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PROGRAMS

The document contains two main sections: a Tic-Tac-Toe game implementation and a Hill Climbing algorithm example. The Tic-Tac-Toe section includes functions for printing the board, checking for a winner, and determining if the game is a draw, allowing two players to take turns. The Hill Climbing section describes an optimization algorithm that seeks to maximize a given objective function, demonstrating its execution with a random starting point.

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17 views

PROGRAMS

The document contains two main sections: a Tic-Tac-Toe game implementation and a Hill Climbing algorithm example. The Tic-Tac-Toe section includes functions for printing the board, checking for a winner, and determining if the game is a draw, allowing two players to take turns. The Hill Climbing section describes an optimization algorithm that seeks to maximize a given objective function, demonstrating its execution with a random starting point.

Uploaded by

nagalallig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TICTOE GAME:

def print_board(board):
"""Prints the Tic-Tac-Toe board."""
for row in board:
print(" | ".join(row))
print("-" * 9)

def check_winner(board, player):


"""Checks if a player has won the game."""
# Check rows
for row in board:
if all(cell == player for cell in row):
return True

# Check columns
for col in range(3):
if all(board[row][col] == player for row in range(3)):
return True

# Check diagonals
if all(board[i][i] == player for i in range(3)) or all(board[i][2 - i] == player for i in range(3)):
return True

return False

def is_draw(board):
"""Checks if the game is a draw."""
return all(board[row][col] != " " for row in range(3) for col in range(3))

def tic_tac_toe():
"""Main function to run the Tic-Tac-Toe game."""
board = [[" " for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
players = ["X", "O"]
turn = 0

print("Welcome to Tic-Tac-Toe!")
print_board(board)

while True:
player = players[turn % 2]
print(f"Player {player}, it's your turn.")

while True:
try:
row, col = map(int, input("Enter row and column (0-2, separated by space): ").split())
if board[row][col] == " ":
board[row][col] = player
break
else:
print("That spot is already taken. Try again.")
except (ValueError, IndexError):
print("Invalid input. Enter row and column numbers between 0 and 2.")

print_board(board)

if check_winner(board, player):
print(f"🎉 Player {player} wins!")
break
elif is_draw(board):
print("It's a draw!")
break

turn += 1

# Run the game


tic_tac_toe()

Output:

Welcome to Tic-Tac-Toe!
| |
---------
| |
---------
| |
Player X, it's your turn.
Enter row and column (0-2, separated by space): 0 0
X| |
---------
| |
---------
| |
Player O, it's your turn.
Enter row and column (0-2, separated by space): 1 1
X| |
---------
|O|
---------
| |
HILL CLIMBING

import random

def objective_function(x):
"""Function to maximize: f(x) = -x² + 4x"""
return -x**2 + 4*x # Example function

def hill_climb(start_x, step_size=0.1, max_iterations=100):


"""Performs the Hill Climbing algorithm."""
current_x = start_x
current_value = objective_function(current_x)

for _ in range(max_iterations):
# Generate possible next step
next_x = current_x + random.choice([-step_size, step_size])
next_value = objective_function(next_x)

# Move if the next value is better


if next_value > current_value:
current_x, current_value = next_x, next_value
else:
break # Stop if no improvement

return current_x, current_value

# Run the Hill Climbing algorithm


start = random.uniform(0, 4) # Start from a random point in range [0, 4]
best_x, best_value = hill_climb(start)

print(f"Starting Point: {start:.2f}")


print(f"Optimal x: {best_x:.2f}, Maximum f(x): {best_value:.2f}")

OUTPUT

Starting Point: 2.45


Optimal x: 2.93, Maximum f(x): 3.46

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