seabed
produce oxygen. Dark oxygen is created without sunlight or photosynthesis, which was
previously thought to be the only way oxygen is produced. The oxygen comes from
electrochemical activity in the nodules, not plants. Polymetallic nodules, made of metals
like manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and lithium, split H2O molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen. This discovery challenges previous understanding and opens up
new avenues for studying deep ocean processes and oxygen production at extreme
depths.
160. Which ministry has developed the Entity Locker platform?
[A] Ministry of Corporate Affairs
[B] Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
[C] Ministry of Finance
[D] Reserve Bank of India
Answer: Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
Entity Locker, developed by National eGovernance Division (NeGD), under the Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), is a secure cloud-based platform for
managing and verifying business documents. It caters to organizations, MSMEs, startups,
trusts, and societies. The platform integrates with government systems for real-time
access and verification. It offers legally valid digital signatures and ensures secure
document management. Entity Locker aligns with India's Digital Public Infrastructure and
vision for enhanced digital governance.

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161. Recently, the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) have identified 23 species of blood-sucking flies
in which state/UT?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Lakshadweep
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Answer: Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Researchers from the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) identified 23 species of blood-
sucking flies, 13 new to India, in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These flies, called
"bhusi flies," feed on livestock and wild animals and are similar to mosquitoes. Five species
transmit the bluetongue disease virus, threatening livestock and agricultural economies.
The study found 17 of the 23 species bite humans, but no human disease transmission
was reported. Researchers emphasize the need for surveillance and control measures,
especially due to the region’s tourism significance. The study was conducted in 2022-2023,
with plans for further surveys and genetic studies.
162. Pangsau Pass International Festival is celebrated every year in which state?
[A] Sikkim
[B] Meghalaya
[C] Arunachal Pradesh
[D] Assam
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh CM Pema Khandu inaugurated the three-day Pangsau Pass
International Festival (PPIF). The event celebrates heritage through folk songs, sports, and
historic site expeditions. It offers a platform for local artisans, traders, and entrepreneurs
to showcase their talent. The festival aims to foster economic growth and self-reliance.
The festival is held annually in Nampong, Changlang district, Arunachal Pradesh.
163. Which cricket team has won the 2024-25 Vijay Hazare Trophy?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Tamil Nadu
[C] Himachal Pradesh
[D] Rajasthan
Answer: Karnataka
Karnataka men’s senior cricket team won its 5th Vijay Hazare Trophy by defeating
Vidarbha by 36 runs in the 2024-25 final. The final was held on 18 January 2025 at Kotambi
Stadium, Vadodara, Gujarat. This victory ended Karnataka’s five-year title drought in
domestic cricket. Vijay Hazare Trophy, organized by BCCI, is a premier 50-over one-day
tournament featuring 38 Ranji teams.
164. Which organization approved the 2nd Living drug, Qartemi, for treating blood cancer?
[A] Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
[B] Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
[C] All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi

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[D] Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
Answer: Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO)
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) has approved Qartemi, a
second "living drug," which is a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy designed
to treat blood cancer. "Living drugs" involve modifying a patient's cells and reintroducing
them into the body. CAR T-cell therapy is an innovative immunotherapy where T-cells are
genetically engineered to target cancer cells. T-cells are extracted from the patient’s
blood, modified in the lab by adding a gene for a man-made receptor (CAR), which helps T-
cells recognize cancer cells. Modified CAR-T cells are then reintroduced to kill cancer cells.
165. Which organization recently published the "Global Estimates on International Migrant
Workers" report?
[A] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
[B] World Bank
[C] International Labour Organization (ILO)
[D] World Trade Organization (WTO)
Answer: International Labour Organization (ILO)
The International Labour Organization (ILO) released its fourth edition of Global Estimates
on International Migrant Workers, highlighting their crucial role in global economic
growth. In 2022, international migrants made up 7% of the global labor force, with 167.7
million workers, an increase of over 30 million since 2013. Migrants face a gender gap,
with 38.7% of female migrants employed, compared to 60.8% of male migrants. Most
migrants work in the services sector (68.4%), followed by industry (3%) and agriculture
(4%). High-income countries host 4% of migrants, with Europe and Northern America as
key destinations.
166. Which country is home to the world's longest expressway tunnel called Tianshen Shengil
Tunnel?
[A] Turkey
[B] China
[C] Vietnam
[D] Japan
Answer: China
China has completed the Tianshan Shengli Tunnel, the world's longest expressway tunnel
at 22.13 kilometers. It forms part of the Urumqi-Yuli Expressway, connecting northern
Xinjiang to Yuli County, reducing travel time through the Tianshan Mountains from three
hours to 20 minutes. The project faced challenges such as high-altitude conditions,
complex geology, and environmental concerns near glaciers and water sources. This
project supports China’s Belt and Road Initiative, fostering regional economic growth and
integration.
167. Yala glacier, which was seen in news, is located in which country?
[A] Nepal
[B] Bhutan

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[C] India
[D] China
Answer: Nepal
Nepal's Yala Glacier, a key glacier in the Langtang Valley, is projected to disappear by the
2040s. It is part of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region and is extensively studied in the
World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) database. Yala Glacier is the only Himalayan
glacier on the Global Glacier Casualty List. Globally, there are over 275,000 glaciers,
covering 700,000 sq km and storing 70% of Earth's fresh water, including ice sheets. Yala
Glacier is crucial for studying the cryosphere and understanding climate impacts on
Himalayan glaciers.
168. Tropical Cyclone Sean hits which country in January 2025?
[A] Australia
[B] Indonesia
[C] Malaysia
[D] France
Answer: Australia
Tropical Cyclone Sean, currently Category 3, is affecting Western Australia, expected to
weaken further by January 22, 2025. It peaked as a Category 4 cyclone, forming on January
20, 2025, due to warm sea temperatures and favourable atmospheric conditions. Karratha
recorded its heaviest daily rainfall at 274 mm, causing flooding and infrastructure
disruptions. Floodwaters impacted roads and homes; emergency services are managing
rescues and power outages. The cyclone, now offshore about 400 km, poses no direct
threat to the mainland. Authorities urge vigilance, though no additional cyclones are
forecasted in the region.
169. Recently, which country has announced its exit from the World Health Organization (WHO)?
[A] United States of America (USA)
[B] Russia
[C] India
[D] France
Answer: United States of America (USA)
The United States announced its exit from the World Health Organization (WHO), with
President Donald Trump citing mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic and political
influence from member states. Trump criticized the WHO for "unfair payments" and
claimed it failed to act independently from countries like China. The U.S. contributes
around 18% of WHO's funding, with its 2024-2025 budget at $6.8 billion. Trump accused
the WHO of aiding China's efforts to mislead about COVID-19 origins, a claim the WHO
denies. The withdrawal will take 12 months, ending U.S. financial contributions to the
agency.
170. Vaigai River, which was seen in news, lies in which state?
[A] Kerala
[B] Karnataka
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[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Maharashtra
Answer: Tamil Nadu
Madras High Court directed local bodies to submit an action plan to prevent pollution in
the Vaigai River. Vaigai River originates from Varusanadu and Megamalai hills of the
Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu. It flows southeast through the Pandya Nadu region, rarely
flooding, and drains into the Palk Strait near Pamban Bridge. The river is 258 km long,
with a basin area of 7,741 sq. km entirely in Tamil Nadu. Vaigai is fed by the Periyar Dam in
Kerala, with water diverted through a tunnel in the Western Ghats. Vaigai is mentioned in
Sangam literature and is central to Madurai, the ancient Pandya kingdom's capital.
171. Which ministry has introduced the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme?
[A] Ministry of Mines
[B] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[C] Ministry of Finance
[D] Ministry of Home Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Commerce and Industry
The Commerce Ministry introduced the Diamond Imprest Authorization (DIA) Scheme to
boost India's diamond industry's global competitiveness. Effective from April 1, 2025, it
allows duty-free import of natural cut and polished diamonds under ¼ carat for export
purposes. The scheme mandates a 10% value addition export obligation. It supports
MSME exporters by creating a level playing field with larger players. Inspired by diamond
beneficiation policies in countries like Botswana, it aims to maintain India's global
leadership in the diamond value chain.
172. Which Indian state is the host of 1st International Olympic Research Conference?
[A] Kerala
[B] Maharashtra
[C] Gujarat
[D] Karnataka
Answer: Gujarat
India is preparing to host the 2036 Olympics, focusing on sustainable sports
infrastructure. The first International Olympic Research Conference will be held at
Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar, Gujarat from January 27-30, 2025. Organized
by the Indian Olympic Association, the event aims to address financial challenges and
create a sustainable roadmap for hosting the Olympics.
173. Mount McKinley, that was recently seen in news, is the highest peak in which region?
[A] South America
[B] North America
[C] Europe
[D] Australia
Answer: North America
The US President signed an executive order renaming Denali to Mount McKinley. It is the

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highest peak in North America, located in south-central Alaska in the Alaska Range. Denali
is a massive granite block uplifted by tectonic activity about 60 million years ago. It rises
18,000 feet from the Denali Fault to its southern summit. The upper half is covered with
snowfields feeding glaciers like Kahiltna, Muldrow, Peters, Ruth, and Traleika. Denali is the
central feature of Denali National Park and Preserve.
174. Which organization has released the "Blueprint to Close the Women's Health Gap Report"?
[A] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
[B] World Bank
[C] World Economic Forum (WEF)
[D] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Answer: World Economic Forum (WEF)
The World Economic Forum (WEF) and McKinsey Health Institute released the "Blueprint to
Close the Women’s Health Gap" report. A WEF report highlights that addressing women-
specific health issues could boost global GDP by $400 billion annually by 2040. Women
spend 25% more of their lives in poor health compared to men. Nine key health conditions
affect women’s lifespan and health span, including maternal disorders, heart disease,
cancer, menopause, and migraines. The Women’s Health Impact Tracking (WHIT) platform
measures health disparities and promotes solutions. The report urges better data
collection, increased research, tailored healthcare guidelines, and investment in women’s
health to reduce disparities and improve outcomes, especially in low-income regions.
175. Which two ministries organized the National Tribal Health Conclave 2025?
[A] Ministry of Rural Development and Ministry of Finance
[B] Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
[C] Ministry of Social Justice and Ministry of Panchayati Raj
[D] Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Ministry of Youth Affairs
Answer: Ministry of Tribal Affairs and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
The National Tribal Health Conclave 2025 took place on January 20, 2025, at Bharat
Mandapam, New Delhi. It was organized by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) and the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoH&FW). The event is part of the Dharti Aaba
Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, aiming to address health and well-being challenges of
India’s tribal communities. It focuses on improving healthcare access and outcomes for
tribal populations facing unique health challenges.
176. PM JANMAN scheme, which was seen in news, is associated with which category of people?
[A] MSME Owners
[B] Farmers
[C] Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
[D] Non Resident Indians
Answer: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs held a National Conference of District Magistrates in New
Delhi to accelerate the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha
Abhiyan (PM JANMAN). Launched on November 15, 2023, PM JANMAN aims to improve
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socio-economic conditions of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). With a ₹24,000

crore budget for 2023-2026, the program focuses on housing, healthcare, education, clean
water, roads, and livelihoods. District Magistrates from 88 districts in 18 states discussed
key areas, including Anganwadi Centres, school hostels, and Multi-Purpose Centres. The
conference emphasized tribal participation, shared best practices, and action plans to
strengthen grassroots development.
177. The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying recently organized the "Livestock
conclave 2025" in which city?
[A] Shillong
[B] Gangtok
[C] New Delhi
[D] Bhopal
Answer: Shillong
The Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying hosted a two-day conclave in
Shillong from January 23-24 to boost investment in North East India's livestock sector. The
conclave aimed to discuss strategies for the sector’s development, assess challenges, and
explore growth opportunities through technological interventions and policy support. It
focused on value chain strengthening, knowledge sharing, and promoting sustainable
farming practices.
178. Which organization has published the report on Sustainable Nitrogen Management in
Agrifood systems?
[A] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
[B] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[C] World Health Organization (WHO)
[D] World Bank
Answer: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has published the report on Sustainable
Nitrogen Management in Agrifood systems. The report highlights the challenges of
nitrogen use in agrifood systems. Humans add 150 teragrams (Tg) of reactive nitrogen
annually through agriculture and industry, with climate change possibly increasing this to
600 Tg by 2100. Nitrogen loss occurs through ammonia, nitrogen oxides, nitrous oxide
emissions, and nitrate leaching, harming ecosystems and contributing to air pollution.
Livestock sectors, synthetic fertilizers, land-use changes, and manure emissions are key
nitrogen polluters. Judicious nitrogen use boosts crop yields, while excess use worsens
global warming and environmental degradation.
179. Pinaka Multi-Barrel Rocket Launch (MBRL) system was developed by which organization?
[A] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[B] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[C] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[D] None of the Above
Answer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)

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The Indian Army placed a ₹10,200 crore order for ammunition for the Pinaka multi-launch
rocket system. Pinaka, developed by DRDO, is named after Lord Shiva's mythical weapon.
It can hit targets beyond 75 kilometers and launch 12 rockets in 44 seconds, making it
highly effective. Armenia is the first export customer for Pinaka, with interest shown by
several other countries.
180. The ancient Umamaheshwara metal sculpture has been found in which state recently?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Odisha
[C] Maharashtra
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Karnataka
A rare Umamaheshwara metal sculpture was found in Taggunje, Ajri village, Udupi district,
Karnataka. Likely made in the 17th century using a 12th-century style, the idol is crafted
from five metals. The sculpture uniquely combines Shaiva-Shaktha and Naga cult
traditions. Lord Shiva is depicted seated with Parvati on his lap, Ganesha on the right,
Shanmukha on the left, and Nandi below. Shiva’s features include Jatamukuta, a third eye,
a parashu, a deer, and a five-headed serpent umbrella. The platform inscription in 17th-
century Kannada mentions the use of 3 gadhyanas of gold (14% gold content).
181. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme, which was recently seen in news, was launched in 2015 at
which place?
[A] Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh
[B] Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
[C] Panipat, Haryana
[D] Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Panipat, Haryana
The Ministry of Women and Child Development is celebrating the 10th anniversary of the
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) scheme. Launched on January 22, 2015, in Panipat,
Haryana, it aims to empower the girl child and promote gender equality. The scheme
involves the Ministries of Women and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, and
Education. Its objectives include improving the Child Sex Ratio (CSR), ensuring gender
equality, preventing sex-selective elimination, and promoting girls' education and
participation.
182. Where was the India's first CSIR Mega Innovation Complex inaugurated recently?
[A] Kolkata
[B] New Delhi
[C] Mumbai
[D] Chennai
Answer: Mumbai
Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated India’s first CSIR Mega Innovation Complex in Mumbai on
January 17 through virtual mode. The facility supports startups, MSMEs, industries, CSIR
labs, and public research institutions. It provides high-end scientific infrastructure,
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regulatory support, and expertise for SOP-driven studies and compliance. Focus areas
include healthcare, chemicals, energy, and materials, fostering collaboration and
innovation. This milestone strengthens India's position as a global leader in science,
technology, and startups, contributing to the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision.
183. Mount Ibu, which was seen in the news, is located in which country?
[A] Indonesia
[B] Vietnam
[C] Malaysia
[D] Egypt
Answer: Indonesia
Mount Ibu, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, has erupted frequently in January 2024.
Stratovolcanoes are cone-shaped volcanoes built from layers of lava and ash. They are
known for their explosive eruptions due to the thick, slow-moving lava. Mount Ibu is
located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region of high volcanic activity. It is characterized by
frequent eruptions, including lava flows and ash plumes.
184. What is the rank of India in the Global Firepower Index 2025?
[A] First
[B] Second
[C] Third
[D] Fourth
Answer: Fourth
India has been ranked as the 4th most powerful military in the world according to the
Global Firepower Index 2025. The top 3 countries are United States of America, Russia and
China. Bhutan ranked lowest at 145th, while Pakistan dropped from 9th to 12th position.
The top four countries' rankings remain unchanged from 2024. The Global Firepower
Index compares 145 countries military power based on their war-making capabilities and
excludes a country's nuclear weapon capability.
185. The Chandra X-ray Observatory was launched by which space agency?
[A] European Space Agency (ESA)
[B] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
[C] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[D] China National Space Administration (CNSA)
Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Researchers using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory
discovered an unusual black hole that might illuminate the development of supermassive
black holes. Chandra X-ray Observatory is NASA's most powerful X-ray telescope, offering
eight times greater resolution and detecting sources over 20 times fainter than its
previous X-ray telescope. It was launched on July 23, 1999. It is designed to detect X-ray
emissions from extremely hot areas in the Universe, including exploded stars, galaxy
clusters, and matter near black holes.
186. What is the name of the tree that recently received digital protection through geo-tagging in
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Kashmir?
[A] Chinar tree
[B] Deodar tree
[C] Pine tree
[D] Kail tree
Answer: Chinar tree
Kashmir's iconic Chinar trees (Platanus orientalis) have been geo-tagged and equipped
with QR codes for digital protection. The trees reach up to 30 meters and take 30 to 50
years to mature, with vibrant seasonal leaf colors. The oldest Chinar, around 700 years
old, was planted by Sufi Saint Syed Qasim Shah in Budgam. Its unique leaves change
colors with the seasons and have various uses, including medicine, interior furniture, and
dyeing. The project, led by the J&K Forest Research Institute, aims to track changes and
address risk factors in the tree's growth and health.
187. Recently, the United Nations has declared which year as the International Year of Glaciers'
Preservation?
[A] 2025
[B] 2026
[C] 2027
[D] 2028
Answer: 2025
The UN declared 2025 as the International Year of Glaciers' Preservation. March 21 will be
celebrated annually as World Day for Glaciers, starting in 2025. UNESCO and the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) will co-facilitate the initiative. The goal is to raise
awareness about glaciers' role in the climate system, water cycle, and their economic,
social, and environmental impacts. Glaciers cover over 700,000 sq. km globally,
comprising 275,000 glaciers, and hold about 70% of the world's freshwater.
188. National Girl Child Day is observed on which day every year?
[A] 23 January
[B] 24 January
[C] 25 January
[D] 26 January
Answer: 24 January
National Girl Child Day is observed on 24 January every year to raise awareness about
challenges faced by girls in India. The day highlights issues like gender inequality,
discrimination, and violence against girls. It aims to empower girls and promote equal
opportunities in education, nutrition, and healthcare. The day coincides with the launch of
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao on 22 January 2015. The initiative involves three ministries:
Women and Child Development, Health and Family Welfare, and Education.
189. Dhanauri Wetland, which was seen in the news, is located in which state?
[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Uttar Pradesh

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[C] Gujarat
[D] Uttarakhand
Answer: Uttar Pradesh
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the Uttar Pradesh government to explain the
delay in notifying the Dhanauri water body as a wetland. The Uttar Pradesh government
must submit a status report in four weeks. Dhanauri Wetland is located in Dhanauri
village, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, and is a bird-watching area. It is home to
217 bird species, with up to 50,000 waterfowl during migratory seasons (Nov-Mar). The
wetland hosts around 150 Sarus Cranes, Uttar Pradesh's state bird. It is recognized as an
Important Bird Area by BirdLife International and documented by BNHS (Bombay Natural
History Society).
190. Which Indian Navy ship conducted the hydrographic survey of Mauritius recently?
[A] INS Viraat
[B] INS Sarvekshak
[C] INS Kalvari
[D] INS Saryu
Answer: INS Sarvekshak
INS Sarvekshak of the Indian Navy completed the final phase of a hydrographic survey in
Mauritius, covering 25,000 square nautical miles. Mauritius is an island nation in the
Indian Ocean, located east of Madagascar. It has an area of 2,040 sq. km, with the capital
being Port Louis. The country includes the main island and outlying islands like Ambre,
Est, and Cerfs. Formed by volcanic activity 8 million years ago, it has Mount Piton as its
highest peak (828 m). The chief water source is Lake Vacoas, and the climate is maritime
subtropical.
191. Which organization has released Navigating Global Financial System Fragmentation report
recently?
[A] Asian Development Bank (ADB)
[B] World Economic Forum (WEF)
[C] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
[D] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Answer: World Economic Forum (WEF)
The World Economic Forum (WEF) released the "Navigating Global Financial System
Fragmentation" report, urging policymakers to promote an integrated financial system.
Fragmentation of Global Financial Systems (GFS) refers to differences in asset prices or
capital movement across borders, leading to increased tariffs, sanctions, and export
controls. The World Economic Forum's report highlights that geopolitical actions, such as
sanctions and industrial policies, are driving this fragmentation. The impact could reduce
trade, cross-border capital flows, and economic efficiencies, and increase global inflation
by over 5% in extreme cases.
192. SANJAY- the Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) has been jointly developed by the Indian
Army and which organization?
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[A] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[B] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[C] Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
[D] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
Answer: Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)
Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh flagged off ‘SANJAY - The Battlefield Surveillance System
(BSS)’ on January 24, 2025, in New Delhi. SANJAY integrates ground and aerial battlefield
sensor inputs to produce a Common Surveillance Picture via secured networks. It
enhances battlefield transparency, supports the Army’s Decision Support System, and
enables commanders in conventional and sub-conventional operations. It has been
indigenously developed by the Indian Army and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) under the
Buy (Indian) category for ₹2,402 crore. The system will be inducted across operational
Army units in three phases (March–October 2025). It aligns with ‘Aatmanirbharta’ and the
MoD’s ‘Year of Reforms’.
193. Vishwamitri river, which was seen in news, lies in which state?
[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Uttarakhand
[C] Haryana
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Gujarat
The Vishwamitri River in Vadodara is undergoing a flood mitigation project due to past
severe flooding. The Vadodara Municipal Corporation (VMC) has launched a three-phase
plan to desilt, dredge, and modify the river channel. The plan includes relocating nearly
300 crocodiles living in the river. The Vishwamitri River originates from Pavagadh in
Gujarat’s Panchmahal District and flows through western Vadodara. The river, named
after the saint Vishwamitra, is joined by two tributaries: Dhadhar and Khanpur, before
merging with the Gulf of Khambhat.
194. The new species of 'supergiant' sea bug named Bathynomus vaderi has been discovered in
which country?
[A] Vietnam
[B] Egypt
[C] Australia
[D] China
Answer: Vietnam
Scientists discovered a new species of 'supergiant' sea bug in Vietnam, named
Bathynomus vaderi, due to its resemblance to Darth Vader's helmet. This species can
grow up to 32.5 cm and weigh over a kilogram, making it one of the largest isopods.
These sea bugs have become a delicacy in Vietnam, raising concerns about overfishing
due to their slow reproduction rate.
195. Bhitarkanika National Park is located in which state?
[A] Gujarat

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[B] Odisha
[C] Bihar
[D] Madhya Pradesh
Answer: Odisha
The saltwater crocodile population in Odisha’s Bhitarkanika National Park increased to
1,826 in 2025 from 1,811 in 2024. Bhitarkanika National Park is located in Kendrapara
district, Odisha, at the delta of Brahmani, Baitarani, and Dhamara rivers. The park spans
672 sq. km. and is India’s second-largest mangrove ecosystem. Its proximity to the Bay of
Bengal enriches the soil with salt, supporting tropical and subtropical intertidal
vegetation. It is Odisha’s second Ramsar site after Chilika Lake.
196. M23 Armed Group, recently highlighted in news, operates in which country?
[A] Mozambique
[B] Tanzania
[C] Cameroon
[D] Democratic Republic of Congo
Answer: Democratic Republic of Congo
The M23 (March 23 Movement) is an armed rebel group operating in the eastern
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly in North Kivu province. It originated in
2012 from a faction of the Congolese army, citing grievances over a 2009 peace
agreement. The group is involved in territorial seizures, driven by local ethnic tensions and
international backing, with UN reports linking Rwanda’s support, including military
involvement. M23 recently captured key areas like Minova and poses a threat to Goma,
the provincial capital. DRC’s capital is Kinshasa, and it is traversed by the Congo River,
Africa’s second-longest river.
197. Which state government has launched "Samman Sanjeevani" app?
[A] Haryana
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Gujarat
[D] Rajasthan
Answer: Haryana
Haryana minister Shruti Choudhry launched the 'Samman Sanjeevani' app on National Girl
Child Day 2025. The app tracks benefits under the 'Mahila Evam Kishori Samman Yojana'.
Sanitary napkins are distributed to BPL women and girls aged 10-45 years via Anganwadi
centers and schools. The app ensures timely delivery, collects beneficiary data, and
updates monthly benefits. The Women and Child Development Department celebrates 10
years of 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao'.
198. India hosted the Second BIMSTEC Expert Group Meeting on Cyber Security Cooperation in
which city?
[A] Hyderabad
[B] Chennai
[C] New Delhi

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[D] Bengaluru
Answer: New Delhi
India hosted the Second BIMSTEC Expert Group Meeting on Cyber Security Cooperation
on 21 January 2025 in New Delhi. The meeting aimed to finalize a 5-year Action Plan for
strengthening cyber security among BIMSTEC Member States. Key focus areas include
information sharing, cybercrime, protecting critical infrastructures, incident response, and
global cyber norms. India presented its "Cyber Hygiene for School Children" initiative
under Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C). The Action Plan’s implementation will
boost regional cyber security and resilience among BIMSTEC countries.
199. Which state recently received the National Award for ‘Best Performing State’ for its excellent
performance in elections?
[A] Jharkhand
[B] Bihar
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Odisha
Answer: Jharkhand
Jharkhand received the National Award for ‘Best Performing State’ for excellence in
elections. CEO K. Ravi Kumar was honored by President Droupadi Murmu on National
Voters’ Day in New Delhi. Key innovations during the 2024 Lok Sabha and Assembly
elections included an error-free, inclusive voters' list with booth level officials (BLOs)
verifying voters multiple times. Special campaigns were launched for Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG) and accessible polling facilities like electricity, water,
ramps, and wheelchairs were ensured. Polling stations were set up in remote villages, and
vehicles were arranged for stations over 2 km away. Voting in Maoist-affected areas was
peaceful for the first time.
200. Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman Campaign was organized under which scheme?
[A] Stand Up India Scheme
[B] DISHA Scheme
[C] PM JANMAN Scheme
[D] NALSA Scheme
Answer: DISHA Scheme
The "Hamara Samvidhan – Hamara Swabhiman" campaign marked 75 years of the Indian
Constitution and Republic Day. It was organized under the Designing Innovative Solutions
for Holistic Access to Justice (DISHA) Scheme by the Department of Justice, Ministry of Law
and Justice. The scheme was launched in 2021. It aims to ensure "Justice" for all as stated
in the Preamble and Articles 39A, 14, and 21 of the Constitution. The scheme expands
access to Tele-Law, Pro Bono Legal Services (Nyaya Bandhu), and Legal Literacy programs
in both quality and reach.
201. Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO), which was seen in news, is situated in which state?
[A] Kerala
[B] Andhra Pradesh
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[C] Karnataka
[D] Tamil Nadu
Answer: Tamil Nadu
The International Solar Conference celebrated the 125th anniversary of the Kodaikanal
Solar Observatory. The observatory, established in 1899, is currently owned and operated
by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics. It is located in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, in the
Palani range of hills, chosen for its proximity to the equator and dust-free high-altitude
setting. The observatory’s objective is to gather data on how the sun affects Earth’s
atmosphere and to better understand monsoon patterns.
202. Which country has organized the International Pashmina Festival in January 2025?
[A] China
[B] Myanmar
[C] Nepal
[D] Bhutan
Answer: Nepal
Nepal organized its first three-day International Pashmina Festival to highlight Chyangra
Pashmina, sourced from Pashmina goats. Nepal is a major producer of authentic
Pashmina, known for its high quality. The wool is hand-combed, hand-spun, and woven
using traditional methods with natural dyes and embroidery. The exhibition featured 150
stalls, including 40 showcasing pure Nepali Pashmina. Nepali Pashmina competes
internationally, with strong markets in the US, Japan, and Europe. Challenges include raw
material supply and the need for policy improvements to expand the market. Fake and
blended Pashmina pose a challenge globally, especially in India.
203. Which organization recently released the report titled "Learning Interrupted: Global Snapshot
of Climate-Related School Disruptions"?
[A] United Nations Development Programme (UNEP)
[B] United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
[C] World Bank
[D] International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Answer: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
UNICEF's report, "Learning Interrupted: Global Snapshot of Climate-Related School
Disruptions," was released on January 24, 2025. In 2024, at least 242 million students
globally faced school disruptions due to climate events. The report analyzed disruptions in
85 countries, identifying 119 climate hazards impacting education. Heat waves caused the
most disruptions, affecting 171 million students, especially in April, May, June, and July.
Tropical cyclones, storms, floods, and droughts also contributed to school closures and
delays. South Asia was the most affected region, with 128 million students impacted,
followed by East Asia and Latin America. Nearly 1 billion children live in high-risk areas for
climate-related disruptions.
204. The Ministry of Minority Affairs organized the 2nd edition of ‘Lok Samvardhan Parv’ in which
city?
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[A] Lucknow
[B] Jaipur
[C] New Delhi
[D] Bhopal
Answer: New Delhi
The 2nd edition of ‘Lok Samvardhan Parv’ is organized from January 27 to February 2,
2025, by the Ministry of Minority Affairs in New Delhi. 90 artisans from across India
showcases diverse crafts, such as Ajrak Print, Banaras Brocade, Cane & Bamboo,
Channapatna Toys, Kantha Stitch, and more. The event demonstrates the Ministry's
inclusive development program benefiting minority communities.
205. What is the theme for 76th Republic Day 2025?
[A] Golden India: Heritage and Progress
[B] Participation of People
[C] Digital India
[D] Atmanirbhar Bharat
Answer: Golden India: Heritage and Progress
The 76th Republic Day of India, celebrated on January 26, 2025, featured the theme
“Swarnim Bharat: Virasat aur Vikas” (Golden India: Heritage and Development). This theme
highlighted India's cultural heritage and progress in various sectors. Fifteen states and
Union Territories, including Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Gujarat, showcased elaborate
tableaux on Kartavya Path. Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto was the chief guest,
marking 76 years of India-Indonesia diplomatic ties. The parade featured Armed Forces
contingents and diverse cultural performances reflecting the theme.
206. Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) is developed by which organization?
[A] Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
[B] Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
[C] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
[D] Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
Answer: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
DRDO showcased the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) during the 76th
Republic Day parade. ATAGS is a 155mm, 52-calibre howitzer developed indigenously by
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It has a range of 48 km,
making it one of the longest-range towed artillery systems globally. It can operate in
extreme temperatures and has high mobility due to its 6×6 towing platform. The gun
achieves precision strikes with future Long Range Guided Munitions (LRGM).
207. Which bank becomes the first Indian bank to implement Clari5's NCRP Integration Solution?
[A] Punjab National Bank
[B] Bank of Baroda
[C] Bank of India
[D] Canara Bank
Answer: Punjab National Bank

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Punjab National Bank (PNB) becomes the first Indian bank to integrate Clari5's National
Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) solution. The solution was developed with the Indian
Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) to automate cybercrime complaint processing. It
works across all retail banking channels like Internet and Mobile Banking, ATMs, UPI, and
NEFT/RTGS. Features include automated lien marking, intelligent account freezes, and
customizable whitelisting to protect customers. Rivi Varghese, CEO of Clari5, praised PNB’s
leadership, calling the integration a new benchmark for Indian banking innovation.
208. Udanti Sitanadi Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Odisha
[B] Madhya Pradesh
[C] Chhattisgarh
[D] Kerala
Answer: Chhattisgarh
At least 12 suspected Maoists were killed in a gunfight with security forces in the Udanti
Sitanadi Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh's Gariaband district. The Udanti Sitanadi Tiger
Reserve is located in Chhattisgarh. It was formed by merging Sitanadi and Udanti wildlife
sanctuaries. The reserve is named after the Udanti and Sitanadi rivers that flow through it.
It connects with the Kanker and North Kondagaon forest divisions, forming a corridor to
Indravati Tiger Reserve. The reserve covers 1,872 sq.km and has mixed vegetation,
including dry deciduous forests and tropical-subtropical plants near streams.
209. A new species of phytopathogenic fungi, epicoccum indicum was recently discovered at which
university in Uttar Pradesh?
[A] Sampurnanand Sanskrit University, Varanasi
[B] Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi
[C] Bundelkhand University, Jhansi
[D] Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly
Answer: Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi
A new species of phytopathogenic fungi, Epicoccum indicum, was discovered at Banaras
Hindu University. The species is named after India, where it was found. Phytopathogenic
fungi cause plant diseases, leading to significant agricultural losses, affecting roots, stems,
leaves, and fruits. These fungi are responsible for 70–80% of plant diseases. Most
phytopathogenic fungi belong to Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. They use various
enzymes to break down plant cell walls and may either kill plants (necrotrophs) or live off
them (biotrophs).
210. Which country has been certified malaria-free by the World Health Organization (WHO) in
January 2025?
[A] Azerbaijan
[B] Georgia
[C] Armenia
[D] Moldova
Answer: Georgia

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Georgia has been certified malaria-free by the World Health Organization. It is located at
the intersection of Eastern Europe and West Asia, in the Transcaucasia region. Malaria is a
life-threatening fever caused by Plasmodium parasites spread by infected female
Anopheles mosquitoes. It is primarily found in tropical countries and is not contagious.
The disease cannot spread from person to person; transmission occurs through mosquito
bites.
211. Who are the primary targets of the PM YASASVI Scheme?
[A] ASHA Workers
[B] Farmers
[C] OBCs, EBC, and DNT students
[D] None of the Above
Answer: OBCs, EBC, and DNT students
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment honored 400 students from 21 states on
the eve of Republic Day 2025. These students are beneficiaries of the PM Young Achievers
Scholarship Award Scheme for Vibrant India (YASASVI). The scheme aims to empower
Other Backward Class (OBCs), Economically Backward Class (EBC), and Denotified Nomadic
Tribes (DNT) students educationally, socially, and economically. These students were
invited as special guests for the Republic Day Parade 2025.
212. What is "Paraquat" that was recently seen in news?
[A] Herbicide
[B] Asteroid
[C] Fungus
[D] Virus
Answer: Herbicide
Paraquat, also called paraquat dichloride or methyl viologen, is a widely used herbicide. It
controls weed growth and desiccates crops like cotton before harvest. The World Health
Organization classifies it as a Category 2 chemical, meaning it is moderately hazardous
and irritating. Paraquat is banned in over 70 countries, including China and the European
Union, due to its high toxicity. Despite the bans, it is still widely used in the US and India.
Recently, paraquat poisoning gained attention after being used in a high-profile murder
case in Kerala.
213. Which state has become the first state in India to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
[A] Uttarakhand
[B] Himachal Pradesh
[C] Gujarat
[D] Tamil Nadu
Answer: Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand becomes the first state in India to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
from January 27, 2025. The UCC aims to bring uniformity in personal civil matters,
eliminating discrimination based on caste, religion, or gender. It covers marriage, divorce,
succession, and inheritance laws, ensuring equal rights for all. Marriage registration will
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be mandatory within 60 days, with special provisions for older marriages. Scheduled
Tribes and some protected communities are excluded from the Act.
214. Namdapha Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Arunachal Pradesh
[B] Assam
[C] Mizoram
[D] Manipur
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh
An elephant was recently camera-trapped in Namdapha Tiger Reserve after 12 years,
boosting conservation efforts. The reserve is in Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh,
near Myanmar and adjoining Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary. It lies between the Dapha Bum
ridge of Mishmi Hills and the Patkai Ranges in the North Eastern Himalayas. The
Namdapha River flows through the reserve, giving it its name. The vegetation includes
Northern Tropical Evergreen, Tropical Moist Deciduous, East Himalayan Moist Temperate,
and Moist Alpine Scrub Forests. It is located at the junction of the Indian Subcontinent and
Indo-China Biogeographic Regions.
215. Which organization has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system?
[A] Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
[B] Export Promotion Council (EPC)
[C] Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
[D] Federation of Indian Export Organisations (FIEO)
Answer: Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT)
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) launched the enhanced Certificate of
Origin (eCoO) 2.0 System to simplify export certification and boost trade efficiency. It
features multi-user access, allowing exporters to authorize multiple users under one
Importer Exporter Code (IEC). Aadhaar-based e-signing is now supported, along with
digital signature tokens for greater flexibility. The system includes an integrated
dashboard for easy access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA) info, and trade
events. Over 7,000 eCoOs are processed daily, connecting 125 issuing agencies across the
country.
216. Which institution has published the Payment System Report, December 2024?
[A] Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
[B] Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
[C] National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
[D] Ministry of Finance
Answer: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) released the Payment System Report for December 2024,
analyzing payment transaction trends over the last five years. Digital payment
transactions increased 94 times in volume and 3.5 times in value since 2013. UPI
transactions saw a 74.03% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) in volume and 68.14%
CAGR in value over the last five years. Credit card numbers doubled, while debit cards
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remained stable. India joined Project Nexus for cross-border retail payments linking
ASEAN nations with India. Payment systems in India facilitate monetary and financial
transaction settlements.
217. Which state/UT has topped in Khelo India Winter Games (KIWG) 2025?
[A] Ladakh
[B] Himachal Pradesh
[C] Sikkim
[D] Lakshadweep
Answer: Ladakh
Ladakh topped the Khelo India Winter Games (KIWG) 2025 medal tally with seven medals,
including four golds. Leh hosted the first phase, featuring events like ice hockey and
skating; the second phase will be held in Gulmarg, Jammu & Kashmir, from February
22-25. Ladakh’s mixed relay team and women’s ice hockey team clinched gold, with the
latter avenging last year’s loss to ITBP with a 4-0 victory. Tamil Nadu excelled in skating,
winning three golds, including Yashashree’s gold in the women’s 500m long track.
218. Christine Carla Kangaloo, who was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award 2025, is the
president of which country?
[A] Jamaica
[B] Guyana
[C] Trinidad and Tobago
[D] Barbados
Answer: Trinidad and Tobago
Christine Carla Kangaloo, President of Trinidad and Tobago, was awarded the Pravasi
Bharatiya Samman Award for her contributions to public affairs and promoting India's
global prestige. She served as the chief guest at the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas in
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, in January 2025. Kangaloo highlighted the deep historical ties
between India and Trinidad, dating back to 1845 with the arrival of Indian indentured
workers. She praised India’s global contributions in education, medicine, and
mathematics, and acknowledged the Indian diaspora's impact worldwide.
219. What is the theme of World Leprosy Day 2025?
[A] Unite, Act, and Eliminate
[B] Zero Disabilities in Girls and Boys
[C] Beat Leprosy, End Stigma
[D] Ending discrimination, stigma, and prejudice
Answer: Unite, Act, and Eliminate
World Leprosy Day is observed on the last Sunday of January, and in 2025, it falls on
January 26. The day raises awareness, celebrates those affected, and fights stigma and
discrimination. The 2025 theme is "Unite. Act. Eliminate.", calling for global action to
eliminate leprosy. "Unite" urges collaboration among governments, NGOs, and
communities. "Act" emphasizes early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. "Eliminate"
aligns with WHO’s goal to eradicate leprosy.
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220. The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana is implemented by which ministry?
[A] Ministry of Rural Development
[B] Ministry of Finance
[C] Ministry of Urban Development
[D] Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Answer: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
The Union government has expanded PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) to cover crop
damage by animals, addressing a long-standing farmer demand. The scheme was
launched on 18th February 2016. PMFBY is a crop insurance scheme by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare. It offers financial protection against crop loss due to
natural disasters, pests, and diseases. The scheme provides affordable premiums for
farmers and is implemented through insurance companies and banks. Its goals include
income stabilization, modern agricultural practices, and crop diversification.
221. Which country is the host of Africa Energy Summit 2025?
[A] Tanzania
[B] Botswana
[C] Egypt
[D] Sudan
Answer: Tanzania
At the Africa Energy Summit in Tanzania (Jan 27-28, 2025), 12 African nations launched
National Energy Compacts to boost energy access and clean energy solutions. The
countries include Chad, Ivory Coast, DR Congo, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritania,
Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, and Tanzania. The summit was held under “Mission 300,”
led by the World Bank and African Development Bank, aiming to provide electricity to 300
million Africans by 2030. The summit marked a key step toward bridging Africa’s energy
gap and supporting sustainable growth.
222. Lezim is traditional folk dance of which state?
[A] Tamil Nadu
[B] Maharashtra
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Karnataka
Answer: Maharashtra
A scene featuring Lezim dance in the film, based on Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, has
sparked controversy in Maharashtra. Lezim is a traditional folk dance of Maharashtra
performed with a wooden stick fitted with jingling cymbals. It is both a dance and a
rigorous physical drill, often performed in formations of twos, fours, or circles. The dance
is accompanied by dhol or dholki, with no wind or string instruments. Lezim was
traditionally used in all folk dances but is now mainly seen in Ganesha processions.
Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, son of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, took power in 1681
after a battle with his half-brother Rajaram.
223. Which ministry has launched the "MSME TEAM initiative" to empower small businesses in

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adopting digital commerce?
[A] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[B] Ministry of Finance
[C] Ministry of Power
[D] Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
Answer: Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises
The Ministry of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) has launched the MSME
Trade Enablement and Marketing (TEAM) initiative to help small businesses adopt digital
commerce. It has a budget of ₹277.35 crore for three years and aims to onboard 5 lakh
MSMEs onto Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC). The initiative focuses on
inclusivity, targeting 50% women-led enterprises. MSMEs will get digital storefronts,
payment solutions, and logistics support via ONDC. More than 150 workshops will educate
MSMEs, especially women-led and SC/ST-led businesses. A dedicated portal will offer
training, financial aid, and grievance support. The initiative aligns with India’s digital
transformation goals and complements schemes like PM Vishwakarma and Digital MSME.
224. Which institution recently extracted silicon carbide from simulated moon soil?
[A] IIT Bombay
[B] IIT Kanpur
[C] IIT Madras
[D] IIT Delhi
Answer: IIT Madras
IIT-Madras researchers have extracted silicon carbide (SiC) from simulated moon soil,
aiding future lunar habitat construction. Silicon carbide (SiC), also called carborundum, is a
synthetic crystalline compound of silicon and carbon. It is extremely hard, has high
thermal conductivity, and offers excellent resistance to wear, oxidation, and chemical
reactions.
225. Sharavathy Lion-Tailed Macaque Sanctuary is located in which state?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Odisha
[C] Madhya Pradesh
[D] Kerala
Answer: Karnataka
The State Board of Wildlife has conditionally approved the Sharavathy Pumped Storage
Project in the Sharavathy Lion-Tailed Macaque Sanctuary. The sanctuary is in the
Sharavathi River Valley, Sagar taluk, Shivamogga District, Karnataka. It lies in the Western
Ghats, with evergreen and semi-evergreen forests in valleys and grassy patches on
hilltops. It was formed by merging Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Aghanashini Lion-
Tailed Macaque Conservation Reserve, and adjoining reserve forests. It shares its
southwestern boundary with Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary.
226. The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 has been released by which institution?
[A] World Bank

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[B] Pratham Foundation
[C] NITI Aayog
[D] Oxfam International
Answer: Pratham Foundation
The Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2024 report by Pratham Foundation shows
improved literacy and arithmetic in rural areas after the pandemic. The percentage of
Class 3 students with basic arithmetic skills increased from 25.9 percent in 2022 to 7
percent in 2024 with more progress in government schools The percentage of Class 5
students reading at Class 2 level increased to 8 percent in 2024 from 38.5 percent in 2022
The National Education Policy 2020 played a key role in strengthening foundational skills
in reading and arithmetic Government school enrollment has increased along with better
student and teacher attendance Technology access has expanded with 90 percent of
teenagers owning smartphones but only 57 percent using them for education Pre-primary
enrollment is high in states like Karnataka Gujarat and Kerala
227. Where was the International Saraswati Mahotsav 2025 organized?
[A] Kurukshetra, Haryana
[B] Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
[C] Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh
[D] Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Answer: Kurukshetra, Haryana
Haryana CM Nayab Singh Saini inaugurated the International Saraswati Mahotsav 2025 on
29 January at Pehowa Saraswati Tirth in Kurukshetra. The seven-day event runs until 4
February 2025 with seminars, cultural activities, and the Saras mela showcasing rural
artisans' products. The Mahotsav is organized on a larger scale, modeled after the
International Gita Mahotsav. The inaugural event was held at Adi Badri, believed to be the
birthplace of Goddess Saraswati.
228. Which city has been announced as the second capital of Assam?
[A] Dibrugarh
[B] Jorhat
[C] Silchar
[D] Karimganj
Answer: Dibrugarh
Recently, Assam Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma announced that Dibrugarh would be
upgraded to a full-fledged city and serve as the second capital of Assam. This decision
aims to enhance the Ease of Living and improve connectivity within the region. The
announcement coincided with the Republic Day celebrations, marking transformation for
a city once associated with militancy.
229. The 'Utkarsh Odisha – Make in Odisha Conclave 2025' was inaugurated in which city?
[A] Bhubaneswar
[B] Cuttack
[C] Sambalpur

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[D] Rourkela
Answer: Bhubaneswar
PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the ‘Utkarsh Odisha – Make in Odisha Conclave 2025’ on
January 28 in Bhubaneswar. The event was attended by Odisha CM Mohan Charan Majhi,
Union Ministers, and business leaders. It is Odisha’s largest business event to date, aimed
at promoting investment and industrial growth. The conclave highlighted Odisha’s
potential as a key economic hub in Eastern India.
230. Which organization recently received the award for its 2024 voter awareness campaign
during the Lok Sabha Elections 2024?
[A] Doordarshan
[B] NDTV
[C] NewsNation
[D] Sansad TV
Answer: Doordarshan
Doordarshan received an award for its voter awareness campaign during the 2024 Lok
Sabha Elections. It won in the Electronic Media category for its special series “Chunav Ka
Parv Desh Ka Garv”. The initiative helped educate first-time voters and strengthened
India’s democratic process. President Droupadi Murmu presented the award to
Doordarshan’s Director-General Kanchan Prasad on Republic Day 2025. The award
recognizes Doordarshan’s commitment to responsible media outreach across India.
231. "Indian Newspaper Day" is celebrated every year on which day?
[A] 28 January
[B] 29 January
[C] 30 January
[D] 31 January
Answer: 29 January
Indian Newspaper Day is observed on January 29 to mark the introduction of India’s first
newspaper. Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, the first printed newspaper, was launched on January
29, 1780, by James Augustus Hicky in Kolkata. The day highlights the role of newspapers in
shaping India’s socio-political landscape, promoting freedom of expression, and
advocating public rights.
232. The official logo and mascot for the 23rd National Para Athletics Championship 2025 were
launched in which city?
[A] Hyderabad
[B] Chennai
[C] New Delhi
[D] Bengaluru
Answer: Chennai
The official logo and mascot for the 23rd National Para Athletics Championship 2025 were
unveiled in Chennai. The event will be held from February 17 to 20, featuring over 1,700
para-athletes from across India. The championship highlights resilience, determination,

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and sporting excellence. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT), in
collaboration with the Tamil Nadu Para Sports Association, is supporting the event.
233. Which institution has launched iSPOT portal for reporting technical glitches?
[A] Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
[B] Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
[C] National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)
[D] NITI Aayog
Answer: Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)
SEBI launched a web-based portal called Integrated SEBI Portal for Technical Glitches
(iSPOT) for submitting root cause analysis (RCA) reports on technical glitches. It serves as a
centralized repository to streamline reporting by stock exchanges and market
infrastructure institutions (MIIs). iSPOT aims to improve data quality, track past glitches,
and generate system reports for better compliance monitoring.
234. What is the name of the scheme recently launched by government to provide loan
guarantees for MSMEs?
[A] Credit Linked Capital Subsidy Scheme
[B] Stand-Up India Scheme
[C] Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSMEs)
[D] Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
Answer: Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS-MSMEs)
The central government approved the Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme (MCGS-MSMEs)
for micro, small, and medium enterprises. The scheme guarantees loans up to ₹100 crore
with 60% coverage by the National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company (NCGTC). Eligible
MSMEs must have a valid Udyam Registration Number. At least 75% of the loan must be
used for equipment or machinery. Loans up to ₹50 crore have an 8-year repayment period
with 2 years moratorium. Higher loan amounts get extended repayment and moratorium
periods. 5% upfront contribution is required at the time of application. No annual
guarantee fee in the first year; 1.5% for three years, then 1% annually. The scheme is valid
for four years or till ₹7 lakh crore in guarantees are issued.
235. Kanha Tiger Reserve is located in which state?
[A] Madhya Pradesh
[B] Odisha
[C] Rajasthan
[D] Gujarat
Answer: Madhya Pradesh
A 2-year-old tigress was found dead in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Kanha Tiger
Reserve, also called Kanha National Park, is the largest national park in Madhya Pradesh.
It is located in Mandla and Balaghat districts and lies in the Maikal hills, east of the Satpura
range. Established as a national park in 1955, it became a tiger reserve in 1973. The forest
in Rudyard Kipling’s "The Jungle Book" is believed to be inspired by this region. The Gond
and Baiga tribes inhabit the area.
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236. Which ministry has launched the Occupational Shortage Index (OSI)?
[A] Ministry of Labour and Employment
[B] Ministry of Finance
[C] Ministry of Commerce and Industry
[D] Ministry of Agriculture
Answer: Ministry of Labour and Employment
The Union Minister for Labour & Employment launched State and Union Territory
Microsites under the e-Shram initiative and the Occupational Shortage Index (OSI). e-
Shram Microsites are state-specific platforms linked to the national e-Shram database,
providing workers seamless access to welfare programs and employment opportunities.
The microsites offer multilingual support, real-time updates, and data-driven insights for
policy-making. The OSI uses real-time labour data to address job market demand-supply
gaps, helping align skills with industry needs and support skill development and job
matching.
237. Recently, where was the Sci-Fi Science Film Festival organized in India?
[A] Panaji
[B] Hyderabad
[C] Chennai
[D] Bengaluru
Answer: Panaji
Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant inaugurated the 10th Sci-FI Science Film Festival of
India in Panaji on 29 January 2025. The 4-day festival runs from 29 January to 1 February
2025 and is organized annually by the Goa government to promote scientific curiosity
among students. The festival aims to inspire youth to pursue science and contribute to
India’s development by 2047. It is organized by Vidnyan Parishad Goa with support from
the Goa Science Council and Goa Science & Technology Department. The theme is Green
Revolution, honoring Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the father of India's Green Revolution.
238. Greater Hesaraghatta conservation reserve, which was seen in news, is located in which
state?
[A] Karnataka
[B] Maharashtra
[C] Tamil Nadu
[D] Kerala
Answer: Karnataka
The State Cabinet approved the Greater Hessarghatta Grasslands as a conservation
reserve near Bengaluru, Karnataka. The reserve covers 5,678 acres of grassland near
Yelahanka, threatened by urbanization. The decision faced delays since 2013 due to local
opposition but was approved by the State Board for Wildlife in October 2024. The area
includes three water bodies, grasslands, and diverse flora and fauna. It is home to 133
bird species, leopards, foxes, wolves, and slender loris.
239. Which city has become the fifth city in Maharashtra to have a climate-resilient roadmap?

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[A] Amravati
[B] Jalgaon
[C] Kolhapur
[D] Mira-Bhayandar
Answer: Mira-Bhayandar
Mira Bhayander in Maharashtra launched its City Climate Action Plan 2024-2047,
becoming the fifth city in the state with a climate-resilient roadmap. Four other cities are
Mumbai, Sholapur, Nashik and Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar (formerly Aurangabad). The
plan targets a 36% reduction in emissions by 2047 through renewable energy, energy-
efficient buildings, and improved waste management. The city's emissions in 2023 were
1.34 million tonnes CO2e, with 62% from stationary energy, 22% from transport, and 16%
from waste. Six priority sectors include energy, water, urban flooding, greening, mobility,
and waste management. Measures include flood early warning systems, rooftop solar
adoption, green retrofitting, and decentralized wastewater treatment.
240. Which state government has launched Whatsapp governance 'Mana Mitra' to provide civil
services to people?
[A] Andhra Pradesh
[B] Rajasthan
[C] Gujarat
[D] Kerala
Answer: Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh launched ‘Mana Mitra’ with Meta to offer governance via WhatsApp.
Minister Nara Lokesh initiated the service to bring government services directly to citizens.
161 civil services are available in the first phase, expanding to 360 in the second. An
official WhatsApp number, 9552300009, has been assigned for access. 36 government
departments are connected to the platform. Certificates come with QR codes linking to the
AP government website to prevent fraud. Blockchain technology and AI-powered bots will
be integrated in the next phase. The initiative aims to make governance seamless and
accessible.

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